Pub Date : 2020-09-28DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1822616
N. Khatri, S. Tyagi, Maithri Tharmavaram, Dr. Deepak Rawtani
Abstract The use of sewage water has curtailed the utilization of water from freshwater sources for irrigation purposes. The treated sewage, which were usually dumped into the freshwater bodies, has now been diverted toward farms for irrigation. Sewage water contains many nutrients and cuts the fertigation demand which makes it a favorable choice over conventional water sources, especially in water scarce and periurban areas. This practice proved to be a boon in some areas as it presented promising results with increase in soil fertility and production. Due to the presence of toxicity of certain contaminants in sewage such as heavy metals, researchers have found sewage water to be detrimental to agriculture and environment. The article focuses on the composition of sewage water and suitability of water used for irrigation.
{"title":"Sewage Water: From Waste to Resource – A Review","authors":"N. Khatri, S. Tyagi, Maithri Tharmavaram, Dr. Deepak Rawtani","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1822616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1822616","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of sewage water has curtailed the utilization of water from freshwater sources for irrigation purposes. The treated sewage, which were usually dumped into the freshwater bodies, has now been diverted toward farms for irrigation. Sewage water contains many nutrients and cuts the fertigation demand which makes it a favorable choice over conventional water sources, especially in water scarce and periurban areas. This practice proved to be a boon in some areas as it presented promising results with increase in soil fertility and production. Due to the presence of toxicity of certain contaminants in sewage such as heavy metals, researchers have found sewage water to be detrimental to agriculture and environment. The article focuses on the composition of sewage water and suitability of water used for irrigation.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1822616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42149105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1822615
A. Garg, Arvind Kumar, N. Gupta
Abstract The present study investigates the effect of lockdown on ambient air quality of 16 Indian cities constituting the major hotspots for COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 lockdown resulted in cleaner air in India. Significant reduction of nearly 62%, 52% and 69% are observed in PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 levels as compared to preceding years. However, there is no significant effect of lockdown on other gaseous pollutants (SO2 and O3). The lockdown in India was found to be an effective way to restrict the virus spread rate and measure control ambient air pollutant levels.
{"title":"Impact of Lockdown on Ambient Air Quality in COVID-19 Affected Hotspot Cities of India: Need to Readdress Air Pollution Mitigation Policies","authors":"A. Garg, Arvind Kumar, N. Gupta","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1822615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1822615","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study investigates the effect of lockdown on ambient air quality of 16 Indian cities constituting the major hotspots for COVID-19 cases. The COVID-19 lockdown resulted in cleaner air in India. Significant reduction of nearly 62%, 52% and 69% are observed in PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 levels as compared to preceding years. However, there is no significant effect of lockdown on other gaseous pollutants (SO2 and O3). The lockdown in India was found to be an effective way to restrict the virus spread rate and measure control ambient air pollutant levels.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1822615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45583069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1780767
D. Sullivan
Abstract To mitigate risk from contaminated sediment in the Lower Duwamish Waterway, the United States Environmental Protection Agency selected a remedial strategy that will address impacted shallow sediment. Since new sediment is deposited in the waterway each year, remediation of shallow sediment primarily addresses new sediment in many areas, and remediation costs can be time-allocated accordingly. For example, by selecting 1986 as the key year, it can be shown that much of the environmental injury being remediated occurred after the Absolute Pollution Exclusion was incorporated into most General Liability insurance policies. This methodology could be applied to other mega-sediment remediation sites. The author notes, however, that this analysis method may not be directly applicable to allocating CERCLA liability due to the differing emphasis placed on the timing of environmental injury.
{"title":"Allocating Lower Duwamish Waterway Sediment Remediation Cost by Insurance Policy Period","authors":"D. Sullivan","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1780767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1780767","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To mitigate risk from contaminated sediment in the Lower Duwamish Waterway, the United States Environmental Protection Agency selected a remedial strategy that will address impacted shallow sediment. Since new sediment is deposited in the waterway each year, remediation of shallow sediment primarily addresses new sediment in many areas, and remediation costs can be time-allocated accordingly. For example, by selecting 1986 as the key year, it can be shown that much of the environmental injury being remediated occurred after the Absolute Pollution Exclusion was incorporated into most General Liability insurance policies. This methodology could be applied to other mega-sediment remediation sites. The author notes, however, that this analysis method may not be directly applicable to allocating CERCLA liability due to the differing emphasis placed on the timing of environmental injury.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1780767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42375072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-28DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1814023
A. Gershonowitz, Brian Kennedy
Abstract This article examines the decision in Chesapeake Action Network v. Environmental Protection Agency, and its impact on regulated parties. The key issues addressed are whether a party may comment on a proposed regulation then later claim they lacked the information required to make an informed comment; when does an agency’s failure to provide the reasoning for a proposed rule serve as sufficient grounds to reopen the comment period; and how should regulated parties conduct themselves during a public comment period.
