A. Baird, A. Baird, Chico L. Birrel, T. Hughes, A. Mcdonald, S. Nojima, C. Page, Morgan S. Prachett, H. Yamasaki
Abstract The annual mass spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, is purported to be unprecedented in terms of the taxonomic and geographical scale of spawning synchrony. Here, we compare spawning synchrony both within and among coral species in four regions spanning 10°of latitude on the GBR and compare this with four regions separated by a similar latitudinal range within the Japanese tropical and sub-tropical Archipelago. On the GBR, peak reproductive activity at all latitudes occurred in November whereas there was a clear disjunction in the period of peak reproductive activity among the four regions in Japan, with tropical locations spawning up to 3 months earlier. In Sekesei Lagoon (22°N), a high proportion of Acropora colonies were mature following the full moon in April; at Akajima Island (26°N) peak reproductive activity occurred in May; at Oku (28°N) peak reproductive activity occurred in June and in Amakusa (31°N), reproductive activity likely peaked in July. However, mature colonies of Acropora were found prior to every full moon for at least 5 months at two regions examined in detail (The Whitsundays Islands on the GBR and Akajima Island). While these regions on GBR appear to act more homogeneously than regions over a similar latitudinal range in Japan with respect to the timing of peak reproductive activity, and the proportion of colonies mature was often higher during these peaks, the reproductive season on the GBR is much longer (5 months) than is typically appreciated.
{"title":"Latitudinal variation in reproductive synchrony in Acropora assemblages: Japan vs. Australia","authors":"A. Baird, A. Baird, Chico L. Birrel, T. Hughes, A. Mcdonald, S. Nojima, C. Page, Morgan S. Prachett, H. Yamasaki","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.11.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.11.101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The annual mass spawning of scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, is purported to be unprecedented in terms of the taxonomic and geographical scale of spawning synchrony. Here, we compare spawning synchrony both within and among coral species in four regions spanning 10°of latitude on the GBR and compare this with four regions separated by a similar latitudinal range within the Japanese tropical and sub-tropical Archipelago. On the GBR, peak reproductive activity at all latitudes occurred in November whereas there was a clear disjunction in the period of peak reproductive activity among the four regions in Japan, with tropical locations spawning up to 3 months earlier. In Sekesei Lagoon (22°N), a high proportion of Acropora colonies were mature following the full moon in April; at Akajima Island (26°N) peak reproductive activity occurred in May; at Oku (28°N) peak reproductive activity occurred in June and in Amakusa (31°N), reproductive activity likely peaked in July. However, mature colonies of Acropora were found prior to every full moon for at least 5 months at two regions examined in detail (The Whitsundays Islands on the GBR and Akajima Island). While these regions on GBR appear to act more homogeneously than regions over a similar latitudinal range in Japan with respect to the timing of peak reproductive activity, and the proportion of colonies mature was often higher during these peaks, the reproductive season on the GBR is much longer (5 months) than is typically appreciated.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125521076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concentrations of dissolved cadmium (Cd) were monitored in the surface water of Urasoko Bay and the mouth of the stream that runs into the bay. Urasoko Bay is located on the northern coast of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, which is surrounded by a fringing reef. Water samplings were carried out from August 2006 to August 2007, and adding to these samplings, freshwater from the upper stream and brackish water that exudates at the beach site were collected from April to June 2007. The concentration of dissolved Cd showed no tendency to decrease from the upper stream to the bay site. The results of Cd behaved non-conservatively in the Cd-salinity plot, which was attributed to daily variations in the Cd concentrations of upper stream water and the irregular input of Cd possibly adsorbed particles into the stream and beach water (the mixture of groundwater and seawater before exudation on the beach).
