Y. S. Yuen, S. Yamazaki, A. Baird, Takashi Nakamura, H. Yamasaki
Coral skeletons harbor diverse assemblages of endolithic microorganisms that often have a profound influence on the ecology and physiology of the coral host. While the cyanobacterial and eukaryotic microalgal components of these endolithic assemblages are well characterized, information on the other components remains scarce. Here, we characterize the endolithic microbial assemblages in the skeleton of the massive coral Goniastrea aspera in both oligotrohic and eutrophic environments. In addition to the green bands typically found in massive coral skeletons, multiple black bands were observed in skeletons from oligotrophic waters. Sequence analysis of the dsrB (dissimilatroy sulfite reductase beta-subunit) gene revealed that colonies with black bands harbor a diverse assemblage of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In contrast, SRB were not detected in skeletons from eutrophic waters. We conclude that increases in nutrients may have an important effect on the microbial assemblages residing within coral skeletons.
珊瑚骨架中蕴藏着各种各样的内生微生物，这些微生物对珊瑚宿主的生态和生理有着深远的影响。虽然这些内生组合中的蓝藻和真核微藻成分已经很好地表征了，但关于其他成分的信息仍然很少。在这里，我们描述了在贫营养和富营养化环境下巨大珊瑚Goniastrea aspera骨架中的内生微生物组合。除了在大量珊瑚骨骼中通常发现的绿色带外，在营养不良水域的骨骼中还观察到多条黑色带。对亚硫酸盐还原酶β亚单位(dissimilatroy subite reduction ase beta-subunit)基因的序列分析表明，带有黑色带的菌落中含有多种硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)。相反，在富营养化水域的骨骼中未检测到SRB。我们得出结论，营养物质的增加可能对居住在珊瑚骨架内的微生物组合有重要影响。
{"title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria in the skeleton of the massive coral Goniastrea aspera from the great barrier reef","authors":"Y. S. Yuen, S. Yamazaki, A. Baird, Takashi Nakamura, H. Yamasaki","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.154","url":null,"abstract":"Coral skeletons harbor diverse assemblages of endolithic microorganisms that often have a profound influence on the ecology and physiology of the coral host. While the cyanobacterial and eukaryotic microalgal components of these endolithic assemblages are well characterized, information on the other components remains scarce. Here, we characterize the endolithic microbial assemblages in the skeleton of the massive coral Goniastrea aspera in both oligotrohic and eutrophic environments. In addition to the green bands typically found in massive coral skeletons, multiple black bands were observed in skeletons from oligotrophic waters. Sequence analysis of the dsrB (dissimilatroy sulfite reductase beta-subunit) gene revealed that colonies with black bands harbor a diverse assemblage of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In contrast, SRB were not detected in skeletons from eutrophic waters. We conclude that increases in nutrients may have an important effect on the microbial assemblages residing within coral skeletons.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129844116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homer Hermes Y. de Dios, F. Sotto, D. Dy, A. Ilano
The response of Acanthaster planci or crown- of-thorns starfish (COTS) to intracoelomic injection of hypersaline solutions was investigated to establish its potential application as A. planci population control es- pecially during an outbreak. Adult A. planci when inverted had a normal righting response time (in seconds) of 163±1 (mean±SE; N=298). Injection of concentrated salt solutions led to negative effects on adult A. planci. The spines bent down, body collapsed and the starfish became comatose and died after 24-hours. The higher the salt concentration, the higher is the % comatose indivi- duals. In addition, comatose specimens failed to recover with time. Mortality was highest at the highest treatment concentration with LC90 of 285.3 and LC99 of 383.2 ppt. The effects of time, salt concentration and its interaction (salt concentration x time) were significant ( p=0.00). The ionic and osmotic disruption of the coelomic fluid can seriously affect physiological functions of the organism including neuromuscular activity. Thus, in the control of A. planci, concentrated salt solution can be used as a cheaper alternative to dry acid, acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide, all of which are expensive, may not be locally available and not environment friendly.
