Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000670
Pauline Turnbull, S. Ibrahim, S. Tham, C. Rodway, N. Kapur, Louis Appleby
‘Real-time surveillance’ (RTS) systems of suspected suicide showed no overall rise in the early COVID-19 pandemic several months before official statistics reported the same. There has to date been no national examination of suicide recorded by RTS systems by sex or age group during the COVID-19 pandemic.We used data from established RTS systems of suspected suicides in England, in 10 areas covering a total population ~13 million, to examine overall suicide numbers and rates from the pre-pandemic months of January–March 2020, to the end of 2021, by sex and by age group, through different phases of the pandemic.From January 2020 to December 2021, there were 2923 suspected suicides recorded by RTS systems in the 10 areas providing data. Using the pre-pandemic period as the baseline, we found a lower rate of suicide in the remainder of 2020 compared with the pre-pandemic period (0.80–0.99). This fall reflected lower numbers of deaths in men aged 25–44 between April and December 2020. Though there was no significant fall in 2021, there were lower rates in people aged 45–64 during this time. A month-by-month breakdown showed no change during periods of lockdown or social restrictions.Our findings demonstrate the viability of RTS to provide timely information on suicide rates at a national level and were later confirmed by official statistics. While suicide rates have not increased, continued vigilance is needed given ongoing effects of the pandemic in the context of current economic pressures. Early data on suspected suicides collected by local systems can be instrumental in reflecting national trends, and in aiding a rapid response in times of crisis.
{"title":"Can real-time surveillance systems of suspected suicide accurately reflect national suicide rates? Age-specific and sex-specific findings from the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in England: an observational study","authors":"Pauline Turnbull, S. Ibrahim, S. Tham, C. Rodway, N. Kapur, Louis Appleby","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000670","url":null,"abstract":"‘Real-time surveillance’ (RTS) systems of suspected suicide showed no overall rise in the early COVID-19 pandemic several months before official statistics reported the same. There has to date been no national examination of suicide recorded by RTS systems by sex or age group during the COVID-19 pandemic.We used data from established RTS systems of suspected suicides in England, in 10 areas covering a total population ~13 million, to examine overall suicide numbers and rates from the pre-pandemic months of January–March 2020, to the end of 2021, by sex and by age group, through different phases of the pandemic.From January 2020 to December 2021, there were 2923 suspected suicides recorded by RTS systems in the 10 areas providing data. Using the pre-pandemic period as the baseline, we found a lower rate of suicide in the remainder of 2020 compared with the pre-pandemic period (0.80–0.99). This fall reflected lower numbers of deaths in men aged 25–44 between April and December 2020. Though there was no significant fall in 2021, there were lower rates in people aged 45–64 during this time. A month-by-month breakdown showed no change during periods of lockdown or social restrictions.Our findings demonstrate the viability of RTS to provide timely information on suicide rates at a national level and were later confirmed by official statistics. While suicide rates have not increased, continued vigilance is needed given ongoing effects of the pandemic in the context of current economic pressures. Early data on suspected suicides collected by local systems can be instrumental in reflecting national trends, and in aiding a rapid response in times of crisis.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140400793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000293
Olanrewaju Onigbogi, Osadebamwen N Eghaghe, Modupe O Onigbogi, O. Ojo, Oluwatoyin Funmilola Babalola
Women who inject drugs (WWID) in Nigeria are more likely to be living with HIV than their male counterparts and could benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Our study therefore sought to determine the awareness and use of PrEP among WWID in Lagos, Nigeria.The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design and involved 422 participants recruited by using the snowballing technique. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were analysed using Epi Info software and presented as frequency tables. χ2test was used to analyse the categorical data and investigate relationships, associations, and independence between categorical variables with the level of significance set at p<0.05.There were 422 respondents with 60.2% of them between 18 and 30 years of age with the majority (90.1%) identifying as females while 6.9% identified as transgender. Half of the respondents (50.2%) were unemployed, 56.6% were single while 7.8% were aware of PrEP with only 1.9% reporting that they had ever used it. Factors significantly associated with awareness of PrEP were age (p<0.038), period of residence (p<0.001) and the level of education (p<0.001). Increased awareness of PrEP was associated with residence within the local government area for 1 year or more (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.20, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49) and completion of at least secondary school education (AOR 7.63, 95% CI 2.59 to 22.45).This study sheds light on the crucial issue of awareness and utilisation of PrEP for HIV prevention among WWID in Lagos, Nigeria. The findings highlight the need for tailored interventions bearing in mind the determinants of PrEP use within this specific demographic group. Addressing these correlates of PrEP use will be pivotal in developing effective strategies to reduce HIV transmission and improve the overall health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