{"title":"Behavior of dissolved cadmium in surface water of Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island, Japan","authors":"K. Abe","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.10.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.10.77","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of dissolved cadmium (Cd) were monitored in the surface water of Urasoko Bay and the mouth of the stream that runs into the bay. Urasoko Bay is located on the northern coast of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, which is surrounded by a fringing reef. Water samplings were carried out from August 2006 to August 2007, and adding to these samplings, freshwater from the upper stream and brackish water that exudates at the beach site were collected from April to June 2007. The concentration of dissolved Cd showed no tendency to decrease from the upper stream to the bay site. The results of Cd behaved non-conservatively in the Cd-salinity plot, which was attributed to daily variations in the Cd concentrations of upper stream water and the irregular input of Cd possibly adsorbed particles into the stream and beach water (the mixture of groundwater and seawater before exudation on the beach).","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133639469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Overharvesting of herbivorous fishes is assumed to be one of the causes for phase shift on coral reefs from coralto macroalgal-dominated communities by reducing inhibitor of algal growth. In order to reveal the effect of herbivorous fishes on algae and juvenile acroporid corals, field experiment was conducted in Okinawa, southern Japan. Grazer-exclusion cages were established where small (≈2 cm in length) coral branchlets of Acropora tenuis were transplanted both inside and outside the cages. During the exclusion experiment, algal biomass, survival and growth of the transplanted corals were monitored. The cages effectively excluded herbivorous fishes that resulted in significantly greater algal biomass inside the cages than outside. While algal biomass continued to increase within the cages, algal species composition has changed drastically at the middle of the experimental period. During the first half period (3 months) when encrusting turf algae covered substrate adjacent to coral branchlets inside the cages, coral branchlets could not expand their attachment area on the substrata. In contrast, during the second half period (3 months) corals started rapid growth after turf algae disappeared and frondose macroalgae dominated. We conclude that turf algae may prevent the growth of juvenile acroporid corals especially in the early stages of horizontal expansion prior to the vertical growth.
{"title":"Space competition between coral and algae — effect of two functional groups of algae on juvenile Acropora corals","authors":"Rei Tamai, K. Sakai","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.115","url":null,"abstract":"Overharvesting of herbivorous fishes is assumed to be one of the causes for phase shift on coral reefs from coralto macroalgal-dominated communities by reducing inhibitor of algal growth. In order to reveal the effect of herbivorous fishes on algae and juvenile acroporid corals, field experiment was conducted in Okinawa, southern Japan. Grazer-exclusion cages were established where small (≈2 cm in length) coral branchlets of Acropora tenuis were transplanted both inside and outside the cages. During the exclusion experiment, algal biomass, survival and growth of the transplanted corals were monitored. The cages effectively excluded herbivorous fishes that resulted in significantly greater algal biomass inside the cages than outside. While algal biomass continued to increase within the cages, algal species composition has changed drastically at the middle of the experimental period. During the first half period (3 months) when encrusting turf algae covered substrate adjacent to coral branchlets inside the cages, coral branchlets could not expand their attachment area on the substrata. In contrast, during the second half period (3 months) corals started rapid growth after turf algae disappeared and frondose macroalgae dominated. We conclude that turf algae may prevent the growth of juvenile acroporid corals especially in the early stages of horizontal expansion prior to the vertical growth.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132891913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increases in atmospheric CO2 cause decreases in calcium carbonate saturation, which is predicted to affect the calcification process of most marine calcifiers. At the same time, the increase of seawater pCO2 is also known to increase the productivity of primary producers. Giant clams host symbiotic dinoflagellates (‘zoo xan thellae’: Symbiodinium spp.) that provide nutrition and use CO2 as their primary source for photosynthesis. This leads to the hypothesis that increased seawater pCO2 rise could positively affect the production of giant clam zooxanthellae, and dampen effects of CO2 on host giant clams. To test this hypothesis, we measured the shell growth rate, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate and zooxanthellae density of the juvenile Tridacna crocea reared under three different pCO2 conditions. Results revealed that negative shell growth of juvenile Tridacna crocea was observed once seawater Ωarag reached less than 2.33. Additionally, although zooxanthellae density in T. crocea increased with seawater pCO2 rise, zooxanthellae productivity did not change, suggesting that the produc tivity per zooxanthella decreased in high pCO2 seawater. Our findings suggest future seawater pCO2 rise will not increase productivity of zooxanthellae, thus giant clam will be negatively impacted in the coming centuries.
