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Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids in waste curd water: A green approach 在凝乳废水中合成香豆素-3-羧酸:一种绿色方法
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.439-444.2471
N. B. Sonawane, J. Rajput, Dilip Ramsing Patil
An efficient and green protocol has been developed for the synthesis of derivatives of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid using waste curd water as a catalytic solvent. Curd water successfully catalyzes the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes with dimethyl malonate under ultrasonic irradiation (40 °C) to construct different scaffolds of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, with good to outstanding yields. The use of biodegradable solvents, sustainability, low reaction duration, mild reaction conditions without metals and Lewis acids, excellent yields, and compatibility with a wide range of electronically diverse substrates are all advantages of this synthesis process. Acidic curd water, which acts as a biological catalyst as well as a solvent for the reaction under ultrasonic irradiation, may be a better green alternative to some standard methods for synthesizing coumarin-3-carboxylic acids.
利用废凝乳水作为催化溶剂,开发出了一种合成香豆素-3-羧酸衍生物的高效绿色方法。在超声波辐照(40 °C)条件下,凝乳水成功催化了 2- 羟基苯甲醛与丙二酸二甲酯的反应,从而构建了不同的香豆素-3-羧酸支架,并获得了良好甚至优异的产率。使用生物可降解溶剂、可持续性强、反应时间短、反应条件温和且不含金属和路易斯酸、产率高以及与多种电子底物兼容,这些都是该合成工艺的优点。在超声波辐照下,酸性凝乳水既是生物催化剂,又是反应溶剂,与某些合成香豆素-3-羧酸的标准方法相比,酸性凝乳水可能是更好的绿色替代品。
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引用次数: 0
A square planar copper(II) complex noncovalently conjugated with a p-cresol for bioinspired catecholase activity 与对甲酚非共价共轭的方形平面铜(II)配合物,具有生物启发的儿茶酚酶活性
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.499-506.2489
Subham Mukherjee, Gayetri Sarkar, A. De, Bhaskar Biswas
This work presents the synthesis of an unprecedented p-cresol-conjugated copper(II) complex as a p-cresol-coupled polydentate ligand, its crystal structure, and catecholase activity. X-ray crystallography reveals that the Cu(II) centre adopts a nearly planar coordination geometry. Crystal data for C14H13Cu0.5O3: Monoclinic, space group P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.9204(2) Å, b = 21.5615(10) Å, c = 9.0715(4) Å, β = 91.266(4)°, V = 1157.72(8) Å3, Z = 4, μ(MoKα) = 0.987 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.498 g/cm3, 12647 reflections measured (6.884° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 63.42°), 3233 unique (Rint = 0.0618, Rsigma = 0.0512) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0710 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.2173 (all data). The crystallized p-cresol was localized in complex units through intermolecular O···H interactions and formed a 3D supramolecular framework employing short-ranged O···H and C-H···π interactions in the solid state. The copper(II) complex has been evaluated as a bioinspired catalyst in the oxidative transformation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) to o-benzoquinone in acetonitrile with a high turnover number, 2.26´104 h–1. Electrochemical analysis of the copper(II) complex in the presence of DTBC recommends the generation of a catechol/o-benzosemiquinone redox couple during catalytic oxidation with the generation of hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
本研究以对甲酚偶联多齿配体的形式合成了一种前所未有的对甲酚共轭铜(II)配合物,并展示了其晶体结构和儿茶酚酶活性。X 射线晶体学显示,铜(II)中心采用了近乎平面的配位几何形状。C14H13Cu0.5O3 的晶体数据:单斜,空间群 P21/c(14 号),a = 5.9204(2)埃,b = 21.5615(10)埃,c = 9.0715(4)埃,β = 91.266(4)°,V = 1157.72(8)埃3,Z = 4,μ(MoKα) = 0.987 mm-1,Dcalc = 1.498 g/cm3,测量到 12647 个反射(6.884° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 63.42°),3233 个唯一反射(Rint = 0.0618,Rsigma = 0.0512),所有计算都使用了这些反射。最终 R1 为 0.0710(I > 2σ(I)),wR2 为 0.2173(所有数据)。结晶的对甲酚通过分子间的 O-H 相互作用定位在络合物单元中,并在固态下利用短程 O-H 和 C-H-π 相互作用形成了三维超分子框架。该铜(II)复合物被评估为一种生物启发催化剂,可在乙腈中将3,5-二叔丁基邻苯二酚(DTBC)氧化转化为邻苯醌,其转化率高达2.26´104 h-1。铜(II)复合物在 DTBC 存在下的电化学分析表明,在催化氧化过程中生成了邻苯二酚/邻苯二醌氧化还原偶联物,并生成过氧化氢作为副产品。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of UV radiation on postharvest conservation of blueberries 紫外线辐射对蓝莓采后保存的影响