尼日利亚的女性注射吸毒者（WWID）比男性注射吸毒者更有可能感染艾滋病毒，并可能受益于暴露前预防疗法（PrEP）。因此，我们的研究试图确定尼日利亚拉各斯的注射吸毒妇女对 PrEP 的认识和使用情况。这项研究采用描述性横断面设计，通过滚雪球技术招募了 422 名参与者。研究使用访谈者发放的问卷收集数据，并使用 Epi Info 软件对数据进行分析，以频数表的形式呈现。研究使用 χ2 检验分析分类数据，研究分类变量之间的关系、关联性和独立性，显著性水平设定为 p<0.05。半数受访者（50.2%）失业，56.6%单身，7.8%了解 PrEP，只有 1.9%表示曾经使用过。年龄（p<0.038）、居住时间（p<0.001）和受教育程度（p<0.001）与对 PrEP 的了解程度有明显相关。对 PrEP 的认识提高与在当地政府辖区居住 1 年或以上（调整 OR (AOR) 0.20，95% CI 0.08 至 0.49）和至少完成中学教育（AOR 7.63，95% CI 2.59 至 22.45）相关。研究结果突出表明，有必要采取有针对性的干预措施，同时牢记在这一特定人口群体中使用 PrEP 的决定因素。解决 PrEP 使用的这些相关因素将对制定有效战略以减少艾滋病毒传播和改善这一弱势群体的总体健康状况起到关键作用。
{"title":"Assessing awareness and utilisation of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among women who inject drugs in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study","authors":"Olanrewaju Onigbogi, Osadebamwen N Eghaghe, Modupe O Onigbogi, O. Ojo, Oluwatoyin Funmilola Babalola","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000293","url":null,"abstract":"Women who inject drugs (WWID) in Nigeria are more likely to be living with HIV than their male counterparts and could benefit from pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Our study therefore sought to determine the awareness and use of PrEP among WWID in Lagos, Nigeria.The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design and involved 422 participants recruited by using the snowballing technique. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were analysed using Epi Info software and presented as frequency tables. χ2test was used to analyse the categorical data and investigate relationships, associations, and independence between categorical variables with the level of significance set at p<0.05.There were 422 respondents with 60.2% of them between 18 and 30 years of age with the majority (90.1%) identifying as females while 6.9% identified as transgender. Half of the respondents (50.2%) were unemployed, 56.6% were single while 7.8% were aware of PrEP with only 1.9% reporting that they had ever used it. Factors significantly associated with awareness of PrEP were age (p<0.038), period of residence (p<0.001) and the level of education (p<0.001). Increased awareness of PrEP was associated with residence within the local government area for 1 year or more (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.20, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49) and completion of at least secondary school education (AOR 7.63, 95% CI 2.59 to 22.45).This study sheds light on the crucial issue of awareness and utilisation of PrEP for HIV prevention among WWID in Lagos, Nigeria. The findings highlight the need for tailored interventions bearing in mind the determinants of PrEP use within this specific demographic group. Addressing these correlates of PrEP use will be pivotal in developing effective strategies to reduce HIV transmission and improve the overall health outcomes in this vulnerable population.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140399872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000744
Melissa N. Poulsen, Annemarie G. Hirsch, Lorraine Dean, J. Pollak, Joseph Dewalle, Katherine Moon, Meghann Reeder, K. Bandeen-Roche, Brian S Schwartz
Area-level credit scores (the mean of credit scores for persons in a community) may be a unique indicator of community-level socioeconomic conditions associated with health outcomes. We analysed community credit scores (CCS) in association with new onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) across a geographically heterogeneous region of Pennsylvania and evaluated whether associations were independent of community socioeconomic deprivation (CSD), which is known to be related to T2D risk.In a nested case–control study, we used medical records to identify 15 888 T2D cases from diabetes diagnoses, medication orders and laboratory test results and 79 435 diabetes-free controls frequency matched on age, sex and encounter year. CCS was derived from Equifax VantageScore V.1.0 data and categorised as ‘good’, ‘high fair’, ‘low fair’ and ‘poor’. Individuals were geocoded and assigned the CCS of their residential community. Logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables and stratified by community type (townships (rural/suburban), boroughs (small towns) and city census tracts). Independent associations of CSD were assessed through models stratified by high/low CSD and high/low CCS.Compared with individuals in communities with ‘high fair’ CCS, those with ‘good’ CCS had lower T2D odds (42%, 24% and 12% lower odds in cities, boroughs and townships, respectively). Stratified models assessing independent effects of CCS and CSD showed mainly consistent associations, indicating each community-level measure was independently associated with T2D.CCS may capture novel, health-salient aspects of community socioeconomic conditions, though questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which it influences T2D and how these differ from CSD.