{"title":"Response of Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) to hypersaline solution: Its potential application to population control","authors":"Homer Hermes Y. de Dios, F. Sotto, D. Dy, A. Ilano","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.17.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.17.23","url":null,"abstract":"The response of Acanthaster planci or crown- of-thorns starfish (COTS) to intracoelomic injection of hypersaline solutions was investigated to establish its potential application as A. planci population control es- pecially during an outbreak. Adult A. planci when inverted had a normal righting response time (in seconds) of 163±1 (mean±SE; N=298). Injection of concentrated salt solutions led to negative effects on adult A. planci. The spines bent down, body collapsed and the starfish became comatose and died after 24-hours. The higher the salt concentration, the higher is the % comatose indivi- duals. In addition, comatose specimens failed to recover with time. Mortality was highest at the highest treatment concentration with LC90 of 285.3 and LC99 of 383.2 ppt. The effects of time, salt concentration and its interaction (salt concentration x time) were significant ( p=0.00). The ionic and osmotic disruption of the coelomic fluid can seriously affect physiological functions of the organism including neuromuscular activity. Thus, in the control of A. planci, concentrated salt solution can be used as a cheaper alternative to dry acid, acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide, all of which are expensive, may not be locally available and not environment friendly.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129800444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. S. Gumanao, Christine Mae A. Edullantes, Rezelle B. Sobradil, Xavier N Lopez, Anselmo G. Anobong Jr.
{"title":"Trophic mobbing of reef fishes on naturally spawned ova of Tridacna gigas in Samal Island, Philippines","authors":"G. S. Gumanao, Christine Mae A. Edullantes, Rezelle B. Sobradil, Xavier N Lopez, Anselmo G. Anobong Jr.","doi":"10.3755/galaxea.g25-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.g25-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123852769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3755/galaxea.g2020_s1n
Tomoko Bell, Cristiana Manullang, K. Sakai, A. Suzuki, Akira Iguchi
Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to corals; declines in carbonate ion concentrations caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) can severely impact coral calcification. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the impacts of near-future ocean acidification on corals. In this study, we compared the effects of seawater at present and near-future pCO2 (approximately +200 μatm) levels on skeletal weights of new coral recruits. Experiments were carried out using precisely pCO2-controlled aquaria supplying stable pCO2-controlled seawater in a flow-through system. Our results show that skeletal weights of new coral recruits decreased significantly at +200 μatm pCO2, which is expected to be reached within this century if ocean acidification continues at the present pace.
{"title":"Near-future levels of pCO2 impact skeletal weights of coral primary polyps (Acropora digitifera)","authors":"Tomoko Bell, Cristiana Manullang, K. Sakai, A. Suzuki, Akira Iguchi","doi":"10.3755/galaxea.g2020_s1n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/galaxea.g2020_s1n","url":null,"abstract":"Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to corals; declines in carbonate ion concentrations caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) can severely impact coral calcification. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the impacts of near-future ocean acidification on corals. In this study, we compared the effects of seawater at present and near-future pCO2 (approximately +200 μatm) levels on skeletal weights of new coral recruits. Experiments were carried out using precisely pCO2-controlled aquaria supplying stable pCO2-controlled seawater in a flow-through system. Our results show that skeletal weights of new coral recruits decreased significantly at +200 μatm pCO2, which is expected to be reached within this century if ocean acidification continues at the present pace.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114084475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Koeda, Takanobu Fukagawa, T. Ishihara, K. Tachihara
Reproductive characteristics of Pempheris sp. were studied in 233 specimens collected from May 2006 to October 2010 on Okinawa Island, Japan. The main spawning season was estimated during April to June, but spawning occurred year round. Standard length at first maturity occurred at ca. 110 mm in both sexes. Batch fe cundity of Pempheris sp. was ca. 2,000-19,000 per female, and was higher in the main spawning season than in other seasons. No relationship between spawning and lunar periodicity was observed. The spawning interval of Pem pheris sp. was estimated to be ca. 2 days, with spawn ing occurring shortly after sunset.
{"title":"Reproductive biology of nocturnal reef fish Pempheris sp. (Pempherididae) in Okinawa Island, Japan","authors":"K. Koeda, Takanobu Fukagawa, T. Ishihara, K. Tachihara","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.221","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive characteristics of Pempheris sp. were studied in 233 specimens collected from May 2006 to October 2010 on Okinawa Island, Japan. The main spawning season was estimated during April to June, but spawning occurred year round. Standard length at first maturity occurred at ca. 110 mm in both sexes. Batch fe cundity of Pempheris sp. was ca. 2,000-19,000 per female, and was higher in the main spawning season than in other seasons. No relationship between spawning and lunar periodicity was observed. The spawning interval of Pem pheris sp. was estimated to be ca. 2 days, with spawn ing occurring shortly after sunset.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116488984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scleractinian corals, genus Acropora, are the dominant group within coral assemblages in the Gulf of Thailand. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diversity, species composition, and community structure of Acropora in the Gulf of Thailand. A 30×1 m belt transect with 3 replicates were employed in each of 80 stations at 30 islands along the Gulf of Thailand. The overall diversity indices at all stations were between 0.52.0 while the evenness indices between 0.5-1.0. Commu nity structure of Acropora, based on coverage area, varied significantly between habitats depending on location. Based on the surveys, community structure could be di vided into 4 groups. The first group was the station at Klang Island on the winwardreef slope (kl12) and the station at Kra Island on the winwardreef slope (kr12), having A. aculeus as a dominant species and at station Kra Island on the leewardreef slope (kr22), having A. nana as a dominant species. The second group was the station at Klang Island on the leewardreef slope (kl22), which had A. formosa as the dominant species. The third group was the station at Kra Island on the leeward-reef flat (kr21), which had A. cf. copiosa, A. longicyathus, A. tenuis and A. microphthalma as the dominant species. The last group of the stations had common species and rare species of Acropora. This study showed that the current condition of Acropora in the Gulf of Thailand showed recovery after the bleaching phenomenon in 1998.