{"title":"Chesapeake Action Network v EPA: Court Tells EPA to Reconsider Rule Because Petitioners Did Not Have a Fair Opportunity to Comment","authors":"A. Gershonowitz, Brian Kennedy","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1814023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1814023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article examines the decision in Chesapeake Action Network v. Environmental Protection Agency, and its impact on regulated parties. The key issues addressed are whether a party may comment on a proposed regulation then later claim they lacked the information required to make an informed comment; when does an agency’s failure to provide the reasoning for a proposed rule serve as sufficient grounds to reopen the comment period; and how should regulated parties conduct themselves during a public comment period.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1814023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47373305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.24214/jecet.a.9.3.50223
Prasit Prakongsri, T. Santiboon
Abstract Using the participatory action research methodology (IPAR) method, the input and knowledge of different stakeholder groups is an ongoing process to establish best water user practices to allocate limited resources. Ongoing studies are being held for barrier and flood prevention solutions, integration of competing water user sectors, and evaluation of customary practices and rules. The establishments of updated regulations are necessary for the future enforcement so that water allocation and management is effective and fair for all users. This article addresses effective and fair water resource management regulation (EFWRMR) for water user organizations in the Chi River Basin in Thailand. The development of water resource management regulations of water users organizations are based surveys, analysis, and development of regulations through methodologies and research from organizations and users which broadly include water users, households, community leaders, government agencies, NGOs, other institutions and organizations characterized as Integrated Participatory Action Research (“IPAR”). Using the IPAR methodology, the study compiled information form a comprehensive survey. Topics included problems floods and droughts, and water and solutions such as developing water reservoirs along the natural swamps, other storage capacities and water management. Legal experts were consulted legal experts were consulted on water management, the current state of the ecological community, and draft governmental regulations.
{"title":"Effective Water Resources Management for Communities in the Chi River Basin in Thailand","authors":"Prasit Prakongsri, T. Santiboon","doi":"10.24214/jecet.a.9.3.50223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24214/jecet.a.9.3.50223","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using the participatory action research methodology (IPAR) method, the input and knowledge of different stakeholder groups is an ongoing process to establish best water user practices to allocate limited resources. Ongoing studies are being held for barrier and flood prevention solutions, integration of competing water user sectors, and evaluation of customary practices and rules. The establishments of updated regulations are necessary for the future enforcement so that water allocation and management is effective and fair for all users. This article addresses effective and fair water resource management regulation (EFWRMR) for water user organizations in the Chi River Basin in Thailand. The development of water resource management regulations of water users organizations are based surveys, analysis, and development of regulations through methodologies and research from organizations and users which broadly include water users, households, community leaders, government agencies, NGOs, other institutions and organizations characterized as Integrated Participatory Action Research (“IPAR”). Using the IPAR methodology, the study compiled information form a comprehensive survey. Topics included problems floods and droughts, and water and solutions such as developing water reservoirs along the natural swamps, other storage capacities and water management. Legal experts were consulted legal experts were consulted on water management, the current state of the ecological community, and draft governmental regulations.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2019.1706895
Satoru Nagano
Abstract The effects of climate change have caused catastrophic wildfires in California to become perennial occurrences, claiming numerous lives and contributing to billions of dollars in property damages. As a result, California’s existing capacity to absorb an ever-growing financial burden is under immense strain. This article proposes mitigating and spreading these costs across the government, private utility companies, and residents alike. To effectuate this goal, this article recommends three key reforms: re-interpreting tort liability law for private utility companies, establishing a state-backed reinsurance program to assist victims of wildfire damage, and re-thinking the continuing expansion of human development in fire-prone regions.
{"title":"The Price is Light: Socializing the Cost of Wildfires in California","authors":"Satoru Nagano","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2019.1706895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2019.1706895","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of climate change have caused catastrophic wildfires in California to become perennial occurrences, claiming numerous lives and contributing to billions of dollars in property damages. As a result, California’s existing capacity to absorb an ever-growing financial burden is under immense strain. This article proposes mitigating and spreading these costs across the government, private utility companies, and residents alike. To effectuate this goal, this article recommends three key reforms: re-interpreting tort liability law for private utility companies, establishing a state-backed reinsurance program to assist victims of wildfire damage, and re-thinking the continuing expansion of human development in fire-prone regions.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2019.1706895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2019.1706897
Qidi Zhang
Abstract The construction and operation of the international pipeline well-known as Keystone XL would potentially contribute to the “game over of climate”. With a focus on combating climate change, the Obama Administration denied the permit application for the Keystone XL. After Trump took presidency, Keystone XL was revived as a result of the administration’s energy dominance policies. Indigenous activists joined by environmental groups have been resisting the revival. This article explores legal options to stop the revival of Keystone XL, consisting of legislative, regulatory and judicial actions at both federal and state levels within the U.S., and legal responses at the international level.
