Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.25
R. Thakur
Cross-border military intervention is a recurring feature throughout history. Often, geopolitical and commercial calculations were cloaked in the language of ‘humanitarian intervention.’ After decolonization, developing countries embedded non-intervention as a peremptory norm. Many tyrants then used sovereignty as a shield behind which to commit atrocities with impunity. When the North Atlantic Treaty Organization intervened to protect victims of Serbian atrocities in Kosovo, the Non-Aligned Movement denounced any right of humanitarian intervention. To reconcile the two competing imperatives, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty proposed the principle of the ‘responsibility to protect’ to permit UN-authorized protective interventions while consolidating a rules-based order. Although much improved, however, dilemmas remain about when and by whom force can be used inside borders to guarantee human protection.
{"title":"Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect","authors":"R. Thakur","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-border military intervention is a recurring feature throughout history. Often, geopolitical and commercial calculations were cloaked in the language of ‘humanitarian intervention.’ After decolonization, developing countries embedded non-intervention as a peremptory norm. Many tyrants then used sovereignty as a shield behind which to commit atrocities with impunity. When the North Atlantic Treaty Organization intervened to protect victims of Serbian atrocities in Kosovo, the Non-Aligned Movement denounced any right of humanitarian intervention. To reconcile the two competing imperatives, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty proposed the principle of the ‘responsibility to protect’ to permit UN-authorized protective interventions while consolidating a rules-based order. Although much improved, however, dilemmas remain about when and by whom force can be used inside borders to guarantee human protection.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131129753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.42
S. Fukuda‐Parr
The 2015 agreement on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was an ambitious and inclusive agenda that went beyond the poverty agenda of the Millennium Development Goals to incorporate climate change, infrastucture, and governance issues, and redefined development as a universal challenge. The SDGs are also the latest in a series of UN goal-setting processes. This chapter examines the strengths and pitfalls of such global goal-setting and the limitations of capturing development priorities in a single number. It begins with an overview of the SDGs as an agenda, purpose, and political process, and then evaluates global goal-setting as a specific policy tool for elaborating and promoting global development priorities.
{"title":"Sustainable Development Goals","authors":"S. Fukuda‐Parr","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015 agreement on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was an ambitious and inclusive agenda that went beyond the poverty agenda of the Millennium Development Goals to incorporate climate change, infrastucture, and governance issues, and redefined development as a universal challenge. The SDGs are also the latest in a series of UN goal-setting processes. This chapter examines the strengths and pitfalls of such global goal-setting and the limitations of capturing development priorities in a single number. It begins with an overview of the SDGs as an agenda, purpose, and political process, and then evaluates global goal-setting as a specific policy tool for elaborating and promoting global development priorities.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128528312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.30
Natalie Samarsinghe
This chapter discusses the UN’s role in creating the international human rights system, with descriptions of key UN human rights instruments, mechanisms and bodies (notably the Human Rights Council), as well as information on other parts of the organization tasked with promoting and protecting human rights. It also considers opportunities and challenges for norm development and institutional advances over the next decade. The chapter argues that while human rights are recognized as one of the UN’s main purposes, with every member state having some degree of involvement with human rights laws and machinery, this area remains a source of contention, raising issues of legitimacy, universality, and sovereignty. At the same time, this so-called pillar of the UN has produced some of the organization’s most transformative successes, at the normative level and on the ground.
{"title":"Human Rights","authors":"Natalie Samarsinghe","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the UN’s role in creating the international human rights system, with descriptions of key UN human rights instruments, mechanisms and bodies (notably the Human Rights Council), as well as information on other parts of the organization tasked with promoting and protecting human rights. It also considers opportunities and challenges for norm development and institutional advances over the next decade. The chapter argues that while human rights are recognized as one of the UN’s main purposes, with every member state having some degree of involvement with human rights laws and machinery, this area remains a source of contention, raising issues of legitimacy, universality, and sovereignty. At the same time, this so-called pillar of the UN has produced some of the organization’s most transformative successes, at the normative level and on the ground.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117181782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.4
J. Álvarez
This chapter surveys how international legal scholars have catalogued and sought to explain the legal impact of the UN even though its political and judicial organs have not been delegated the power to make law. It explains how the UN attempts to adhere to, but also challenges, the traditional sources of international law—treaties, custom, and general principles—contained in the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It enumerates how the turn to UN system organizations—amidst newly empowered non-state actors, increasing resort to ‘soft’ or ‘informal’ norms, and recourse to institutionalized processes—have led to distinct legal frameworks such as process or deliberative theories, interdisciplinary ‘law and’ approaches, feminist and ‘Third World’ critiques, and scholarly work that renews attention to or revises legal positivism.