{"title":"Community credit scores and community socioeconomic deprivation in association with type 2 diabetes across an urban to rural spectrum in Pennsylvania: a case–control study","authors":"Melissa N. Poulsen, Annemarie G. Hirsch, Lorraine Dean, J. Pollak, Joseph Dewalle, Katherine Moon, Meghann Reeder, K. Bandeen-Roche, Brian S Schwartz","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000744","url":null,"abstract":"Area-level credit scores (the mean of credit scores for persons in a community) may be a unique indicator of community-level socioeconomic conditions associated with health outcomes. We analysed community credit scores (CCS) in association with new onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) across a geographically heterogeneous region of Pennsylvania and evaluated whether associations were independent of community socioeconomic deprivation (CSD), which is known to be related to T2D risk.In a nested case–control study, we used medical records to identify 15 888 T2D cases from diabetes diagnoses, medication orders and laboratory test results and 79 435 diabetes-free controls frequency matched on age, sex and encounter year. CCS was derived from Equifax VantageScore V.1.0 data and categorised as ‘good’, ‘high fair’, ‘low fair’ and ‘poor’. Individuals were geocoded and assigned the CCS of their residential community. Logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables and stratified by community type (townships (rural/suburban), boroughs (small towns) and city census tracts). Independent associations of CSD were assessed through models stratified by high/low CSD and high/low CCS.Compared with individuals in communities with ‘high fair’ CCS, those with ‘good’ CCS had lower T2D odds (42%, 24% and 12% lower odds in cities, boroughs and townships, respectively). Stratified models assessing independent effects of CCS and CSD showed mainly consistent associations, indicating each community-level measure was independently associated with T2D.CCS may capture novel, health-salient aspects of community socioeconomic conditions, though questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which it influences T2D and how these differ from CSD.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140402458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000337
F. Mohsin, Md Sorforajur Rahman, M. Shahjalal
Malnutrition is related to the development of chronic diseases, including cancer and is a major cause of mortality in patients with cancer. The study aimed to understand the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among patients with cancer.This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of malnutrition among patients with cancer and its relationship with sociodemographic status and treatments. Patients’ nutritional diagnosis was performed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) tool. The performance status (PS) was obtained from the scale developed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Data were collected from two hospitals from January to March 2023. A χ2test and multinominal regression analysis were performed by SPSS V.25.Out of 275 patients, 164 (60%) were male, with the mean age of 49.54 years (SD 15.61). Of these, 184 patients (67%) were malnourished of whom 149 patients (54%) had moderate and 35 patients (13%) had severe malnutrition. Patients’ age, sex, PS, cancer site, treatment modalities, duration and hospitalisation were significantly associated with nutritional status (p<0.05). Patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were 2.96 times more likely to be malnourished compared with those younger than 40 (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 2.96; 95% CI 1.40 to 6.24). Female patients had 7.74 times higher risk of malnutrition compared with male patients (AOR 7.74; 95% CI 2.03 to 19.80). Malnutrition was 2.6 times higher for surgical patients compared with nonsurgical ones (AOR 2.60; 95% CI 1.29 to 5.26). The risk of malnutrition was 4.06 times greater in patients treated longer than 12 months compared with those treated less than 6 months (AOR 4.06; 95% CI 1.82 to 9.08).There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among patients with cancer, and it is essential to include regular nutritional assessment in the treatment process for better outcomes.