{"title":"Legal Options to Stop the Revival of Keystone XL Pipeline","authors":"Qidi Zhang","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2019.1706897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2019.1706897","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The construction and operation of the international pipeline well-known as Keystone XL would potentially contribute to the “game over of climate”. With a focus on combating climate change, the Obama Administration denied the permit application for the Keystone XL. After Trump took presidency, Keystone XL was revived as a result of the administration’s energy dominance policies. Indigenous activists joined by environmental groups have been resisting the revival. This article explores legal options to stop the revival of Keystone XL, consisting of legislative, regulatory and judicial actions at both federal and state levels within the U.S., and legal responses at the international level.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2019.1706897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1773078
Bjorn Wespestad, Joseph B. Adams, C. A. Gerbig, A. Love
Abstract Upfront consideration of historical operations and potentially valuable forensic information/data helps to ensuring the cleanup liability at dry cleaner sites can be equitably divided. While each site is different and requires site-specific evaluation, the associated environmental impacts from any given year of dry cleaning operations can vary significantly based on the interconnections related to the type of solvent and/or equipment used at a site as well as the solvent handling practices employed during that specific period of time.
{"title":"Dry Cleaner Releases and Forensic Considerations","authors":"Bjorn Wespestad, Joseph B. Adams, C. A. Gerbig, A. Love","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1773078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1773078","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Upfront consideration of historical operations and potentially valuable forensic information/data helps to ensuring the cleanup liability at dry cleaner sites can be equitably divided. While each site is different and requires site-specific evaluation, the associated environmental impacts from any given year of dry cleaning operations can vary significantly based on the interconnections related to the type of solvent and/or equipment used at a site as well as the solvent handling practices employed during that specific period of time.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1773078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46565802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-27DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1780698
Garvita Parikh, Dr. Deepak Rawtani, N. Khatri
Abstract Bioindicators have been generating great interest in environmental pollution research. The main goal of research on bioindicators is to identify species that would reliably indicate disturbances in the environment as well as show the effects of those disturbances on other species or the overall biodiversity. Insects are especially useful to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities on the terrestrial ecosystem as well as aquatic system and atmosphere, because they are in close contact with toxic elements present in soil, water and air. In this article we have highlighted the importance of the insects as a beneficiary in monitoring of environmental pollution and assessment of pollutants. We have mainly focused on insects as important indicators of change in air, water and soil quality. Most insects like beetles, ants, honeybees, and butterflies are used as biological indicators in this study because they are sensitive to even a slight change in the environment and also used in monitoring of various pollutants in environment.
{"title":"“Insects as an Indicator for Environmental Pollution”","authors":"Garvita Parikh, Dr. Deepak Rawtani, N. Khatri","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1780698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1780698","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bioindicators have been generating great interest in environmental pollution research. The main goal of research on bioindicators is to identify species that would reliably indicate disturbances in the environment as well as show the effects of those disturbances on other species or the overall biodiversity. Insects are especially useful to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities on the terrestrial ecosystem as well as aquatic system and atmosphere, because they are in close contact with toxic elements present in soil, water and air. In this article we have highlighted the importance of the insects as a beneficiary in monitoring of environmental pollution and assessment of pollutants. We have mainly focused on insects as important indicators of change in air, water and soil quality. Most insects like beetles, ants, honeybees, and butterflies are used as biological indicators in this study because they are sensitive to even a slight change in the environment and also used in monitoring of various pollutants in environment.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1780698","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46217922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-05DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2020.1775347
Nguyen Thi Xuan Son
Abstract Marine plastic waste is a transboundary issue which requires integrated regional cooperation. Viet Nam is one of Asia’s five worst polluters of ocean plastic waste, ranks 17th in the world for ocean plastic waste pollution. The Vietnamese Government has paid special attention to the issue of marine plastic waste. This article provides an analysis of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) and Viet Nam policies on marine plastic waste, and the opportunity of Vietnam to solve this problem at the national and regional levels.
{"title":"Policy on Marine Plastic Waste in Asean and Viet Nam","authors":"Nguyen Thi Xuan Son","doi":"10.1080/10406026.2020.1775347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2020.1775347","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Marine plastic waste is a transboundary issue which requires integrated regional cooperation. Viet Nam is one of Asia’s five worst polluters of ocean plastic waste, ranks 17th in the world for ocean plastic waste pollution. The Vietnamese Government has paid special attention to the issue of marine plastic waste. This article provides an analysis of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) and Viet Nam policies on marine plastic waste, and the opportunity of Vietnam to solve this problem at the national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":11761,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Claims Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10406026.2020.1775347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47205842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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