大气CO2的增加导致碳酸钙饱和度的降低，预计这将影响大多数海洋钙化剂的钙化过程。同时，海水二氧化碳分压的增加也会提高初级生产者的生产力。巨型蛤蜊的宿主是共生鞭毛藻(“zoo xan - thellae”:共生鞭毛藻属)，它们提供营养，并将二氧化碳作为光合作用的主要来源。这就提出了海水pCO2升高会对巨蛤虫黄藻的产生产生积极影响，并抑制CO2对宿主巨蛤的影响的假设。为了验证这一假设，我们测量了三种不同pCO2条件下饲养的砗磲幼鱼的壳生长速率、光合速率、呼吸速率和虫黄藻密度。结果表明，当海水Ωarag小于2.33时，三角鱼幼鱼的壳呈负生长;此外，虽然随着海水pCO2的升高，河蚌中虫黄藻的密度增加，但虫黄藻的产量没有变化，表明在高pCO2的海水中，每虫黄藻的产量下降。我们的研究结果表明，未来海水pCO2的上升不会增加虫黄藻的生产力，因此在未来几个世纪中将对巨蛤产生负面影响。
{"title":"Impact of increased seawater p CO 2 on the host and symbiotic algae of juvenile giant clam Tridacna crocea","authors":"H. Kurihara, Tomoaki Shikota","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.20.1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.20.1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Increases in atmospheric CO2 cause decreases in calcium carbonate saturation, which is predicted to affect the calcification process of most marine calcifiers. At the same time, the increase of seawater pCO2 is also known to increase the productivity of primary producers. Giant clams host symbiotic dinoflagellates (‘zoo xan thellae’: Symbiodinium spp.) that provide nutrition and use CO2 as their primary source for photosynthesis. This leads to the hypothesis that increased seawater pCO2 rise could positively affect the production of giant clam zooxanthellae, and dampen effects of CO2 on host giant clams. To test this hypothesis, we measured the shell growth rate, photosynthesis rate, respiration rate and zooxanthellae density of the juvenile Tridacna crocea reared under three different pCO2 conditions. Results revealed that negative shell growth of juvenile Tridacna crocea was observed once seawater Ωarag reached less than 2.33. Additionally, although zooxanthellae density in T. crocea increased with seawater pCO2 rise, zooxanthellae productivity did not change, suggesting that the produc tivity per zooxanthella decreased in high pCO2 seawater. Our findings suggest future seawater pCO2 rise will not increase productivity of zooxanthellae, thus giant clam will be negatively impacted in the coming centuries.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132673059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Yasuda, K. Kajiwara, S. Nagai, Kota Ikehara, K. Nadaoka
To date, field sampling and identification of the larvae of the coral-eating starfish Acanthaster planci have not been successfully performed (Birkeland 1990). We collected water samples (500 L) from 5 different depths (surface, 3 m, 7 m, 11 m, 15 m, and near the bottom) to find A. planci larvae on June 29, 2005, during the spawning period (Yasuda et al. 2010). The samples were obtained from Yabiji Reef, off Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan (25°1′13.85′′N, 125°14′49.20′′E, Fig. 1A), where a population outbreak of A. planci was observed (Fig. 1B). We used a stereoscopic microscope to find and isolate 26 possible starfish larvae (gastrula and bipinnaria stages; Fig. 1C and D, respectively) from the samples, which were preserved in ethanol (>70%). We extracted DNA using the DNeasy blood & tissue kit (Qiagen), and directly sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA fragments amplified by using a previously published COI primer pair (Vogler et al. 2008) and a putative control region primer pair (Timmers et al. 2011). The latter primer pair can discriminate A. planci from some common sea stars such as Protoreaster nodosus, Linckia laevigata, and Culcita novaeguineae. The following PCR conditions were used: denaturing step at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s with a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR cocktail contained 3.84 μL of ddH2O, 5 μL of KAPATaq Extra HotStart ReadyMix (Kapa Biosystems), 1 μL of template DNA, and 0.07 μL of 50 mM primers. Only 10 larvae were successfully analyzed, partly due to degradation of DNA, but all were identified as A. planci by BLAST search. Nine larvae at the gastrula stage were found in either the surface (2), 7 m (5), or near bottom (2) samples, while 1 larva at the bipinnaria stage was found in the surface sample. Salinity-Temperature-Depth (STD) data showed that the water temperature was 27.7-27.9°C and chlorophyll a concentration was 0.3-0.4 μg/L at the sampling points from where we identified larvae of A. planci. Since the minimum threshold density of chlorophyll a for successful development is 0.4 μg/L (Fabricius et al. 2010), the larvae might have had access to limited food during the study period. First report of field sampling and identification of crown-of-thorns starfish larvae