{"title":"Community structure of Acropora corals in the Gulf of Thailand","authors":"A. Chankong, V. Manthachitra","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.15.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.15.92","url":null,"abstract":"Scleractinian corals, genus Acropora, are the dominant group within coral assemblages in the Gulf of Thailand. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diversity, species composition, and community structure of Acropora in the Gulf of Thailand. A 30×1 m belt transect with 3 replicates were employed in each of 80 stations at 30 islands along the Gulf of Thailand. The overall diversity indices at all stations were between 0.52.0 while the evenness indices between 0.5-1.0. Commu nity structure of Acropora, based on coverage area, varied significantly between habitats depending on location. Based on the surveys, community structure could be di vided into 4 groups. The first group was the station at Klang Island on the winwardreef slope (kl12) and the station at Kra Island on the winwardreef slope (kr12), having A. aculeus as a dominant species and at station Kra Island on the leewardreef slope (kr22), having A. nana as a dominant species. The second group was the station at Klang Island on the leewardreef slope (kl22), which had A. formosa as the dominant species. The third group was the station at Kra Island on the leeward-reef flat (kr21), which had A. cf. copiosa, A. longicyathus, A. tenuis and A. microphthalma as the dominant species. The last group of the stations had common species and rare species of Acropora. This study showed that the current condition of Acropora in the Gulf of Thailand showed recovery after the bleaching phenomenon in 1998.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121482181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Miyamoto, M. Kiyota, T. Hayashibara, M. Nonaka, Yukimitsu Imahara, H. Tachikawa
Recent developments in deep-sea surveys have revealed the widespread distribution of cold-water corals over the deep-sea floor of the world ocean. There are no reports, however, concerning the taxonomic composition of cold-water corals and other benthic megafauna in the southern Emperor Seamounts area of the North Pacific Ocean. We analyzed benthic samples collected from a research vessel during scientific surveys and by scientific observers onboard commercial fishing vessels to examine the faunal composition of cold-water corals and other megabenthos in the southern Emperor Seamounts area. Seventy-eight genera of cold-water corals were identified. Gorgonians (Alcyonacea with solid axis) occurred at high frequencies with wide vertical distribution ranges, and appeared to be the major components of habitat-forming cold-water corals in the area. Scleractinia occurred at frequencies similar to those of gorgonians, but over limited depth ranges. Among other benthic megafauna, Crustacea and Echinodermata occurred at high frequencies. The results demonstrates that the regional characteristics of deep-sea benthic megafauna in the southern Emperor Seamounts area is more similar to that near the Hawaiian Islands than those reported from Aleutian, other Alaskan, Californian and Japanese waters.