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.473-477.2473
Eliana Vanesa Campero, Maria Julia Barrionuevo, A. C. G. Marigliano
The objective of this work is to determine the variation in the nutritional and quality characteristics of blueberries subjected to UV radiation. Blueberries of the variety (JEWEL) provided by Tierra de blueberries, Oran, Monteros, Tucuman were used. The parameters analyzed were variations of the color and content of polyphenols by HPLC and UV-vis. Polyphenols determined by HPLC were: delfinidin-3-galactoside, delfinidine-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, delfinidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-arabinoside, malvidin-3-galactoside and malvidin-3-glucoside. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the polyphenol content varied in the irradiated fruits and in the untreated fruits as a function of time, with the values being closest to the initial time value (control) in the case of irradiated fruits. There were no appreciable differences in color change due to irradiation. At time 0, the color difference in the whole fruit between the treated sample (IFC0) and the standard (NFC0) gave ΔE* values equal to 2.06. After 3 days, the color difference was 3.08 for the natural sample and 6.06 for the treated sample. For this reason, it is considered that irradiation of blueberries is a very appropriate method for conservation, maintaining the nutritional and quality characteristics of blueberries.
这项工作的目的是确定蓝莓在紫外线辐射下营养和质量特性的变化。蓝莓品种(JEWEL)由 Tierra de blueberries, Oran, Monteros, Tucuman 提供。通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和紫外可见光谱法(UV-vis)对颜色变化和多酚含量进行了参数分析。通过高效液相色谱法测定的多酚有德尔菲尼丁-3-半乳糖苷、德尔菲尼丁-3-葡萄糖苷、青花素-3-半乳糖苷、德尔菲尼丁-3-阿拉伯糖苷、青花素-3-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-半乳糖苷、青花素-3-阿拉伯糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药苷-3-半乳糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-阿拉伯糖苷、麦饭石苷-3-半乳糖苷和麦饭石苷-3-葡萄糖苷。从所得结果可以得出结论,辐照水果和未处理水果中的多酚含量随时间的变化而变化,辐照水果的多酚含量值最接近初始时间值(对照组)。辐照导致的颜色变化没有明显差异。0 时,经处理的样品(IFC0)与标准样品(NFC0)之间的整个水果色差的 ΔE* 值等于 2.06。3 天后,天然样本的色差为 3.08,处理样本的色差为 6.06。因此,我们认为对蓝莓进行辐照是一种非常合适的保存方法,可以保持蓝莓的营养和质量特性。
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引用次数: 0
In an attempt to add ligands to the sixth (axial) position of vanadyl bis-acetylacetonate: A unique tetranuclear vanadyl species 尝试在双乙酰丙酮酸香草酯的第六个(轴向)位置添加配体:一种独特的四核香草醛物种
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.494-498.2485
R. Lalancette, Ivan Bernal
We have explored the interaction of [(acac)2V=O] (acac = acetylacetone) with a series of potential ligands which were chosen because of their expected ability to attach themselves onto its sixth (axial) position. Furthermore, some of the species chosen were expected to have the capability of linking pairs of [(acac)2V=O] molecules, thus creating magnetically coupled substances whose behavior would be interesting to document by magnetic as well as structural methods. Some of the synthetic results were surprising in that unexpected products were obtained which we had not envisioned; specifically, herein we describe a tetranuclear vanadyl cluster (Crystal data for C38H51N4O17ClV4: orthorhombic, space group Pca21 (no. 29), a = 26.4698(3) Å, b = 13.5167(2) Å, c = 12.7659(2) Å, V = 4567.44(11) Å3, Z = 4, μ(CuKα) = 7.842 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.53 g/cm3, 41277 reflections measured (6.538° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 137.892°), 7841 unique (Rint = 0.0428, Rsigma = 0.0421) which were used in all calculations; the final R1 was 0.0675 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1641 (all data)), which is unusual in several aspects of its composition as well as its stereochemistry.
