Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

英文中文

THE POTENTIAL OF RAPID ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AS EARLY WARNING INDICATORS OF WETLAND DEGRADATION : A REVIEW 快速评估技术作为湿地退化早期预警指标的潜力综述

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<297::AID-TOX3>3.0.CO;2-2

R. A. Dam, C. Camilleri, C. Finlayson

In recent years, the need to develop assessment techniques that could provide advanced warning of significant wetland stress or degradation has been recognized. The goal of this paper is to identify rapid, yet realistic and reliable methods for the early detection of pollutant impacts on wetland ecosystems, particularly those in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. In doing so, it describes the ideal attributes of early warning indicators and their subsequent selection for wetland research. It then evaluates the potential of existing methods of assessment as early warning indicators of wetland degradation due to pollutant impacts. Particular attention is paid to rapid assessment techniques, covering a range of trophic levels and levels of biological organization. Due to a number of favorable characteristics, phytoplankton were considered to be potentially the most promising indicators of wetland degradation, and thus the scope of application of toxicity assessment and monitoring methods warrants further investigation. Rapid toxicity bioassays using invertebrates and vertebrates were also considered to be an essential part of an early detection program for wetlands, while biomarkers represented a promising tool for achieving true “early warning” of potential pollutant impacts. Given further refinement and development, rapid methods of monitoring aquatic community assemblages were also considered potentially useful tools for the early detection of wetland degradation. Finally, to gain effective use from an early warning system for wetlands, its incorporation into an ecological risk assessment framework was recommended. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 297–312, 1998

近年来，人们认识到有必要发展评估技术，对严重的湿地压力或退化提供提前预警。本文的目标是确定快速、现实和可靠的方法来早期检测污染物对湿地生态系统的影响，特别是在澳大利亚北部干湿热带地区。在此过程中，它描述了早期预警指标的理想属性以及它们在湿地研究中的后续选择。然后，它评估了现有评估方法作为污染影响导致湿地退化的预警指标的潜力。特别注意的是快速评估技术，涵盖了一系列的营养水平和生物组织水平。由于浮游植物具有许多良好的特性，因此被认为是最有潜力的湿地退化指标，因此毒性评估和监测方法的应用范围值得进一步研究。使用无脊椎动物和脊椎动物进行快速毒性生物测定也被认为是湿地早期检测计划的重要组成部分，而生物标志物代表了实现潜在污染物影响真正“早期预警”的有前途的工具。随着进一步的完善和发展，快速监测水生群落组合的方法也被认为是早期发现湿地退化的潜在有用工具。最后，为了有效利用湿地预警系统，建议将其纳入生态风险评估框架。©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc环境科学与技术，2003,19 (3):357 - 357

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引用次数: 69

OBSERVATIONS FROM A SIX MONTH STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION PROCESSES IN SEDIMENT ON THE TOXICITY POTENTIAL OF TARGETED CHEMICALS 一项为期六个月的关于沉积物中生物降解过程对目标化学品毒性潜力影响的研究的观察结果

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<313::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-A

B. Dutka, Dickson L. S. Liu, A. Jurkovic, R. Mcinnis, H. Lee, F. Onuska, S. Rao

引用次数: 5

Derivation of Australian tropical marine water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life from adverse effects of petroleum hydrocarbons 澳大利亚热带海洋水质标准的推导，以保护水生生物免受石油碳氢化合物的不利影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<273::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-4

Y. Tsvetnenko

The use of data on the water concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in hazard evaluation for marine biota is hindered by the lack of justified water quality criteria for TPH. Using ecotoxicology data for marine organisms and U.S. EPA guidelines (1985, 1994), numerical criteria for TPH were derived. Acute and chronic toxicity data for marine organisms exposed to water-soluble fractions of oil products were obtained from published materials and the author's investigations. Out of 310 data reviewed and sorted, 82 data for the test temperatures of 20–32°C were selected and analyzed. The genus mean acute values (GMAV) were calculated for 15 animal genera belonging to the phyla Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida. Plant values were obtained for six species of the algae classes Diatom, Chlorophyta and Dinophyta. The GMAVs ranged from 0.2 to 13.1 mg/L TPH. The considerable variability of data was attributed to differences in toxicity test designs. The EC50 values were adjusted by taking into account the fact that average test concentrations drop during courses of static-renewal and static toxicity tests. These adjustments resulted in a GMAV range of 0.2–5.2 mg/L with acceptable intergeneric variability. The final acute value derived as the fifth percentile of the set of 15 GMAVs for animals was in the range of 0.168–0.198 mg/L for the triangular, logistic, and normal distribution models. The advisory water quality criterion (AWQC) derived from these values was 0.007 mg/L. According to the criterion definition, to protect warm water marine organisms from unacceptable effects, an ambient concentration of TPH must not exceed AWQC of 0.007 mg/L. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 273–284, 1998