{"title":"Prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition on patients with cancer in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","authors":"F. Mohsin, Md Sorforajur Rahman, M. Shahjalal","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000337","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is related to the development of chronic diseases, including cancer and is a major cause of mortality in patients with cancer. The study aimed to understand the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition among patients with cancer.This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of malnutrition among patients with cancer and its relationship with sociodemographic status and treatments. Patients’ nutritional diagnosis was performed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) tool. The performance status (PS) was obtained from the scale developed by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Data were collected from two hospitals from January to March 2023. A χ2test and multinominal regression analysis were performed by SPSS V.25.Out of 275 patients, 164 (60%) were male, with the mean age of 49.54 years (SD 15.61). Of these, 184 patients (67%) were malnourished of whom 149 patients (54%) had moderate and 35 patients (13%) had severe malnutrition. Patients’ age, sex, PS, cancer site, treatment modalities, duration and hospitalisation were significantly associated with nutritional status (p<0.05). Patients between the ages of 40 and 60 were 2.96 times more likely to be malnourished compared with those younger than 40 (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 2.96; 95% CI 1.40 to 6.24). Female patients had 7.74 times higher risk of malnutrition compared with male patients (AOR 7.74; 95% CI 2.03 to 19.80). Malnutrition was 2.6 times higher for surgical patients compared with nonsurgical ones (AOR 2.60; 95% CI 1.29 to 5.26). The risk of malnutrition was 4.06 times greater in patients treated longer than 12 months compared with those treated less than 6 months (AOR 4.06; 95% CI 1.82 to 9.08).There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among patients with cancer, and it is essential to include regular nutritional assessment in the treatment process for better outcomes.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140402931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000576
Md Fuad Al Fidah, Ali Amin Nabin, S. S. Efa
More than 80% of deaths due to preventable and treatable causes among under 5 (U5) children occur in the sub-Saharan Africa and the South-Asia, pneumonia remains one of the most common such causes. Bangladesh has demonstrated success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, particularly in relation to target 4. Nevertheless, the country is still among the 10 countries with the highest number of deaths among U5 children in 2019. The current study aimed to identify factors associated with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and the care-seeking behaviour of the children’s care takes in Bangladesh.The cross-sectional study used data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Bangladesh (2019) . U5 children were included in the analysis (n=22 779). A p<0.05 as considered statistically.The prevalence of ARI in the past 2 weeks of survey was 2.03%. It was found that age of the child (in months), sex, residence, division, stunting, age of the mother and age of the father had statistically significant association (p<0.05). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of ARI were lower among older children aged 24–59 months (AOR 0.53; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.64; p<0.001), female (AOR 0.68; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.83; p<0.001) and children with father aged ≥25 years (AOR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.88; p=0.008) and higher (AOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.61; p=0.010) among children with stunting. Among the children with ARI, 16.63% primary caregivers did not seek any treatment. Most of the children with ARI (65.01%) were treated with antibiotics.The prevalence of ARI was low. However, still a significant proportion of primary caregivers of U5 children with ARI fail to seek healthcare. The proportion of U5 children who are treated with antibiotics requires attention. Focus should be on younger fathers for promoting healthcare-seeking and good feeding practice to reduce malnutrition.