{"title":"First report of field sampling and identification of crown-of-thorns starfish larvae","authors":"N. Yasuda, K. Kajiwara, S. Nagai, Kota Ikehara, K. Nadaoka","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.17.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.17.15","url":null,"abstract":"To date, field sampling and identification of the larvae of the coral-eating starfish Acanthaster planci have not been successfully performed (Birkeland 1990). We collected water samples (500 L) from 5 different depths (surface, 3 m, 7 m, 11 m, 15 m, and near the bottom) to find A. planci larvae on June 29, 2005, during the spawning period (Yasuda et al. 2010). The samples were obtained from Yabiji Reef, off Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan (25°1′13.85′′N, 125°14′49.20′′E, Fig. 1A), where a population outbreak of A. planci was observed (Fig. 1B). We used a stereoscopic microscope to find and isolate 26 possible starfish larvae (gastrula and bipinnaria stages; Fig. 1C and D, respectively) from the samples, which were preserved in ethanol (>70%). We extracted DNA using the DNeasy blood & tissue kit (Qiagen), and directly sequenced partial mitochondrial DNA fragments amplified by using a previously published COI primer pair (Vogler et al. 2008) and a putative control region primer pair (Timmers et al. 2011). The latter primer pair can discriminate A. planci from some common sea stars such as Protoreaster nodosus, Linckia laevigata, and Culcita novaeguineae. The following PCR conditions were used: denaturing step at 94°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 s, 60°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s with a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR cocktail contained 3.84 μL of ddH2O, 5 μL of KAPATaq Extra HotStart ReadyMix (Kapa Biosystems), 1 μL of template DNA, and 0.07 μL of 50 mM primers. Only 10 larvae were successfully analyzed, partly due to degradation of DNA, but all were identified as A. planci by BLAST search. Nine larvae at the gastrula stage were found in either the surface (2), 7 m (5), or near bottom (2) samples, while 1 larva at the bipinnaria stage was found in the surface sample. Salinity-Temperature-Depth (STD) data showed that the water temperature was 27.7-27.9°C and chlorophyll a concentration was 0.3-0.4 μg/L at the sampling points from where we identified larvae of A. planci. Since the minimum threshold density of chlorophyll a for successful development is 0.4 μg/L (Fabricius et al. 2010), the larvae might have had access to limited food during the study period. First report of field sampling and identification of crown-of-thorns starfish larvae","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132676576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Tuấn, P. Hoang, Hua Thai Tuyen, Thai Minh Quang, H. Bền
± 26.1%), Montipora (10.1 ± 5.7%; Fig. 1A). Two genera Galaxea and Diploastrea did not suffer bleaching. Acropora with most branch and tabulate colonies were less impacted both in deep and shalow waters (0.9 ± 1.3% bleached; Fig. 1D - F). Hard corals in deeper waters exhibited a higher susceptibility to bleaching than their shallow counterparts (48% bleached in deeper transects compared with 15% in shallow transects). The findings were consistent with the higher abundance of the five most susceptible genera mentioned above in deeper (total mean cover ＝ 17.5%) than in shallow (2.2%) transects. An earlier bleaching event at Con Dao islands in October 1998 resulted in 37.8% of hard coral colonies bleached (Vo 2000). The 2019 event had both similarities and differences in impacts. Soft corals were the most susceptible in both events (100% bleached) and Galaxea remained consistently unbleached. In 2019, Pachyseris and Fungia had much higher levels of bleaching than in 1998, when these genera were little affected (7.7% and 8.3% bleached). In contrast, Diploastrea had no bleaching compared with 14% bleached in 1998. Porites was severely impacted at both events with 57% bleached and many dead massive corals covered by filamentous algae were recorded in October 1998. Acropora were among the susceptible genera with 19% bleached colonies together with many dead colonies observed in October 1998 (Vo 2000).