总石油烃(TPH)水浓度数据在海洋生物群危害评价中的应用受到缺乏合理的TPH水质标准的阻碍。利用海洋生物的生态毒理学数据和美国环境保护署指南(1985,1994)，导出了TPH的数值标准。海洋生物暴露于石油产品水溶性组分的急性和慢性毒性数据来自已发表的资料和作者的调查。在审查和整理的310个数据中，选择并分析了82个测试温度为20-32°C的数据。计算了脊索动物门、节肢动物门、软体动物门、环节动物门15个动物属的平均急性值(GMAV)。获得了硅藻、绿藻和藻门6种藻类的植物价值。GMAVs范围为0.2 ~ 13.1 mg/L TPH。数据的相当大的可变性归因于毒性试验设计的差异。考虑到静态更新和静态毒性试验过程中平均试验浓度下降的事实，对EC50值进行了调整。这些调整导致GMAV范围为0.2-5.2 mg/L，属间可变性可接受。在三角分布、logistic分布和正态分布模型中，15种动物GMAVs的第5个百分位数的最终急性值在0.168-0.198 mg/L之间。由此得出的建议水质标准(AWQC)为0.007 mg/L。根据标准定义，为了保护温水海洋生物免受不可接受的影响，环境TPH浓度不得超过AWQC的0.007 mg/L。©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc环境科学与技术，1998 (3):387 - 398

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引用次数: 7

Evaluation of biomarkers for exposure of fish to eucalypt-based pulp mill effluent and for determination of routes of exposure 鱼类暴露于桉树浆厂废水的生物标志物评价和暴露途径的测定

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<285::AID-TOX2>3.0.CO;2-3

J. Woodworth, B. Munday, D. Campin

引用次数: 13

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATERS IN INDONESIA 印度尼西亚产水生态毒理学评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1998-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<323::AID-TOX5>3.0.CO;2-9

J. Smith, A. Tyler, Z. Sabeur

An ecotoxicological study aimed at deriving practical methods for assessing the impact of complex discharges from offshore facilities has been conducted. The study focused on large volume discharges in the West Java Sea, Indonesia, which exhibit limited mixing in the receiving waters and can form “ponds” of elevated concentration as a result of variable hydrodynamic flows. A number of experiments and analyses have been conducted aimed at characterizing the effluent during the process of degradation. This information has been used to determine likely body residues in test organisms used in 96-h exposure toxicity tests. The data from the toxicity tests have been correlated with the predicted body residues to provide an approach [whole effluent toxicity (WET)] to evaluate likely mortality arising from a complex mixed effluent. This semiempirical approach has been used in an integrated physicochemical transport model where time-varying exposure concentrations can be simulated and the resulting uptake into biota modelled. This permits direct assessment of the risk posed by discharges. The toxicity test results show that, at concentrations of effluent commonly found in the receiving waters, some mortality may be encountered albeit at low levels, probably not exceeding 5%. These results are confirmed by the modelled mortality using the WET approach. The groups of compounds most likely to be contributing to the toxicity include the PAHs and phenols. Contributions from each group vary between different characterized effluents from different facilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 323–336, 1998

已经进行了一项生态毒理学研究，目的是得出评估海上设施复杂排放影响的实际方法。这项研究的重点是印度尼西亚西爪哇海的大量排放物，这些排放物在接收水域中表现出有限的混合，并且由于可变的流体动力流动，可以形成浓度升高的“池塘”。为了描述降解过程中流出物的特征，进行了一些实验和分析。该信息已用于确定96小时暴露毒性试验中使用的试验生物体内可能残留。毒性试验的数据已与预测的体内残留物相关联，以提供一种方法[全污水毒性(WET)]来评估复杂混合污水可能造成的死亡率。这种半经验方法已用于综合物理化学运输模型，该模型可以模拟随时间变化的暴露浓度，并模拟由此产生的进入生物群的吸收。这样就可以直接评估排放所造成的风险。毒性试验结果表明，在接收水中常见的污水浓度下，可能会出现一些死亡率，尽管水平很低，可能不超过5%。使用WET方法模拟的死亡率证实了这些结果。最有可能导致毒性的化合物群包括多环芳烃和酚类。每个组的贡献在不同设施的不同特征流出物之间有所不同。©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc环境科学与技术，1998 (3):323-336

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引用次数: 13

Cytotoxicity of metals toward rainbow trout R1 cell line 金属对虹鳟鱼R1细胞系的细胞毒性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090404

H. Segner, D. Lenz, W. Hanke, G. Schüürmann

Cultured fish cells are of potential use in the initial screening of the adverse effects of aquatic pollutants. In the present study, R1 cells, a fibroblast-like cell line derived from liver tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were exposed to 13 metal salts. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the neutral red uptake inhibition test. The rank order of cytotoxicity for the cationic metals was silver > mercury > cadmium > zinc > copper > nickel > lead; for the anionic metal complexes it was arsenite > dichromate > chromate > arsenate > selenite > permanganate > selenate. Metal cytotoxicity toward R1 cells showed close correlation with the cytotoxicity values of metals toward the BF-2 cell line from bluegill sunfish (r = 0.98). For the divalent cations, cytotoxicity correlated well with the physicochemical softness parameter σp (r = 0.93). Correlation coefficients between the in vitro toxicity of cationic metals and their in vivo LC50 data varied for different fish species, with r values from r = 0.64 to r = 0.92. The in vitro cytotoxicity of anionic metal complexes was not related with their acute in vivo toxicity. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