深海调查的最新进展表明，冷水珊瑚在世界大洋的深海海底分布广泛。然而，关于北太平洋皇帝海山南部地区冷水珊瑚和其他底栖巨型动物的分类组成，尚无报道。我们分析了在科学调查期间从研究船和商业渔船上的科学观察员收集的底栖生物样本，以检查皇帝海山南部地区冷水珊瑚和其他大型生物的动物组成。鉴定了78个冷水珊瑚属。柳珊瑚(Alcyonacea with solid axis)出现频率高，垂直分布范围宽，是该地区形成生境的冷水珊瑚的主要成分。核裂菌的发生频率与柳橙菌相似，但深度范围有限。在其他底栖动物中，甲壳类和棘皮类出现频率较高。结果表明，与阿留申群岛、阿拉斯加其他海域、加利福尼亚海域和日本海域相比，皇帝海山南部海域的深海底栖巨型动物的区域特征与夏威夷群岛附近的区域特征更相似。
{"title":"Megafaunal composition of cold-water corals and other deep-sea benthos in the southern Emperor Seamounts area, North Pacific Ocean","authors":"M. Miyamoto, M. Kiyota, T. Hayashibara, M. Nonaka, Yukimitsu Imahara, H. Tachikawa","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.19.1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.19.1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in deep-sea surveys have revealed the widespread distribution of cold-water corals over the deep-sea floor of the world ocean. There are no reports, however, concerning the taxonomic composition of cold-water corals and other benthic megafauna in the southern Emperor Seamounts area of the North Pacific Ocean. We analyzed benthic samples collected from a research vessel during scientific surveys and by scientific observers onboard commercial fishing vessels to examine the faunal composition of cold-water corals and other megabenthos in the southern Emperor Seamounts area. Seventy-eight genera of cold-water corals were identified. Gorgonians (Alcyonacea with solid axis) occurred at high frequencies with wide vertical distribution ranges, and appeared to be the major components of habitat-forming cold-water corals in the area. Scleractinia occurred at frequencies similar to those of gorgonians, but over limited depth ranges. Among other benthic megafauna, Crustacea and Echinodermata occurred at high frequencies. The results demonstrates that the regional characteristics of deep-sea benthic megafauna in the southern Emperor Seamounts area is more similar to that near the Hawaiian Islands than those reported from Aleutian, other Alaskan, Californian and Japanese waters.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127636440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Troglodyte Turbinaria in the intertidal rock pools of the Solitary Islands Marine Park","authors":"A. Baird, D. Abrego","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.G23-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.G23-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126345484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorescent proteins in corals have been re ported to have photoprotective function for algal sym bionts, though it remains controversial whether the coral fluorescent proteins are actually photoprotective. Green (Gs) and brown (B) morphs of the coral Galaxea fascicularis have different contents of green fluorescent protein (GFP). To understand the function of GFP in the stress responses of the coral, we exposed polyps isolated from B and Gs morph colonies to medium or strong light (200 and 1000 μmol quanta ms) at 26 or 32°C for 6 h. Polyps were then allowed to recover for 6 h under dim light. Although the GFP content was markedly different between Gs and B morphs, in hospite zooxanthellae in polyps of both morphs showed similar decreases in photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm) after strong light treat ment at normal or high temperature. Isolated zooxanthellae of both morphs showed similar decrease in the photo chemical efficiency under light stress, indicating that they had similar tolerance to light stress. The present results suggest that fluorescent protein does not increase the tolerance of polyps to strong light and high temperature stress in G. fascicularis and that further studies are nec essary to elucidate the function of GFP in this coral.
{"title":"Fluorescent protein content and stress tolerance of two color morphs of the coral Galaxea fascicularis","authors":"Sho Nakaema, M. Hidaka","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.17.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.17.1","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescent proteins in corals have been re ported to have photoprotective function for algal sym bionts, though it remains controversial whether the coral fluorescent proteins are actually photoprotective. Green (Gs) and brown (B) morphs of the coral Galaxea fascicularis have different contents of green fluorescent protein (GFP). To understand the function of GFP in the stress responses of the coral, we exposed polyps isolated from B and Gs morph colonies to medium or strong light (200 and 1000 μmol quanta ms) at 26 or 32°C for 6 h. Polyps were then allowed to recover for 6 h under dim light. Although the GFP content was markedly different between Gs and B morphs, in hospite zooxanthellae in polyps of both morphs showed similar decreases in photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm) after strong light treat ment at normal or high temperature. Isolated zooxanthellae of both morphs showed similar decrease in the photo chemical efficiency under light stress, indicating that they had similar tolerance to light stress. The present results suggest that fluorescent protein does not increase the tolerance of polyps to strong light and high temperature stress in G. fascicularis and that further studies are nec essary to elucidate the function of GFP in this coral.","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manado Bay fronts Manado City, North Sulawesi with its total population of ca. 500,000 people. In 1992, the governmetn established a National Park in the bay to protect coral reef ecosystems on five particular islands facing Manado Bay. Life Form Category by Linear Intercept Transect in 2 sites has good conditions (ca. 55%), 2 sites have moderate (ca. 30%), and the other 2 (two) sites are in a poor condition (
{"title":"The present status of coral reef condition in Bunaken National Park and Manado Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia","authors":"J. D. Kusen, Hanny Tioho","doi":"10.3755/GALAXEA.11.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3755/GALAXEA.11.219","url":null,"abstract":"Manado Bay fronts Manado City, North Sulawesi with its total population of ca. 500,000 people. In 1992, the governmetn established a National Park in the bay to protect coral reef ecosystems on five particular islands facing Manado Bay. Life Form Category by Linear Intercept Transect in 2 sites has good conditions (ca. 55%), 2 sites have moderate (ca. 30%), and the other 2 (two) sites are in a poor condition (","PeriodicalId":118057,"journal":{"name":"Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131394880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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