{"title":"Genus-specific bleaching at Con Dao Islands, Southern Vietnam, June 2019","authors":"V. Tuấn, P. Hoang, Hua Thai Tuyen, Thai Minh Quang, H. Bền","doi":"10.3755/galaxea.22.1_27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.22.1_27","url":null,"abstract":"± 26.1%), Montipora (10.1 ± 5.7%; Fig. 1A). Two genera Galaxea and Diploastrea did not suffer bleaching. Acropora with most branch and tabulate colonies were less impacted both in deep and shalow waters (0.9 ± 1.3% bleached; Fig. 1D - F). Hard corals in deeper waters exhibited a higher susceptibility to bleaching than their shallow counterparts (48% bleached in deeper transects compared with 15% in shallow transects). The findings were consistent with the higher abundance of the five most susceptible genera mentioned above in deeper (total mean cover ＝ 17.5%) than in shallow (2.2%) transects. An earlier bleaching event at Con Dao islands in October 1998 resulted in 37.8% of hard coral colonies bleached (Vo 2000). The 2019 event had both similarities and differences in impacts. Soft corals were the most susceptible in both events (100% bleached) and Galaxea remained consistently unbleached. In 2019, Pachyseris and Fungia had much higher levels of bleaching than in 1998, when these genera were little affected (7.7% and 8.3% bleached). In contrast, Diploastrea had no bleaching compared with 14% bleached in 1998. Porites was severely impacted at both events with 57% bleached and many dead massive corals covered by filamentous algae were recorded in October 1998. Acropora were among the susceptible genera with 19% bleached colonies together with many dead colonies observed in October 1998 (Vo 2000).","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133808828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The South China Sea coast of Brunei is located near the edge of the Sunda shelf with deep water offshore and very few islands, but numerous submerged bank reefs on the shelf. The inshore coastal waters of this part of northwest Borneo, like much of the shallow Sunda shelf waters of the rest of this large island, are affected by high river runoff and associated plumes of suspended parti culates. Consequently nearshore waters are characterized by soft sediments, an inshore turbid zone and very few natural reef coral formations. However, at the fringe of Brunei Bay, human intervention in the form of marine engineering works to create a channel access to Muara port has provided a rock bund substratum that, at one partly wavesheltered location, has permitted the de velopment of a high cover of a wide range of hard coral colonies. These corals exist in a normal salinity environ ment (min. 30.3 ppt); apparently the rocky bund protects them from the direct influence of the estuarine plume that emanates from the harbour channel. However, this coral community has colonized, persisted and grown under a high sedimentation regime >70 mg cm day, a rate of sedimentation that is comparable to that reported else where for sedimenttolerant Scleractinia but which is considered high for Acropora species. This artificial coral community is of interest in the context of natural reef coral communities near estuaries and, additionally, this particular site has a potentially high bio monitoring value given present and planned land use changes in the hin terland of Brunei Bay.