{"title":"Legal Perspectives","authors":"J. Álvarez","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys how international legal scholars have catalogued and sought to explain the legal impact of the UN even though its political and judicial organs have not been delegated the power to make law. It explains how the UN attempts to adhere to, but also challenges, the traditional sources of international law—treaties, custom, and general principles—contained in the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It enumerates how the turn to UN system organizations—amidst newly empowered non-state actors, increasing resort to ‘soft’ or ‘informal’ norms, and recourse to institutionalized processes—have led to distinct legal frameworks such as process or deliberative theories, interdisciplinary ‘law and’ approaches, feminist and ‘Third World’ critiques, and scholarly work that renews attention to or revises legal positivism.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127913934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.35
Christopher K. Penny
This chapter examines the role of the United Nations in developing, promoting, and enforcing norms within three broad understandings of human security: basic human rights; rights for those affected by violent conflict (‘freedom from fear’); and, rights for those experiencing severe hardship (‘freedom from want’). After reviewing key theoretical challenges, this chapter details the UN’s achievements within these three overlapping understandings, illustrating its contribution to furthering individual security. The UN has given meaning to the idea that state sovereignty should be limited and that, in some circumstances, individual rights should trump state interests. Despite the UN’s substantial human security accomplishments, this chapter recognizes the major challenges for the full realization of these ideals.
{"title":"Human Security","authors":"Christopher K. Penny","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the role of the United Nations in developing, promoting, and enforcing norms within three broad understandings of human security: basic human rights; rights for those affected by violent conflict (‘freedom from fear’); and, rights for those experiencing severe hardship (‘freedom from want’). After reviewing key theoretical challenges, this chapter details the UN’s achievements within these three overlapping understandings, illustrating its contribution to furthering individual security. The UN has given meaning to the idea that state sovereignty should be limited and that, in some circumstances, individual rights should trump state interests. Despite the UN’s substantial human security accomplishments, this chapter recognizes the major challenges for the full realization of these ideals.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115645919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.3
Michael N. Barnett, M. Finnemore
This chapter examines how prominent theories capture the various ways that the UN affects world politics. Different theories of international relations (IR) cast the UN in distinctive roles, which logically lead scholars to identify distinctive kinds of effects. We identify five roles that the UN might have: as an agent of great powers doing their bidding; as a mechanism for interstate cooperation; as a governor of an international society of states; as a constructor of the social world; and as a legitimation forum. Each role has roots in a well-known theory of international politics. In many, perhaps most, real-world political situations, the UN plays more than one of these roles, but these stylized theoretical arguments about the world body’s influence help discipline our thinking. They force us to be explicit about which effects of the world organization we think are important, what is causing them, and why.
{"title":"Political Approaches","authors":"Michael N. Barnett, M. Finnemore","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how prominent theories capture the various ways that the UN affects world politics. Different theories of international relations (IR) cast the UN in distinctive roles, which logically lead scholars to identify distinctive kinds of effects. We identify five roles that the UN might have: as an agent of great powers doing their bidding; as a mechanism for interstate cooperation; as a governor of an international society of states; as a constructor of the social world; and as a legitimation forum. Each role has roots in a well-known theory of international politics. In many, perhaps most, real-world political situations, the UN plays more than one of these roles, but these stylized theoretical arguments about the world body’s influence help discipline our thinking. They force us to be explicit about which effects of the world organization we think are important, what is causing them, and why.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115203578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.27
J. Boulden
Terrorism is a tool of non-state actors and as such poses a particular threat to the United Nations as a state-based organization. This chapter examines the responses of the General Assembly, Security Council, and Secretary-General to terrorism. While the Security Council has taken the lead, all three actors have made an effort to develop a sustained response to the phenomenon. Recent developments on the ground have prompted questions about the potential threat of terrorism to peace operations, as well as an emphasis on prevention. While the UN response is significant, it parallels rather than leads actions by its member states.