5 岁以下儿童因可预防和可治疗原因造成的死亡 80%以上发生在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚，肺炎仍然是最常见的原因之一。孟加拉国在实现千年发展目标方面取得了成功，特别是在具体目标 4 方面。然而，该国仍是 2019 年五岁以下儿童死亡人数最多的 10 个国家之一。本研究旨在确定与急性呼吸道感染（ARIs）相关的因素以及孟加拉国儿童护理人员的护理行为。五岁以下儿童被纳入分析范围（n=22 779）。在过去两周的调查中，ARI 发病率为 2.03%。调查发现，儿童年龄（月）、性别、居住地、分部、发育迟缓、母亲年龄和父亲年龄在统计学上有显著关联（P<0.05）。年龄在 24-59 个月的大龄儿童（AOR 0.53；95% CI 0.44 至 0.64；P<0.001）、女性（AOR 0.68；95% CI 0.56 至 0.83；P<0.在发育迟缓的儿童中，女性（AOR 0.68；95% CI 0.56 至 0.83；p＜0.001）和父亲年龄≥25 岁的儿童（AOR 0.61；95% CI 0.42 至 0.88；p=0.008）更高（AOR 1.31；95% CI 1.07 至 1.61；p=0.010）。在患急性呼吸道感染的儿童中，16.63% 的主要照顾者没有寻求任何治疗。大多数患急性呼吸道感染的儿童（65.01%）都接受了抗生素治疗。然而，仍有相当一部分患有急性呼吸道感染的 5 岁以下儿童的主要照顾者没有寻求医疗保健。需要关注五岁以下儿童接受抗生素治疗的比例。应重点关注年轻的父亲，促进他们寻求医疗保健和良好的喂养方式，以减少营养不良。
{"title":"Factors associated with acute respiratory infection and healthcare-seeking behaviour among primary caregivers in Bangladesh: a study based on MICS 2019","authors":"Md Fuad Al Fidah, Ali Amin Nabin, S. S. Efa","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000576","url":null,"abstract":"More than 80% of deaths due to preventable and treatable causes among under 5 (U5) children occur in the sub-Saharan Africa and the South-Asia, pneumonia remains one of the most common such causes. Bangladesh has demonstrated success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, particularly in relation to target 4. Nevertheless, the country is still among the 10 countries with the highest number of deaths among U5 children in 2019. The current study aimed to identify factors associated with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and the care-seeking behaviour of the children’s care takes in Bangladesh.The cross-sectional study used data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Bangladesh (2019) . U5 children were included in the analysis (n=22 779). A p<0.05 as considered statistically.The prevalence of ARI in the past 2 weeks of survey was 2.03%. It was found that age of the child (in months), sex, residence, division, stunting, age of the mother and age of the father had statistically significant association (p<0.05). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of ARI were lower among older children aged 24–59 months (AOR 0.53; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.64; p<0.001), female (AOR 0.68; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.83; p<0.001) and children with father aged ≥25 years (AOR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.88; p=0.008) and higher (AOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.61; p=0.010) among children with stunting. Among the children with ARI, 16.63% primary caregivers did not seek any treatment. Most of the children with ARI (65.01%) were treated with antibiotics.The prevalence of ARI was low. However, still a significant proportion of primary caregivers of U5 children with ARI fail to seek healthcare. The proportion of U5 children who are treated with antibiotics requires attention. Focus should be on younger fathers for promoting healthcare-seeking and good feeding practice to reduce malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140268393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000326
Allison Williams, Reed Ciarloni
This scoping review will provide an update on the availability of caregiver-friendly workplace policies (CFWPs) internationally. As the global population continues to age, there is a growing demand for unpaid care. Many individuals providing unpaid care remain in the workforce, increasing the number of carer-employees (CEs). The goal of this review is to determine how workplaces are supporting the growing number of CEs via CFWPs compared with 5 years ago, while identifying and prioritising actions that will improve workplace support for CEs. It is expected that this scoping review will provide: valuable insights on how broader social and cultural issues shape CFWPs; identification of leading workplaces that provide CFWPs, as well as; labour sectors that require improvement. Comparative analysis between the previous published scoping reviews will allow for further conclusions with respect to the changing landscape of CFWPs over time.This scoping review will be conducted with methodological guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers Manual, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews guidelines and checklist and the scoping review protocol checklist by JBI. As recommended by the JBI, this scoping review uses the Population/Context/Concept framework to identify main concepts and appropriate inclusionary/exclusionary criteria. This review will include literature (peer-reviewed and grey) published between 1 May 2019 and 31 May 2023, in the English language, that discuss the provision of unpaid care to older adults; workplaces deemed caregiver and/or family friendly related to CFWPs and explicit identification of the workplace/organisation by name. Results will be communicated via tables, diagrams and content analysis.Ethics approval for this study is not applicable. The results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conferences.