{"title":"Reef corals in a high sedimentation environment on the 'Mainland' coast of Brunei, Northwest Borneo","authors":"D. Lane, Geraldine P.C. Lim","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.166","url":null,"abstract":"The South China Sea coast of Brunei is located near the edge of the Sunda shelf with deep water offshore and very few islands, but numerous submerged bank reefs on the shelf. The inshore coastal waters of this part of northwest Borneo, like much of the shallow Sunda shelf waters of the rest of this large island, are affected by high river runoff and associated plumes of suspended parti culates. Consequently nearshore waters are characterized by soft sediments, an inshore turbid zone and very few natural reef coral formations. However, at the fringe of Brunei Bay, human intervention in the form of marine engineering works to create a channel access to Muara port has provided a rock bund substratum that, at one partly wavesheltered location, has permitted the de velopment of a high cover of a wide range of hard coral colonies. These corals exist in a normal salinity environ ment (min. 30.3 ppt); apparently the rocky bund protects them from the direct influence of the estuarine plume that emanates from the harbour channel. However, this coral community has colonized, persisted and grown under a high sedimentation regime >70 mg cm day, a rate of sedimentation that is comparable to that reported else where for sedimenttolerant Scleractinia but which is considered high for Acropora species. This artificial coral community is of interest in the context of natural reef coral communities near estuaries and, additionally, this particular site has a potentially high bio monitoring value given present and planned land use changes in the hin terland of Brunei Bay.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116080554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The expansions of coastal and small islands’ resources utilization and the increasing needs to meet international and national commitments to biodiversity conservation have led to an enhanced interest in zonation plan as a tool for integrated coastal management. The Berau Regency in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, with a local initiative and driven by National Law No. 27/2007 has taken global leadership in implementing of Berau Marine Protected Area (Berau MPA). This paper will discuss the Berau MPA experiences in zonation planning process. It will give a short historical overview based on legal developments and review the implementation pro cess of a ‘Zonation Plan’ as a spatial management poli cy for the Berau MPA. In addition, this paper will review the research that has been carried out in the study area to apply a spatial and conservation planning approach to the coastal and small island environment. The zonation plan ning process in Berau shows that a spatial approach to coastal and small islands management is a possible entry point despite the lack of a legal zoning framework. How ever, it concludes that a legal basis for zonation plan in the future would provide a more strategic and integrated frame workforecosystem-approachforfisheries,coastal and small islands management.
{"title":"Experiences in zonation planning for management of marine protected area: the Indonesian case","authors":"B. Wiryawan, A. Tahir","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.285","url":null,"abstract":"The expansions of coastal and small islands’ resources utilization and the increasing needs to meet international and national commitments to biodiversity conservation have led to an enhanced interest in zonation plan as a tool for integrated coastal management. The Berau Regency in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, with a local initiative and driven by National Law No. 27/2007 has taken global leadership in implementing of Berau Marine Protected Area (Berau MPA). This paper will discuss the Berau MPA experiences in zonation planning process. It will give a short historical overview based on legal developments and review the implementation pro cess of a ‘Zonation Plan’ as a spatial management poli cy for the Berau MPA. In addition, this paper will review the research that has been carried out in the study area to apply a spatial and conservation planning approach to the coastal and small island environment. The zonation plan ning process in Berau shows that a spatial approach to coastal and small islands management is a possible entry point despite the lack of a legal zoning framework. How ever, it concludes that a legal basis for zonation plan in the future would provide a more strategic and integrated frame workforecosystem-approachforfisheries,coastal and small islands management.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121970716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kanna Sato, B. Casareto, Yoshimi Suzuki, S. Kodani
Most scleractinian corals build coral reef comu nities with other corals and microorganisms such as bac teria, including pathogenic species. The existence of a chemical defense system to prevent bacterial infection has been suggested by several researchers. We conducted anti bacterial screening of MeOH extracts from scle rac tinian coral tissues collected in Okinawa, Japan using 2 strains of grampositive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and 4 strains of gramnegative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Vibrio harveyi). All 24 scler actinian coral samples had antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Extracts of Montipora digitata and M. informis possessed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Isolation and identification of antibacterial prin ciples from Montipora digitata was performed using NMR and MS spectra. Antibacterial compounds were identified as known polyacetylene carboxylic acids, mon tiporic acids A and C. Partial separation was performed on the tissue of Acropora pulchra and the antibacterial ac tivity was found in hydrophilic fraction.
