Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.14
N. Woods
The IMF and World Bank were created at the end of World War II to support economic stability, trade, and reconstruction around the world. Subsequently, they became strongly associated with globalization and the opening up of economies to trade, capital flows, and foreign investment. This ensured support from wealthy governments and business but sharp criticism about their impacts on inequality, environmental damage, and corruption. Each now faces a more existential challenge due to the shifting power and focus of their member states. What remains constant is the need for each to strengthen its legitimacy, refocus its mandate, and work better with other organizations.
{"title":"Bretton Woods Institutions","authors":"N. Woods","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"The IMF and World Bank were created at the end of World War II to support economic stability, trade, and reconstruction around the world. Subsequently, they became strongly associated with globalization and the opening up of economies to trade, capital flows, and foreign investment. This ensured support from wealthy governments and business but sharp criticism about their impacts on inequality, environmental damage, and corruption. Each now faces a more existential challenge due to the shifting power and focus of their member states. What remains constant is the need for each to strengthen its legitimacy, refocus its mandate, and work better with other organizations.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128271570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.17
Monica Herz
The chapter examines the idea and practice of regional governance during the last twenty years. Intergovernmental regional organizations provide the focus of the analysis as they often are the hub of regional interaction leading to the generation of rules. In order to understand the idea of regional governance, the chapter looks into the relation between this idea and three other processes taking place in the international system: the changing nature of sovereignty, globalization, and the challenges to nationally based representative democracy. The role of regional multidimensional organizations that perform similar tasks in the human rights is a focus in the humanitarian, democratic governance, development, and security spheres as a result of the diffusion of international governance practices.
{"title":"Formal and Informal Groups","authors":"Monica Herz","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter examines the idea and practice of regional governance during the last twenty years. Intergovernmental regional organizations provide the focus of the analysis as they often are the hub of regional interaction leading to the generation of rules. In order to understand the idea of regional governance, the chapter looks into the relation between this idea and three other processes taking place in the international system: the changing nature of sovereignty, globalization, and the challenges to nationally based representative democracy. The role of regional multidimensional organizations that perform similar tasks in the human rights is a focus in the humanitarian, democratic governance, development, and security spheres as a result of the diffusion of international governance practices.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130366596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.39
M. Ivanova
Climate change surpasses the ability of any state to tackle on their own and requires global collective action. As a universal political body, the United Nations is indispensable to addressing climate change. It provides the arena for member states to discuss, deliberate, and decide; the institutional apparatus to support negotiations; and the platform and incentives for many actors to engage in creating and implementing agreements. UN institutions were critical to the identification of climate change as a global concern and the development of a formal regime adopted and supported by member states. This chapter analyzes the institutional frameworks, discusses core factors for success, and outlines a potential trajectory for climate change within the UN and beyond.
{"title":"Climate Change","authors":"M. Ivanova","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.39","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change surpasses the ability of any state to tackle on their own and requires global collective action. As a universal political body, the United Nations is indispensable to addressing climate change. It provides the arena for member states to discuss, deliberate, and decide; the institutional apparatus to support negotiations; and the platform and incentives for many actors to engage in creating and implementing agreements. UN institutions were critical to the identification of climate change as a global concern and the development of a formal regime adopted and supported by member states. This chapter analyzes the institutional frameworks, discusses core factors for success, and outlines a potential trajectory for climate change within the UN and beyond.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122286238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.23
R. Gowan
UN peace operations face an uncertain future. Peacekeeping deployments have been through cycles of expansion and contraction since the 1950s. Over the last two decades, the UN has been heavily engaged in a series of sizeable operations, primarily in Africa. Peacekeepers have struggled to engender sustainable peace in cases such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan. This reflects organizational weaknesses in the UN peacekeeping system, questions over the limits of military action by peacekeeping forces in volatile environments, and tensions with the fragile governments that the UN is mandated to support. There is a new emphasis on lighter political missions as an alternative to large blue helmet forces. But history shows that the evolution of peace operations is rarely linear or predictable.
{"title":"Peace Operations","authors":"R. Gowan","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"UN peace operations face an uncertain future. Peacekeeping deployments have been through cycles of expansion and contraction since the 1950s. Over the last two decades, the UN has been heavily engaged in a series of sizeable operations, primarily in Africa. Peacekeepers have struggled to engender sustainable peace in cases such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan. This reflects organizational weaknesses in the UN peacekeeping system, questions over the limits of military action by peacekeeping forces in volatile environments, and tensions with the fragile governments that the UN is mandated to support. There is a new emphasis on lighter political missions as an alternative to large blue helmet forces. But history shows that the evolution of peace operations is rarely linear or predictable.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125781128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.44
Michèle Griffin
This chapter describes a fraught global landscape in which the pace and nature of change have outstripped the ability for human beings and their states to manage its downsides or equitably share its upsides. The interconnections are not yet reflected in who sits at the table, what tools are used, or even what problems are on the agenda. Such profound change is testing the UN as never before. However, it could also trigger a renewed sense of common purpose. The ninth Secretary-General can turn this crisis into an opportunity to drive through long-needed reforms and to position the UN as the key platform for collectively managing shared global risks and problems. Success would mean understanding and getting ahead of major global trends, rather than merely reacting to them.