我们探索了[(acac)2V=O](acac = 乙酰丙酮)与一系列潜在配体的相互作用,之所以选择这些配体,是因为预期它们能够附着在[(acac)2V=O]的第六(轴向)位置上。此外,所选的一些配体还具有连接成对[(acac)2V=O]分子的能力,从而产生磁性耦合物质,这些物质的行为值得通过磁性和结构方法进行记录。一些合成结果令人惊讶,因为我们得到了意想不到的产物,而这些产物是我们未曾预料到的;特别是,我们在此描述了一个四核钒钛簇合物(C38H51N4O17ClV4 的晶体数据:正交,空间群 Pca21(no.29), a = 26.4698(3) Å, b = 13.5167(2) Å, c = 12.7659(2) Å, V = 4567.44(11) Å3, Z = 4, μ(CuKα) = 7.842 mm-1,Dcalc = 1.53 g/cm3,测得 41277 个反射(6.538° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 137.892°),7841 个唯一反射(Rint = 0.0428,Rsigma = 0.0421),所有计算均采用了这些反射;最终 R1 为 0.0675(I > 2σ(I)),wR2 为 0.1641(所有数据)),这在其组成以及立体化学的多个方面都是不同寻常的。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis of calcium propionate from indigenous limestone from Swat area in Pakistan 利用巴基斯坦斯瓦特地区的本土石灰石合成丙酸钙
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.460-465.2456
Ansar Mahmood, S. Zahra, Rashid Mahmood, Asma Sheikh
In this study, native limestone from the Swat area of Pakistan was used for the synthesis of calcium propionate. The powdered limestone was allowed to react with propionic acid and the effect of the synthesis parameters, that is, the particle size (50, 100, 150, and 200 mesh), propionic acid (10, 15, and 30 %), solid-liquid ratio (0.1:10, 0.12:1, 0.14:1, and 0.16:1), reaction time (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 hours) and the temperature (60, 80, 90, and 100 °C) on the percentage yield and purity of calcium propionate was studied. The results showed that the optimum synthesis parameters were 200 mesh particle size, 15% propionic acid concentration, 0.14:1 solid-liquid ratio, 2.5 hours reaction time, and 80 °C temperature. The product obtained under optimal conditions was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that a product having ≥ 99.8% purity with 85% yield can be obtained by this process.