{"title":"Availability of caregiver-friendly workplace policies (CFWPs): an updated international scoping review protocol","authors":"Allison Williams, Reed Ciarloni","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000326","url":null,"abstract":"This scoping review will provide an update on the availability of caregiver-friendly workplace policies (CFWPs) internationally. As the global population continues to age, there is a growing demand for unpaid care. Many individuals providing unpaid care remain in the workforce, increasing the number of carer-employees (CEs). The goal of this review is to determine how workplaces are supporting the growing number of CEs via CFWPs compared with 5 years ago, while identifying and prioritising actions that will improve workplace support for CEs. It is expected that this scoping review will provide: valuable insights on how broader social and cultural issues shape CFWPs; identification of leading workplaces that provide CFWPs, as well as; labour sectors that require improvement. Comparative analysis between the previous published scoping reviews will allow for further conclusions with respect to the changing landscape of CFWPs over time.This scoping review will be conducted with methodological guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers Manual, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews guidelines and checklist and the scoping review protocol checklist by JBI. As recommended by the JBI, this scoping review uses the Population/Context/Concept framework to identify main concepts and appropriate inclusionary/exclusionary criteria. This review will include literature (peer-reviewed and grey) published between 1 May 2019 and 31 May 2023, in the English language, that discuss the provision of unpaid care to older adults; workplaces deemed caregiver and/or family friendly related to CFWPs and explicit identification of the workplace/organisation by name. Results will be communicated via tables, diagrams and content analysis.Ethics approval for this study is not applicable. The results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and conferences.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140268509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000491
Ying-Ying Meng, Yu Yu, Diane A Garcia-Gonzales, Mohammad Z. Al‐Hamdan, M. Marlier, Joseph L Wilkins, Ninez Ponce, Michael Jerrett
To help determine the health protectiveness of government regulations and policies for air pollutant control for Americans, our study aimed to investigate the health and economic impacts of work loss due to sickness associated with daily all-source and wildfire-specific PM2.5(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) exposures in California.We linked the 2015–2018 California Health Interview Survey respondents’ geocoded home addresses to daily PM2.5estimated by satellites and atmospheric modelling simulations and wildfire-related PM2.5from Community Multiscale Air Quality models. We calculated and applied the coefficient for the association between daily PM2.5exposure and work loss from regression analyses to the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition (BenMAP-CE) platform to assess the health and economic impacts of PM2.5exposure on work loss due to sickness.We observed that each 1 µg/m3increase in daily total PM2.5exposure will lead to about 1 million days of work loss per year ranging from 1.1 to 1.6 million person-days, and the related economic loss was $310–390 million. Wildfire smoke alone could contribute to 0.7–2.6 million work-loss days with a related economic loss of $129–521 million per year in 2015–2018. Using the function coefficient in the current BenMAP, the excess work-loss days due to sickness was about 250 000 days and the estimated economic loss was about $45–50 million for each 1 µg/m3increase in daily total PM2.5exposure, and wildfire smoke alone would lead to 0.17–0.67 million work-loss days with related economic loss of $31–128 million per year during the same period.Both conventional and wildfire-specific sources of PM2.5produced substantial work loss and cost in California. Updating the current BenMAP-CE calculations for work-loss days will be essential in quantifying the current health impacts of PM2.5to help inform the policies and regulations to protect public health.
{"title":"Health and economic cost estimates of short-term total and wildfire PM2.5exposure on work loss: using the consecutive California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) data 2015–2018","authors":"Ying-Ying Meng, Yu Yu, Diane A Garcia-Gonzales, Mohammad Z. Al‐Hamdan, M. Marlier, Joseph L Wilkins, Ninez Ponce, Michael Jerrett","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000491","url":null,"abstract":"To help determine the health protectiveness of government regulations and policies for air pollutant control for Americans, our study aimed to investigate the health and economic impacts of work loss due to sickness associated with daily all-source and wildfire-specific PM2.5(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) exposures in California.We linked the 2015–2018 California Health Interview Survey respondents’ geocoded home addresses to daily PM2.5estimated by satellites and atmospheric modelling simulations and wildfire-related PM2.5from Community Multiscale Air Quality models. We calculated and applied the coefficient for the association between daily PM2.5exposure and work loss from regression analyses to the Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program—Community Edition (BenMAP-CE) platform to assess the health and economic impacts of PM2.5exposure on work loss due to sickness.We observed that each 1 µg/m3increase in daily total PM2.5exposure will lead to about 1 million days of work loss per year ranging from 1.1 to 1.6 million person-days, and the related economic loss was $310–390 million. Wildfire smoke alone could contribute to 0.7–2.6 million work-loss days with a related economic loss of $129–521 million per year in 2015–2018. Using the function coefficient in the current BenMAP, the excess work-loss days due to sickness was about 250 000 days and the estimated economic loss was about $45–50 million for each 1 µg/m3increase in daily total PM2.5exposure, and wildfire smoke alone would lead to 0.17–0.67 million work-loss days with related economic loss of $31–128 million per year during the same period.Both conventional and wildfire-specific sources of PM2.5produced substantial work loss and cost in California. Updating the current BenMAP-CE calculations for work-loss days will be essential in quantifying the current health impacts of PM2.5to help inform the policies and regulations to protect public health.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000195
D. Holford, P. Schmid, A. Fasce, Amanda Garrison, Linda C Karlsson, Frederike Taubert, Pierre Verger, Stephan Lewandowsky, Harriet Fisher, Cornelia Betsch, Fernanda Rodrigues, Anna Soveri
Physicians play a critical role in encouraging their patients to get vaccinated, in part by responding to patients’ concerns about vaccines. It is, therefore, important to understand what difficulties physicians have in dealing with different concerns they may encounter. The aim of this article was to determine physicians’ perceptions of difficulties in rebutting different antivaccination arguments from patients using data collected as part of a cross-sectional, cross-national questionnaire on physicians’ vaccine attitudes and behaviours.Physicians in 4 European countries (Finland, Germany, France and Portugal, total n=2718) rated 33 different arguments, chosen to represent 11 different psychological motivations underlying vaccine hesitancy, in terms of their perceptions of how difficult each argument would be to rebut.Across all countries, physicians perceived arguments based on religious concerns and ‘reactance’ (ie, resistance to perceived curbs of freedom) to be the most difficult to rebut, whereas arguments based on patients’ distorted perception of the risks of disease and vaccines were perceived to be the easiest. There were also between-country differences in the level of perceived difficulty of argument rebuttal. Physicians’ perceived difficulty with rebutting arguments was significantly negatively correlated with their vaccine recommendation behaviours and their preparedness for vaccination discussions.Physicians may feel better equipped to counter arguments that can be rebutted with facts and evidence but may struggle to respond when arguments are motivated by psychological dispositions or values.