{"title":"Terrorism","authors":"J. Boulden","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism is a tool of non-state actors and as such poses a particular threat to the United Nations as a state-based organization. This chapter examines the responses of the General Assembly, Security Council, and Secretary-General to terrorism. While the Security Council has taken the lead, all three actors have made an effort to develop a sustained response to the phenomenon. Recent developments on the ground have prompted questions about the potential threat of terrorism to peace operations, as well as an emphasis on prevention. While the UN response is significant, it parallels rather than leads actions by its member states.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123141108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.16
W. Sidhu
The UN Charter provides a prominent role for ‘regional agencies or arrangements’ under Chapters VI and VIII. While regional actors played a limited role during the Cold War, the post-Cold War period has witnessed the regionalization of peace operations. Today regional organizations, particularly the African Union, play an equal if not more prominent role on the ground than the UN in peace operations. While the involvement of regional organizations offers several benefits to the overstretched UN, it also carries significant risks. Moreover, unless several proposed reforms are implemented, the effectiveness of UN-regional ‘partnership peacekeeping,’ or hybrid operations, is likely to remain impaired.
{"title":"Regional Organizations","authors":"W. Sidhu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"The UN Charter provides a prominent role for ‘regional agencies or arrangements’ under Chapters VI and VIII. While regional actors played a limited role during the Cold War, the post-Cold War period has witnessed the regionalization of peace operations. Today regional organizations, particularly the African Union, play an equal if not more prominent role on the ground than the UN in peace operations. While the involvement of regional organizations offers several benefits to the overstretched UN, it also carries significant risks. Moreover, unless several proposed reforms are implemented, the effectiveness of UN-regional ‘partnership peacekeeping,’ or hybrid operations, is likely to remain impaired.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131708588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.43
Amitav Acharya
This chapter argues that the traditional conception of multilateralism that underpinned the United Nations at its birth is under serious challenge, which comes from a global shift in power and ideas. The hitherto Western dominance of both is rapidly eroding. But the emerging world order is better termed as a ‘multiplex’ rather than a ‘multipolar’ world. The key drivers of change include the growth of regionalism, the proliferation of non-state actors, the decline of the West, the erosion of US primacy, the rise of non-Western powers, and the increasing fragmentation of traditional UN-based global governance mechanisms. In this world, the UN is not obsolete but has to come to terms with rapid and far-reaching changes that call for a new approach to universalism, one that accommodates the conflicting pressures of cultural and political diversity, on the one hand, and economic and functional interdependence, on the other.
{"title":"Multilateralism and the Changing World Order","authors":"Amitav Acharya","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the traditional conception of multilateralism that underpinned the United Nations at its birth is under serious challenge, which comes from a global shift in power and ideas. The hitherto Western dominance of both is rapidly eroding. But the emerging world order is better termed as a ‘multiplex’ rather than a ‘multipolar’ world. The key drivers of change include the growth of regionalism, the proliferation of non-state actors, the decline of the West, the erosion of US primacy, the rise of non-Western powers, and the increasing fragmentation of traditional UN-based global governance mechanisms. In this world, the UN is not obsolete but has to come to terms with rapid and far-reaching changes that call for a new approach to universalism, one that accommodates the conflicting pressures of cultural and political diversity, on the one hand, and economic and functional interdependence, on the other.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129776358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.24
George A. Lopez
This chapter examines trends and themes that have developed over the past quarter century in the use of economic sanctions by the UN Security Council. It emphasizes targeted financial sanctions, arms embargoes, and commodity sanctions as the most consistently imposed and the most thoroughly refined measures in the Council’s repertoire. It focuses on the utility and dilemmas of these sanctions in controlling international terrorism, preventing or reversing nuclear proliferation, and dealing with the perpetration of mass violence and atrocities against civilians. Finally, the chapter analyzes the challenges the UN faces in continuing and extending these particular techniques for advancing peace and security.
{"title":"Sanctions","authors":"George A. Lopez","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.24","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines trends and themes that have developed over the past quarter century in the use of economic sanctions by the UN Security Council. It emphasizes targeted financial sanctions, arms embargoes, and commodity sanctions as the most consistently imposed and the most thoroughly refined measures in the Council’s repertoire. It focuses on the utility and dilemmas of these sanctions in controlling international terrorism, preventing or reversing nuclear proliferation, and dealing with the perpetration of mass violence and atrocities against civilians. Finally, the chapter analyzes the challenges the UN faces in continuing and extending these particular techniques for advancing peace and security.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130829925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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