本研究使用巴基斯坦斯瓦特地区的本地石灰石合成丙酸钙。让粉末状石灰石与丙酸反应,研究合成参数的影响,即粒度(50、100、150 和 200 目)、丙酸(10、15 和 30%)、固液比(0.1:10、0.12:1、0.14:1 和 0.16:1)、反应时间(1、1.5、2 和 2.5 小时)和温度(60、80、90 和 100 °C)对丙酸钙收率和纯度的影响进行了研究。结果表明,最佳合成参数为粒度 200 目、丙酸浓度 15%、固液比 0.14:1、反应时间 2.5 小时和温度 80 ℃。在最佳条件下得到的产物通过红外光谱、热重仪和扫描电子显微镜进行了表征。结果表明,该工艺可获得纯度≥ 99.8%、收率 85% 的产品。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicological aspects of wastewater 废水的毒理学方面
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.451-459.2459
F. Ondrasik, Š. Kročová
‘Alea iacta est', the die is cast, said the Roman general Gaius Julius Caesar the moment he and his troops crossed the Rubicon River. This phrase refers to a state where everything has already been decided and this decision cannot be taken back. It is at this borderline that humanity now finds itself; its survival is at stake. The basic biogenic components of the environment, such as water, air, and soil, are coming under the pressure of the modern industrial revolution. The products of this anthropogenic activity significantly affect the environment. We live in a time of rapid climate change, melting of glaciers, devastation of nature, mass extermination, or loss of animal and plant species in order to increase human living standards. Man has caused all this in one stage of human life, a generation. Humanity mismanages natural resources and clings to a lifestyle that is vain. It destroys the natural environment on which it is dependent simultaneously. An environmental disaster is coming. Will our blue planet still be livable for future generations? The study deals with one of the components of the environmental environment, not an insignificant one, that is, water. For the moment, recycled water is a neglected and underappreciated resource from the point of view of the Czech Republic and its state authorities. The cleaning process may be inadequate or unreliable, and residual biological and chemical contaminants may pose a risk to human health. This work focuses on the use of purified wastewater mainly for firefighting unit activities in relation to a possible health risk. The result of the study is a clear possible recommendation for the use of recycled wastewater from a technical, technological, and logistical point of view, but taking into account the precautionary principle.
Alea iacta est",即 "大局已定",这是罗马将军盖乌斯-尤利乌斯-凯撒(Gaius Julius Caesar)和他的军队渡过卢比肯河时说的一句话。这句话指的是一切已成定局,且无法挽回的状态。人类现在正处于这一边界线上,其生存岌岌可危。环境的基本生物组成部分,如水、空气和土壤,正受到现代工业革命的压力。人类活动的产物对环境产生了重大影响。为了提高人类的生活水平,我们生活在一个气候变化迅速、冰川融化、大自然遭到破坏、动植物物种大量灭绝或丧失的时代。在人类生活的一个阶段,也就是一代人的时间里,人类造成了这一切。人类滥用自然资源,固守虚荣的生活方式。人类同时破坏了赖以生存的自然环境。环境灾难即将来临。我们的蓝色星球还能供子孙后代居住吗?这项研究涉及环境的一个组成部分,而且不是一个无关紧要的组成部分,那就是水。目前,从捷克共和国及其国家当局的角度来看,循环水是一种被忽视和低估的资源。清洗过程可能不充分或不可靠,残留的生物和化学污染物可能对人类健康构成威胁。这项工作的重点是研究净化废水主要用于消防单位活动可能带来的健康风险。研究的结果是从技术、工艺和后勤角度,但考虑到预防原则,对使用回收废水提出了明确的可行建议。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrothermally synthesized (N,O)-linked Cu(II)-based coordination complex as a potential antibacterial agent 作为潜在抗菌剂的水热合成 (N,O)-linked Cu(II) 配位配合物
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.429-438.2465
Anmol Chettri, Sudarshan Pradhan, Pritika Gurung, Sriparna Roy, Biswajit Sinha
The N,O-linked Cu(II)-based coordination complex was synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by SC-XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and FE-SEM. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that the complex crystallizes in a square pyramidal geometry and belongs to the monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21/n. Crystal data for C14H13CuN3O6: a = 8.7355(11) Å, b = 17.646(2) Å, c = 9.8036(12) Å, β = 98.506(6)°, V = 1494.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, μ(MoKα) = 1.500 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.701 g/cm3, 5120 reflections measured (4.616° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 49.982°), 1953 unique (Rint = 0.0316, Rsigma = 0.0718) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0380 (I > 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.0972 (all data). The experimental antibacterial activity studies performed using the disc diffusion method revealed that the complex is indeed acting as a good antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A better understanding of the binding mechanisms was uncovered through comparative molecular docking investigations. The docking score for the target S. aureus glyrase complex with DNA (PDB id-2XCS) was found to be -7.1 kcal/mol, while the docking score for dialkylglycine decarboxylase (PDB id-1D7U) was -5.2 kcal/mol. The high docking score of the complex with the target protein allowed the complex to act as a potential antibacterial agent. These results were also supported by other theoretical studies such as DFT calculations and pharmacokinetic studies. The correlation between the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and antibacterial activity was studied computationally. Hirshfeld surface analysis and pharmacokinetic studies were also performed for this crystal for a better understanding of the intermolecular interactions and ADME properties.