{"title":"Difficulties faced by physicians from four European countries in rebutting antivaccination arguments: a cross-sectional study","authors":"D. Holford, P. Schmid, A. Fasce, Amanda Garrison, Linda C Karlsson, Frederike Taubert, Pierre Verger, Stephan Lewandowsky, Harriet Fisher, Cornelia Betsch, Fernanda Rodrigues, Anna Soveri","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000195","url":null,"abstract":"Physicians play a critical role in encouraging their patients to get vaccinated, in part by responding to patients’ concerns about vaccines. It is, therefore, important to understand what difficulties physicians have in dealing with different concerns they may encounter. The aim of this article was to determine physicians’ perceptions of difficulties in rebutting different antivaccination arguments from patients using data collected as part of a cross-sectional, cross-national questionnaire on physicians’ vaccine attitudes and behaviours.Physicians in 4 European countries (Finland, Germany, France and Portugal, total n=2718) rated 33 different arguments, chosen to represent 11 different psychological motivations underlying vaccine hesitancy, in terms of their perceptions of how difficult each argument would be to rebut.Across all countries, physicians perceived arguments based on religious concerns and ‘reactance’ (ie, resistance to perceived curbs of freedom) to be the most difficult to rebut, whereas arguments based on patients’ distorted perception of the risks of disease and vaccines were perceived to be the easiest. There were also between-country differences in the level of perceived difficulty of argument rebuttal. Physicians’ perceived difficulty with rebutting arguments was significantly negatively correlated with their vaccine recommendation behaviours and their preparedness for vaccination discussions.Physicians may feel better equipped to counter arguments that can be rebutted with facts and evidence but may struggle to respond when arguments are motivated by psychological dispositions or values.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140283097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000186
Takanori Honda, J. Hata, Mao Shibata, S. Sakata, Y. Furuta, Emi Oishi, T. Kitazono, T. Ninomiya
Data on the prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities in Asia have been limited. Using data from a community-based cross-sectional survey of a general adult population in Japan, whose age and occupational distribution were very similar to the national averages, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities.A community survey of local residents over 40 years of age was conducted in 2017–2018 as part of the Hisayama Study. Information on muscle-strengthening activities was obtained by means of a face-to-face interview by nurses. The prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities according to sex and age groups was estimated using a modified Poisson regression model. The prevalence ratios by subgroups based on anthropometry, physical conditions and lifestyle and behavioural factors were also estimated.Data on muscle-strengthening activities were available on 1509 men and 1946 women. Overall, 162 individuals (4.7%) engaged in muscle-strengthening activities at least 1 day/week, and 133 (3.8%) did so for 2 days or more per week. Women were less likely to engage in muscle-strengthening activities than men. The prevalence was generally comparable across subgroups of covariates, while an even lower prevalence was observed for some specific subpopulations, including individuals with diabetes and current smokers.The prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities was estimated to be low in a general Japanese adult population. Population-wide approaches for the entire country and tailored educational interventions for specific subpopulations may be necessary in order to effectively enhance the participation in muscle-strengthening activities at a population level.