{"title":"Antibacterial activity of scleractinian corals in Okinawa, Japan","authors":"Kanna Sato, B. Casareto, Yoshimi Suzuki, S. Kodani","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.19","url":null,"abstract":"Most scleractinian corals build coral reef comu nities with other corals and microorganisms such as bac teria, including pathogenic species. The existence of a chemical defense system to prevent bacterial infection has been suggested by several researchers. We conducted anti bacterial screening of MeOH extracts from scle rac tinian coral tissues collected in Okinawa, Japan using 2 strains of grampositive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and 4 strains of gramnegative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Vibrio harveyi). All 24 scler actinian coral samples had antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Extracts of Montipora digitata and M. informis possessed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis. Isolation and identification of antibacterial prin ciples from Montipora digitata was performed using NMR and MS spectra. Antibacterial compounds were identified as known polyacetylene carboxylic acids, mon tiporic acids A and C. Partial separation was performed on the tissue of Acropora pulchra and the antibacterial ac tivity was found in hydrophilic fraction.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115855010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reproductive modes of corals in the family Fungiidae are relatively poorly known. In this study we document the findings over five years of observations of various reproductive traits and seasonal reproductive patterns of 12 species of mushroom corals from northern Okinawa. We provide new records with respect to sexuality and mode of reproduction for six species: Ctenactis crassa, Fungia paumotensis, F. scruposa, F. granulosa, Halomitra pileus and Sandalolitha dentata. Furthermore, we indicate two new species that change sex (C. crassa and F. scruposa), as well as identify F. fungites in Okinawa as a gonochoric brooder. We estimate the reproductive effort of C. echinata, C. crassa and F. repanda for the months of July and August of the years 2007-2009, discuss their diurnal rhythms, degree of spawning overlap and the potential for hybridization vs. temporal reproductive isolation in these species. We conclude by highlighting the fungiids as ideal model organisms for studies of reproductive ecology, larval development and the evolution of life-history traits.
真菌科珊瑚的繁殖方式相对来说鲜为人知。在这项研究中，我们记录了对冲绳北部12种蘑菇珊瑚的各种繁殖特征和季节性繁殖模式的观察结果。我们提供了6种植物(Ctenactis crassa, Fungia paumotensis, F. scruposa, F. granulosa, Halomitra pileus和Sandalolitha dentata)的性别和繁殖方式的新记录。此外，我们还发现了两种变性的新种(C. crassa和F. scruposa)，并将冲绳的F.真菌鉴定为一种淋病种鱼。本研究估算了2007-2009年7月和8月棘球菊、粗棘球菊和黄绒球菊的繁殖努力，讨论了它们的昼夜节律、产卵重叠程度以及杂交与时间生殖隔离的可能性。最后，我们强调蕈类是研究生殖生态学、幼虫发育和生活史性状进化的理想模式生物。
{"title":"Reproductive patterns of fungiid corals in Okinawa, Japan","authors":"Y. Loya, K. Sakai, A. Heyward","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.11.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.11.119","url":null,"abstract":"The reproductive modes of corals in the family Fungiidae are relatively poorly known. In this study we document the findings over five years of observations of various reproductive traits and seasonal reproductive patterns of 12 species of mushroom corals from northern Okinawa. We provide new records with respect to sexuality and mode of reproduction for six species: Ctenactis crassa, Fungia paumotensis, F. scruposa, F. granulosa, Halomitra pileus and Sandalolitha dentata. Furthermore, we indicate two new species that change sex (C. crassa and F. scruposa), as well as identify F. fungites in Okinawa as a gonochoric brooder. We estimate the reproductive effort of C. echinata, C. crassa and F. repanda for the months of July and August of the years 2007-2009, discuss their diurnal rhythms, degree of spawning overlap and the potential for hybridization vs. temporal reproductive isolation in these species. We conclude by highlighting the fungiids as ideal model organisms for studies of reproductive ecology, larval development and the evolution of life-history traits.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"309 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115935306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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