通过水热法合成了基于 N,O 链接的 Cu(II) 配位配合物,并利用 SC-XRD、傅立叶变换红外光谱和 FE-SEM 对其进行了表征。单晶 X 射线衍射研究表明,该配合物以正方形金字塔几何形状结晶,属于单斜晶系,空间群为 P21/n。C14H13CuN3O6 的晶体数据:a = 8.7355(11) Å, b = 17.646(2) Å, c = 9.8036(12) Å, β = 98.506(6)°, V = 1494.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, μ(MoKα) = 1.500 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.701 g/cm3,测得 5120 个反射 (4.616° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 49.982°),1953 个唯一反射 (Rint = 0.0316, Rsigma = 0.0718) 均用于所有计算。最终 R1 为 0.0380(I > 2σ(I)),wR2 为 0.0972(所有数据)。使用圆盘扩散法进行的抗菌活性实验研究表明,该复合物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌确实具有良好的抗菌作用。通过分子对接比较研究,我们对其结合机制有了更好的了解。研究发现,目标金黄色葡萄球菌糖化酶与 DNA 的复合物(PDB id-2XCS)的对接得分为-7.1 kcal/mol,而二烷基甘氨酸脱羧酶(PDB id-1D7U)的对接得分为-5.2 kcal/mol。该复合物与目标蛋白质的高对接得分使其成为一种潜在的抗菌剂。这些结果也得到了其他理论研究的支持,如 DFT 计算和药代动力学研究。计算研究了 HOMO-LUMO 能隙与抗菌活性之间的相关性。为了更好地了解分子间相互作用和 ADME 特性,还对该晶体进行了 Hirshfeld 表面分析和药物动力学研究。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Coulomb integrals with various energy operators to estimate the correlation energy in electronic structure calculations for molecules 用各种能量算子评估库仑积分,以估算分子电子结构计算中的相关能
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.486-493.2480
S. Kristyán
Using energy operators RC1-nRD1-m, RC1-nr12-m, and r12-nr13-m with small (n, m) values is fundamental in electronic structure calculations. Analytical integrations of the cases (n, m) = (1, 0) and (0, 1) are based on the Laplace transformation with the integrand exp(-a2t2), the other cases are based on the Laplace transformation with the integrand exp(-a2t) and the two-dimensional version of the Boys function. These analytic expressions, with Gaussian function integrands, are useful for manipulation with higher moments of interelectronic distances, for example, in correlation calculations. The equations derived help to evaluate the one-, two-, and three-electron Coulomb integrals, òρ(1)RC1-nRD1-mdr1, òρ(1)ρ(2)RC1-nr12-mdr1dr2, and òρ(1)ρ(2)ρ(3)r12-nr13-mdr1dr2dr3, wherein ρ(i) is the one-electron density describing the electron clouds in molecules, solids, or any media or ensemble of materials. Analytical solutions to integrals are more useful than numeric solutions; however, the former is not available in many cases. We evaluate these integrals numerically, even more so, the òf(ρ(1))dr1 to òf(ρ(1),ρ(2),ρ(3))dr1dr2dr3 with the analytical function f. For this task, the commonly used density functional theory numerical integration scheme has been elaborated to 6 and 9 dimensions via Descartes product. More importantly, this numerical integration scheme works not only for Gaussian type but also for Slaterian types. Analogy is commented on in terms of the powerful empirical correction between quantum potential energy correction and the empirically corrected Newton’s universal law of gravity in the explanation of dark matter and energy, as well as its relation to Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham formalisms.
