Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.19
Craig N. Murphy
The UN’s relations with the private sector initially followed the pattern of the League of Nations in occasionally relying on funding from business leaders or their foundations. In the 1970s, the UN had a more confrontational approach to transnational corporations and established a code of conduct for their operations. This approach ended in the 1990s, when the UN began subcontracting some activities both to NGOs and TNCs. Secretary-General Kofi Annan sought to collaborate with companies to enforce global human rights, labor, and environmental standards through the Global Compact, a body endorsed by thousands of companies but with little impact. Nonetheless, cooperative partnerships with private companies have become a characteristic way in which the UN delivers development services.
联合国与私营部门的关系最初遵循了国际联盟(League of Nations)的模式，偶尔依赖商业领袖或其基金会的资助。上世纪70年代，联合国对跨国公司采取了一种更具对抗性的态度，并为它们的业务制定了一套行为准则。这种做法在20世纪90年代结束，当时联合国开始将一些活动分包给非政府组织和跨国公司。联合国秘书长科菲·安南(Kofi Annan)寻求与企业合作，通过全球契约(global Compact)执行全球人权、劳工和环境标准。该组织得到了数千家企业的认可，但影响力不大。尽管如此，与私营公司的合作伙伴关系已成为联合国提供发展服务的一种特有方式。
{"title":"Private Sector","authors":"Craig N. Murphy","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"The UN’s relations with the private sector initially followed the pattern of the League of Nations in occasionally relying on funding from business leaders or their foundations. In the 1970s, the UN had a more confrontational approach to transnational corporations and established a code of conduct for their operations. This approach ended in the 1990s, when the UN began subcontracting some activities both to NGOs and TNCs. Secretary-General Kofi Annan sought to collaborate with companies to enforce global human rights, labor, and environmental standards through the Global Compact, a body endorsed by thousands of companies but with little impact. Nonetheless, cooperative partnerships with private companies have become a characteristic way in which the UN delivers development services.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126619157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.38
N. Schrijver
This chapter addresses the UN’s pivotal role in global resource management. It discerns eight particular phases in the evolution of the UN’s resource management policies. Thematic issues include resource sovereignty, security of supply, sustainable use, the global commons, the resource curse, and conflict resources. The chapter also discusses the policy-making role and operational activities in the field of natural resources of a number of UN institutions, including FAO, UNCTAD, UNEP, and ICJ. Lastly, it provides an assessment of the conceptual contribution of the United Nations to natural resource management, also relating to maritime resources and ocean management in the context of the new law of the sea.
{"title":"Global Resource Management","authors":"N. Schrijver","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the UN’s pivotal role in global resource management. It discerns eight particular phases in the evolution of the UN’s resource management policies. Thematic issues include resource sovereignty, security of supply, sustainable use, the global commons, the resource curse, and conflict resources. The chapter also discusses the policy-making role and operational activities in the field of natural resources of a number of UN institutions, including FAO, UNCTAD, UNEP, and ICJ. Lastly, it provides an assessment of the conceptual contribution of the United Nations to natural resource management, also relating to maritime resources and ocean management in the context of the new law of the sea.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127130463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.21
Keith Krause
This chapter evaluates the achievements and limitations of the United Nations (including the Conference on Disarmament) in the field of disarmament, emphasizing the UN’s role as part of broader efforts to control arms as a means to achieve international peace and security. It presents an overview of UN disarmament efforts and discusses specific cases where progress was achieved, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the Arms Trade Treaty, and efforts to tackle the problems of anti-personnel land mines and small arms and light weapons. Finally, it draws out the implications for international relations of the UN experience with formal multilateral arms control, disarmament and security-building processes by evaluating its role as a negotiating forum, a norm setter, an implementing agency, or an instrument of great power security governance.
{"title":"Arms Control and Disarmament","authors":"Keith Krause","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates the achievements and limitations of the United Nations (including the Conference on Disarmament) in the field of disarmament, emphasizing the UN’s role as part of broader efforts to control arms as a means to achieve international peace and security. It presents an overview of UN disarmament efforts and discusses specific cases where progress was achieved, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), the Arms Trade Treaty, and efforts to tackle the problems of anti-personnel land mines and small arms and light weapons. Finally, it draws out the implications for international relations of the UN experience with formal multilateral arms control, disarmament and security-building processes by evaluating its role as a negotiating forum, a norm setter, an implementing agency, or an instrument of great power security governance.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132450469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.29
Lucas Kello
Cyber threats have become a pre-eminent concern in international affairs. The security of cyberspace has become a condition of the survival of modern societies; yet the scale of the threats grows only larger with time. Some states have turned to the UN system to address cyber issues. These efforts are of two general sorts. One involves the management of conflict in the cyber domain, a realm of security competition in which the dangers of miscalculation abound. The other concerns Internet governance, which pits Russia and China against Western countries. This chapter examines these multilateral thrusts. It argues that none has gone far, for various reasons. Cyber threats challenge the legal and institutional orthodoxies of the UN system. Large member states clash over the meaning and priorities of cybersecurity. Before analyzing these problems the chapter reviews the origins and history of cyber threats.