{"title":"The UN’s Role in a Changing Global Landscape","authors":"Michèle Griffin","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.44","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes a fraught global landscape in which the pace and nature of change have outstripped the ability for human beings and their states to manage its downsides or equitably share its upsides. The interconnections are not yet reflected in who sits at the table, what tools are used, or even what problems are on the agenda. Such profound change is testing the UN as never before. However, it could also trigger a renewed sense of common purpose. The ninth Secretary-General can turn this crisis into an opportunity to drive through long-needed reforms and to position the UN as the key platform for collectively managing shared global risks and problems. Success would mean understanding and getting ahead of major global trends, rather than merely reacting to them.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133680179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.47
R. Jolly
From its establishment, people and human development have been at the center of the UN’s development work, more clearly than at the World Bank and the IMF that have had a narrower economic focus. This chapter provides clear definitions of human development, drawing on UNDP’s Human Development Report, illustrating the approach with such issues as gender, human security, globalization, and human rights as well as the Human Development Index (HDI). A brief overview of the UN’s development leadership and operational work shows a wide field and is now focused on the SDGs (2016–2030) and formerly on the MDGs (2000–2015). UN expenditures are modest in comparison with funding for the World Bank and the IMF, but arguably more effective. There could be benefits in closer and more balanced collaboration between these global organizations, providing there is learning.
{"title":"Human Development","authors":"R. Jolly","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.47","url":null,"abstract":"From its establishment, people and human development have been at the center of the UN’s development work, more clearly than at the World Bank and the IMF that have had a narrower economic focus. This chapter provides clear definitions of human development, drawing on UNDP’s Human Development Report, illustrating the approach with such issues as gender, human security, globalization, and human rights as well as the Human Development Index (HDI). A brief overview of the UN’s development leadership and operational work shows a wide field and is now focused on the SDGs (2016–2030) and formerly on the MDGs (2000–2015). UN expenditures are modest in comparison with funding for the World Bank and the IMF, but arguably more effective. There could be benefits in closer and more balanced collaboration between these global organizations, providing there is learning.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126491712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.45
E. Luck
This chapter traces and assesses how the four principal inter-governmental organs of the United Nations—the General Assembly, Security Council, ECOSOC, and Trusteeship Council—have changed to meet new challenges and demands. Despite their resistance to formal structural reform, each has proven adept at renovation and adaptation to dynamic conditions. As the more open and rigorous process for selecting a new Secretary-General in 2015–2016 demonstrated, relations among the principal organs remain an area for further renovation in the years ahead. Although slow to reform its structure, the Security Council has proven to be the quickest to adapt its working methods to a changing security environment.
{"title":"Prospects for UN Renovation and Reform","authors":"E. Luck","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.45","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces and assesses how the four principal inter-governmental organs of the United Nations—the General Assembly, Security Council, ECOSOC, and Trusteeship Council—have changed to meet new challenges and demands. Despite their resistance to formal structural reform, each has proven adept at renovation and adaptation to dynamic conditions. As the more open and rigorous process for selecting a new Secretary-General in 2015–2016 demonstrated, relations among the principal organs remain an area for further renovation in the years ahead. Although slow to reform its structure, the Security Council has proven to be the quickest to adapt its working methods to a changing security environment.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124526896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.33
C. Bunch
This chapter outlines the quest for women’s equality, empowerment, and human rights through the United Nations from its founding to the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It considers the on-going dilemma in this work of whether, and when, to pursue women’s equality through separate entities and through gender mainstreaming. Describing the evolution of the major UN women-specific institutions, conferences, and standard-setting documents, and the critical role of civil society—especially women’s non-governmental organizations—the chapter argues that these have driven this agenda. Finally, it analyses the progress of gender integration and women’s advancement on UN agendas in the areas of development; health and sexual rights; human rights; and peace and security.
{"title":"Women’s Rights and Gender Integration","authors":"C. Bunch","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198803164.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the quest for women’s equality, empowerment, and human rights through the United Nations from its founding to the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It considers the on-going dilemma in this work of whether, and when, to pursue women’s equality through separate entities and through gender mainstreaming. Describing the evolution of the major UN women-specific institutions, conferences, and standard-setting documents, and the critical role of civil society—especially women’s non-governmental organizations—the chapter argues that these have driven this agenda. Finally, it analyses the progress of gender integration and women’s advancement on UN agendas in the areas of development; health and sexual rights; human rights; and peace and security.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124425790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.20
B. Crossette
With a new Secretary-General, António Guterres, installed in 2017, the United Nations is in a position to hasten changes to its public information system and functions, which were slow to catch up with a fast-moving social media age. As the former head of UNHCR, he understands the importance of good relations with the media, which often have felt shut out by UN officials and member nations reluctant to expand the organization’s information outreach. Media attention had atrophied, at a time when the UN was coming under greater pressure and criticism for its handling of peacekeeping scandals and slow responses to crises, even when these were not the fault of the Secretariat.
{"title":"Media","authors":"B. Crossette","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"With a new Secretary-General, António Guterres, installed in 2017, the United Nations is in a position to hasten changes to its public information system and functions, which were slow to catch up with a fast-moving social media age. As the former head of UNHCR, he understands the importance of good relations with the media, which often have felt shut out by UN officials and member nations reluctant to expand the organization’s information outreach. Media attention had atrophied, at a time when the UN was coming under greater pressure and criticism for its handling of peacekeeping scandals and slow responses to crises, even when these were not the fault of the Secretariat.","PeriodicalId":117675,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121775190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803164.013.46
R. Paris
Peacebuilding—helping societies make the transition from civil violence to a durable peace—has been the UN’s principal security activity since the end of the Cold War. Although peacebuilding methods have been refined over years of trial and error, it remains an uncertain science, yielding mixed results. Nevertheless, for all its shortcomings, the international peacebuilding ‘project’ remains one of the most remarkable exercises in collective conflict management the world has ever witnessed. This chapter identifies the principal features of the UN’s peacebuilding operations, examines the record of peacebuilding since the end of the Cold War, and describes some of the main issues and controversies surrounding these missions.
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