使用能量算子 RC1-nRD1-m、RC1-nr12-m 和 r12-nr13-m 的小 (n, m) 值是电子结构计算的基础。(n, m) = (1, 0) 和 (0, 1) 两种情况的分析积分是基于积分为 exp(-a2t2) 的拉普拉斯变换,其他情况则是基于积分为 exp(-a2t) 的拉普拉斯变换和博伊斯函数的二维版本。这些带有高斯函数积分的解析表达式有助于处理电子间距离的高矩数,例如在相关计算中。推导出的方程有助于评估一、二和三电子库仑积分,即 òρ(1)RC1-nRD1-mdr1, òρ(1)ρ(2)RC1-nr12-mdr1dr2, òρ(1)ρ(2)ρ(3)r12-nr13-mdr1dr2dr3, 其中 ρ(i) 是描述分子、固体或任何介质或材料组合中电子云的单电子密度。积分的解析解比数值解更有用,但前者在很多情况下并不适用。为此,我们通过笛卡尔积将常用的密度泛函理论数值积分方案扩展到 6 维和 9 维。更重要的是,这种数值积分方案不仅适用于高斯类型,也适用于斯莱特类型。从量子势能修正和经验修正的牛顿万有引力定律在解释暗物质和能量方面的强大经验修正,以及它与哈特里-福克和科恩-沙姆形式主义的关系等方面进行了类比评论。
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引用次数: 0
Isotopic study of rainfall and definition of local meteoric water lines: Case of the rainfall stations of the city of Bangui in Central African Republic 降雨同位素研究和当地流星水线的定义:中非共和国班吉市雨量站案例
Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.4.445-450.2445
Eric Foto, O. Allahdin, Olga Biteman, N. Poumaye
The study of the isotopic composition of rainwater discussed in this article allows isotopic characterization of rainfall recorded in the Bangui region over 11 years at two stations. It will highlight the relationships between isotopes, climatic parameters, and temporal variation before defining the local meteoric line, which constitutes the reference point for the region. The results obtained after a follow-up of eleven years without interruption showed two major physical effects, the effect of the rainfall influences more strongly the composition in isotopes, the contents in isotopes vary inversely with the precipitation. For example, heavy rainfall in August and September saw a strong depletion of δ¹⁸O and δ²H contents. These values reach up to -4.96‰ for δ¹⁸O and -28.3‰ for δ²H. Similar, although weaker, effects are observed for July and October precipitation. We also note that the isotope contents at the Bangui University station are lower than those measured at the Bangui Sodeca station located at 386 m altitude on the Lower Ubangi Hill, which is similar to a pseudo-altitude effect. The evolution of stable isotope content in water as a function of meteorological parameters (temperature, rainfall, altitude) has allowed us to determine a local meteorological line for the city of Bangui from two measuring stations defined as follows: δ2H = 7.6 × δ18O + 10.4 (R2 = 0.9909) Université de Bangui, δ2H = 8.4 × δ18O + 12.5 (R2 = 0.9909) Bangui-Sodeca and δ2H = 7.9 × δ18O + 11.3 (R2 = 0.9939) Bangui local meteoric water lines.