{"title":"Cyber Threats","authors":"Lucas Kello","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber threats have become a pre-eminent concern in international affairs. The security of cyberspace has become a condition of the survival of modern societies; yet the scale of the threats grows only larger with time. Some states have turned to the UN system to address cyber issues. These efforts are of two general sorts. One involves the management of conflict in the cyber domain, a realm of security competition in which the dangers of miscalculation abound. The other concerns Internet governance, which pits Russia and China against Western countries. This chapter examines these multilateral thrusts. It argues that none has gone far, for various reasons. Cyber threats challenge the legal and institutional orthodoxies of the UN system. Large member states clash over the meaning and priorities of cybersecurity. Before analyzing these problems the chapter reviews the origins and history of cyber threats.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114231496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.31
R. Goldstone
This chapter traces the growth of international criminal courts since World War II. The trials of Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg in 1944 led, after a lapse of almost half a century, to decisions by the UN Security Council to establish two ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and for Rwanda (1994). UN-mandated courts followed in East Timor, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; and by state-requested courts, so-called ‘mixed’ or ‘hybrid’ criminal tribunals, in partnership with the UN, in Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Lebanon. In terms of the Rome Statute of 1998, the International Criminal Court became effective in July 2002 and will likely become the only international criminal court.
{"title":"International Criminal Court and Ad Hoc Tribunals","authors":"R. Goldstone","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the growth of international criminal courts since World War II. The trials of Nazi war criminals at Nuremberg in 1944 led, after a lapse of almost half a century, to decisions by the UN Security Council to establish two ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and for Rwanda (1994). UN-mandated courts followed in East Timor, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; and by state-requested courts, so-called ‘mixed’ or ‘hybrid’ criminal tribunals, in partnership with the UN, in Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Lebanon. In terms of the Rome Statute of 1998, the International Criminal Court became effective in July 2002 and will likely become the only international criminal court.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121599723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560103.003.0010
E. Newman
This chapter describes the evolution of the role of the UN Secretary-General in the context of international relations, paying particular attention to the historical origins of the office within the international civil service. It explores the challenges faced by the Secretary-General in seeking to act independently on behalf of the global interest, in a political environment characterized by competing national interests and power politics. It also considers whether the process that resulted in the appointment of António Gutteres in 2016—seen as the most transparent, meritocratic, and inclusive in the history of the UN—might enable the Secretary-General to be more effective in the face of the many pressures upon the office.
{"title":"Secretary-General","authors":"E. Newman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560103.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560103.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the evolution of the role of the UN Secretary-General in the context of international relations, paying particular attention to the historical origins of the office within the international civil service. It explores the challenges faced by the Secretary-General in seeking to act independently on behalf of the global interest, in a political environment characterized by competing national interests and power politics. It also considers whether the process that resulted in the appointment of António Gutteres in 2016—seen as the most transparent, meritocratic, and inclusive in the history of the UN—might enable the Secretary-General to be more effective in the face of the many pressures upon the office.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131241160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.18
M. Schroeder, P. Wapner
What is the relationship between the United Nations and civil society? Has the relationship changed over time? This chapter demonstrates how both the UN and civil society benefit from sustained interaction. It investigates civil society’s role in the UN’s struggle to gain legitimacy, assert its authority, and carry out its missions. Similarly, it explores how civil society actors engage the UN as they work to garner credibility, support, and governing authority. It argues that the limitations of statism—the overriding power of states in world affairs—inspire the UN to work with civil society and encourage both the UN and civil society to make claims to be representatives of the world’s peoples. It starts by defining civil society and then describes the cooperative and conflictual interactions between the UN and civil society. The chapter concludes by analyzing these interactions in the context of questions of legitimacy, accountability, and good governance.