{"title":"Descriptive epidemiology of muscle-strengthening activities in Japanese middle-aged and older adults: the Hisayama Study","authors":"Takanori Honda, J. Hata, Mao Shibata, S. Sakata, Y. Furuta, Emi Oishi, T. Kitazono, T. Ninomiya","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000186","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities in Asia have been limited. Using data from a community-based cross-sectional survey of a general adult population in Japan, whose age and occupational distribution were very similar to the national averages, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities.A community survey of local residents over 40 years of age was conducted in 2017–2018 as part of the Hisayama Study. Information on muscle-strengthening activities was obtained by means of a face-to-face interview by nurses. The prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities according to sex and age groups was estimated using a modified Poisson regression model. The prevalence ratios by subgroups based on anthropometry, physical conditions and lifestyle and behavioural factors were also estimated.Data on muscle-strengthening activities were available on 1509 men and 1946 women. Overall, 162 individuals (4.7%) engaged in muscle-strengthening activities at least 1 day/week, and 133 (3.8%) did so for 2 days or more per week. Women were less likely to engage in muscle-strengthening activities than men. The prevalence was generally comparable across subgroups of covariates, while an even lower prevalence was observed for some specific subpopulations, including individuals with diabetes and current smokers.The prevalence of muscle-strengthening activities was estimated to be low in a general Japanese adult population. Population-wide approaches for the entire country and tailored educational interventions for specific subpopulations may be necessary in order to effectively enhance the participation in muscle-strengthening activities at a population level.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140276836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1136/bmjph-2023-000633
Vitalis U Ukoji, V. N. Ukoji
Concerns emerged over the escalation of intimate partner violence (IPV) as many governments imposed COVID-19 lockdown measures. This paper examined the lethality trends, gender contexts and sources of fatal IPV during the prelockdown, lockdown and postlockdown years (2019–2021) in Nigeria. This research aims to shed light on the impact of the pandemic lockdown on IPV-related mortalities.The study used secondary data from the Nigeria Watch database, an online resource on lethal violence and human security in Nigeria. It relied on IPV datasets extracted and analysed descriptively at the univariate level.Results indicate a steady increase in IPV-related mortalities, with 205 fatalities—62 in 2019, 69 in 2020 and 74 in 2021—resulting from 180 IPV incidents. Males were the main protagonists, as the majority of IPV victims were women, including female spouses (51%) and female lovers (23%), compared with male spouses (18%) and male lovers (7%). A trend analysis of IPV-related fatalities showed that the worst affected states are in southern Nigeria, with Lagos recording the most cases. Apart from the undefined causes of IPV-related fatalities, more deaths emanated from arguments between intimate partners (50) and infidelity (37). Aside from other reasons, most victims died from dangerous weapons (46) and battering (27).This paper underscores the steady increase in IPV-related deaths year over year, not just during the COVID-19 lockdown period, and highlights the importance of policy and practise to prevent and respond to IPV incidents.
{"title":"Lethal intimate partner violence and gendered dimensions of the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria: evidence from a descriptive analysis of secondary data","authors":"Vitalis U Ukoji, V. N. Ukoji","doi":"10.1136/bmjph-2023-000633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000633","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns emerged over the escalation of intimate partner violence (IPV) as many governments imposed COVID-19 lockdown measures. This paper examined the lethality trends, gender contexts and sources of fatal IPV during the prelockdown, lockdown and postlockdown years (2019–2021) in Nigeria. This research aims to shed light on the impact of the pandemic lockdown on IPV-related mortalities.The study used secondary data from the Nigeria Watch database, an online resource on lethal violence and human security in Nigeria. It relied on IPV datasets extracted and analysed descriptively at the univariate level.Results indicate a steady increase in IPV-related mortalities, with 205 fatalities—62 in 2019, 69 in 2020 and 74 in 2021—resulting from 180 IPV incidents. Males were the main protagonists, as the majority of IPV victims were women, including female spouses (51%) and female lovers (23%), compared with male spouses (18%) and male lovers (7%). A trend analysis of IPV-related fatalities showed that the worst affected states are in southern Nigeria, with Lagos recording the most cases. Apart from the undefined causes of IPV-related fatalities, more deaths emanated from arguments between intimate partners (50) and infidelity (37). Aside from other reasons, most victims died from dangerous weapons (46) and battering (27).This paper underscores the steady increase in IPV-related deaths year over year, not just during the COVID-19 lockdown period, and highlights the importance of policy and practise to prevent and respond to IPV incidents.","PeriodicalId":117861,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140269389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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