通过本文讨论的雨水同位素组成研究,可以对班吉地区两个站点 11 年来的降雨量进行同位素定性。它将突出同位素、气候参数和时间变化之间的关系,然后确定当地的流星线,这构成了该地区的参考点。经过 11 年不间断跟踪得出的结果显示了两种主要的物理效应:降雨效应对同位素组成的影响更大;同位素含量与降雨量成反比变化。例如,在 8 月和 9 月的强降雨中,δ¹⁸O 和 δ²H 的含量急剧下降。δ¹⁸O和δ²H的含量分别为-4.96‰和-28.3‰。7 月和 10 月的降水量也有类似的影响,但较弱。我们还注意到,班吉大学站的同位素含量低于位于下乌班吉山海拔 386 米处的班吉索德卡站,这类似于假海拔效应。根据水中稳定同位素含量随气象参数(温度、降雨量、海拔高度)的变化情况,我们可 以通过以下两个测量站确定班吉市的当地气象线:δ2H=7.6×δ18O+10.4(R2=0.9909)班吉大学,δ2H=8.4×δ18O+12.5(R2=0.9909)班吉-索德卡,δ2H=7.9×δ18O+11.3(R2=0.9939)班吉当地气象水线。
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引用次数: 0
Modification and characterization of selected Zambian clays for potential use as photocatalysts 赞比亚粘土用作光催化剂的改性和表征
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.14.3.362-369.2451
Mary Mambwe, Kennedy Kabaso Kalebaila, Todd Johnson, John Moma
Natural materials such as clay are valued for their favorable physical and chemical characteristics on the surface. In this study, the selected Zambian clay materials are immobilized with TiO2 and manganese ions to determine their suitability for use as photocatalysts. SiO2 and Al2O3 oxide composition of Zambian clays was obtained in the range of 35.08-52.63/35.15-52.72 and 13.85-21.73/13.77-21.80, respectively, by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF); while Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of modified clays showed that they have 1.54% incorporation of Ti and 4.98% Mn for Chingola clay to act as UV-Vis absorbers. According to the powder X-ray diffraction analysis of raw clays, the primary phase of all samples is quartz and contains low concentrations of bentonite and kaolinite. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed fluffy morphology with agglomeration, while the particle sizes of the clay photocatalysts with the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ranged between 3.0 and 4.8 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy of the samples showed bandgap energies ranging from 2.52-3.08 eV. The surface areas, pore volumes, and pore sizes of the investigated modified and unmodified clays determined by the Brunauer, Teller, Emmett/Barrett Joyner Halenda (BET/BJH) model ranged from 12.06-64.51 m2/g, 0.029-0.068 cm3/g, and 0.642-2.802 nm, respectively. To enhance the mixing of oil and clay, the adsorbents were grafted with silane and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy through CH peaks at ~1450 and ~2860 cm-1. The modified clay materials exhibited favorable properties for use as photocatalysts.
像粘土这样的天然材料因其良好的表面物理和化学特性而受到重视。在本研究中,选定的赞比亚粘土材料用TiO2和锰离子固定化,以确定其作为光催化剂的适用性。利用电感耦合等离子体(ICP)和x射线荧光(XRF)测定了赞比亚粘土的SiO2和Al2O3氧化物组成,分别在35.08 ~ 52.63/35.15 ~ 52.72和13.85 ~ 21.73/13.77 ~ 21.80之间;而改性粘土的能谱分析表明,改性粘土中Ti和Mn的掺入率分别为1.54%和4.98%,可以作为紫外光-可见吸收剂。根据原料粘土的粉末x射线衍射分析,所有样品的初级相均为石英,含有低浓度的膨润土和高岭石。扫描电镜(SEM)观察到粘土光催化剂的蓬松形貌,并有团聚现象,透射电镜(TEM)观察到粘土光催化剂的粒径在3.0 ~ 4.8 nm之间。紫外可见光谱显示,带隙能在2.52 ~ 3.08 eV之间。采用Brunauer, Teller, Emmett/Barrett Joyner Halenda (BET/BJH)模型测定的改性和未改性粘土的比表面积、孔隙体积和孔径分别为12.06 ~ 64.51 m2/g、0.029 ~ 0.068 cm3/g和0.642 ~ 2.802 nm。为了增强油和粘土的混合,用硅烷接枝了吸附剂,并通过~1450和~2860 cm-1的CH峰进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)验证。改性后的粘土材料表现出良好的光催化剂性能。
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European Journal of Chemistry
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