{"title":"Non-governmental Organizations","authors":"M. Schroeder, P. Wapner","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"What is the relationship between the United Nations and civil society? Has the relationship changed over time? This chapter demonstrates how both the UN and civil society benefit from sustained interaction. It investigates civil society’s role in the UN’s struggle to gain legitimacy, assert its authority, and carry out its missions. Similarly, it explores how civil society actors engage the UN as they work to garner credibility, support, and governing authority. It argues that the limitations of statism—the overriding power of states in world affairs—inspire the UN to work with civil society and encourage both the UN and civil society to make claims to be representatives of the world’s peoples. It starts by defining civil society and then describes the cooperative and conflictual interactions between the UN and civil society. The chapter concludes by analyzing these interactions in the context of questions of legitimacy, accountability, and good governance.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129225848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.5
L. Gordenker, Christer Jönsson
The UN system produces abundant, easily accessible information about itself and about the world at large. The statistics and databases compiled in the UN system help monitor progress on its goals for global economic and social development. Moreover, the UN contributes to knowledge through its training, education, and research initiatives. Academia remains a key producer of knowledge about the UN, and the introduction of the concept of global governance has stimulated a renewed focus on the organization. Today, electronic and social media are important sources of popular knowledge. Despite ‘scandals’ and negative publicity, the UN enjoys public support around the world. There seems to be no firm correlation between popular attitudes and knowledge.
{"title":"Evolution in Knowledge and Norms","authors":"L. Gordenker, Christer Jönsson","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"The UN system produces abundant, easily accessible information about itself and about the world at large. The statistics and databases compiled in the UN system help monitor progress on its goals for global economic and social development. Moreover, the UN contributes to knowledge through its training, education, and research initiatives. Academia remains a key producer of knowledge about the UN, and the introduction of the concept of global governance has stimulated a renewed focus on the organization. Today, electronic and social media are important sources of popular knowledge. Despite ‘scandals’ and negative publicity, the UN enjoys public support around the world. There seems to be no firm correlation between popular attitudes and knowledge.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128944909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.1
T. Weiss, S. Daws
This chapter makes the case for greater analytical precision and historical reflection about the balance between change and continuity within the United Nations since its founding in 1945. The most pertinent changes fall under four headings: the emergence of new threats and new technological opportunities; the increasing role of non-state actors; the reformulation of state sovereignty; and the emergence of a multipolar world. This chapter examines the nature and role of each of these in today’s international system and urges readers to keep in mind three distinct analytical problems: defining the nature of change; determining the meaning of success and failure; and tracking the ups-and-downs in world politics. It also introduces the forty-four chapters that follow in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations.
{"title":"The United Nations","authors":"T. Weiss, S. Daws","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter makes the case for greater analytical precision and historical reflection about the balance between change and continuity within the United Nations since its founding in 1945. The most pertinent changes fall under four headings: the emergence of new threats and new technological opportunities; the increasing role of non-state actors; the reformulation of state sovereignty; and the emergence of a multipolar world. This chapter examines the nature and role of each of these in today’s international system and urges readers to keep in mind three distinct analytical problems: defining the nature of change; determining the meaning of success and failure; and tracking the ups-and-downs in world politics. It also introduces the forty-four chapters that follow in The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124523297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.36
Jacques Fomerand, D. Dijkzeul
This chapter presents an overview of the UN coordination machinery in the economic and social development field together with an analysis of its evolution and recurring operational problems of fragmentation, effectiveness, and duplication. Changing conceptions of security, a growing concern for the sustainability of peace and prevention, and a corresponding need for greater coherence and integration and collaborative and strategic partnerships, offer cautious grounds for optimism. But the capacity for internal leadership in improving coordination at headquarters and field levels is likely to be sharply constrained by the world organization’s decentralized structure, donor incentives, limited resources, and the absence of a political consensus about its desirable role in the promotion of development.
{"title":"UN Development System","authors":"Jacques Fomerand, D. Dijkzeul","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents an overview of the UN coordination machinery in the economic and social development field together with an analysis of its evolution and recurring operational problems of fragmentation, effectiveness, and duplication. Changing conceptions of security, a growing concern for the sustainability of peace and prevention, and a corresponding need for greater coherence and integration and collaborative and strategic partnerships, offer cautious grounds for optimism. But the capacity for internal leadership in improving coordination at headquarters and field levels is likely to be sharply constrained by the world organization’s decentralized structure, donor incentives, limited resources, and the absence of a political consensus about its desirable role in the promotion of development.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115151927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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