培养的鱼细胞在初步筛选水生污染物的不良影响方面具有潜在的用途。本研究将虹鳟鱼肝组织的成纤维细胞样细胞系R1细胞暴露于13种金属盐中。用中性红摄取抑制试验评价细胞毒性。阳离子金属的细胞毒性排序为银>汞>镉>锌>铜>镍>铅;阴离子金属配合物为亚砷酸盐>重铬酸盐>铬酸盐>砷酸盐>亚硒酸盐>高锰酸盐>硒酸盐。金属对R1细胞的细胞毒性与金属对蓝鳃翻车鱼BF-2细胞系的细胞毒性值密切相关(r = 0.98)。对于二价阳离子，细胞毒性与理化柔软度参数σp (r = 0.93)有良好的相关性。不同鱼种阳离子金属的体外毒性与其体内LC50数据的相关系数不同，r值为r = 0.64 ~ r = 0.92。阴离子金属配合物的体外细胞毒性与体内急性毒性无关。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 38

Rapid methods to assess the effects of chemicals on microbial activity in soil 评价化学药品对土壤微生物活性影响的快速方法

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090415

S. D. Haigh, A. Rennie

Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and an automated bacterial impedance technique (RABIT) were compared to the Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition assay (PGI) to assess their suitability as rapid methods to screen for effects of chemicals on soil microbial activity. RABIT was rapid, was the simplest, and was most convenient of the three methods to perform, but it was an order of magnitude less sensitive to toxicity than FDA or PGI. Further modification of the method may result in a most useful tool for screening purposes. The FDA hydrolysis method was both simple and rapid to perform. It gave comparable results to the PGI method for 3,5-dichlorophenol and an amphoteric surfactant, but FDA was an order of magnitude more sensitive to the anionic and nonionic and an order of magnitude less sensitive to the cationic surfactants tested. This apparent conflict emphasizes that the toxicity assessment of a chemical in the environment should not rely entirely on inherent toxicity tests. For terrestrial toxicity testing, interactions between chemical and soil should be taken into account in order to predict correctly the chemical's impact on the environment. For example, adsorption of cationics onto soil particles results in significantly higher concentrations of the chemical being needed in vivo to cause a toxic effect than that predicted by inherent toxicity tests. The use of soil suspensions in the FDA assay, rather than pure cultures of microorganisms, is a more realistic, but still indirect, test of a chemical's toxicity in soil. When the assay is calibrated against a standard method, such as PGI using uncharged reference chemicals, this method can provide a simple and rapid tool to assess the relative effects of chemicals on soil microbial activity. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

将双醋酸荧光素(FDA)水解和自动细菌阻抗技术(RABIT)与恶臭假单胞菌生长抑制试验(PGI)进行比较，以评估它们作为筛选化学物质对土壤微生物活性影响的快速方法的适用性。RABIT是三种方法中快速、最简单、最方便的方法，但对毒性的敏感性比FDA或PGI低一个数量级。该方法的进一步修改可能会产生用于筛选目的的最有用的工具。FDA水解法简便、快速。该方法对3,5-二氯酚和两性表面活性剂的测定结果与PGI方法相当，但FDA对阴离子和非离子表面活性剂的敏感性要高一个数量级，而对阳离子表面活性剂的敏感性要低一个数量级。这种明显的冲突强调，对环境中化学品的毒性评估不应完全依靠内在毒性试验。对于陆地毒性试验，应考虑到化学品与土壤之间的相互作用，以便正确预测化学品对环境的影响。例如，阳离子在土壤颗粒上的吸附会导致体内产生毒性效应所需的化学物质浓度明显高于固有毒性试验所预测的浓度。在FDA试验中使用土壤悬浮液，而不是纯微生物培养物，是一种更现实的方法，但仍然是间接的，测试化学物质在土壤中的毒性。当该分析与标准方法(如PGI)进行校准时，该方法可以提供一种简单快速的工具来评估化学物质对土壤微生物活性的相对影响。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 17

A method to assess the toxicity of pollutants on anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments 一种评价污染物对沉积物中厌氧微生物降解活性毒性的方法

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090407

A. Remde, W. Traunspurger

A method to assess the impact of toxicants on the actual anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments is described. Under conditions closely related to in situ, the influence of isoproturon and three of its known metabolites on the actual carbon dioxide release rate and the actual methane production rate was determined. For isoproturon only a slight inhibition ( < 10%) of the methane production rate was observed at concentrations up to 6.25 mg/L. All tested metabolites of isoproturon significantly inhibited the methane production rate (up to 70%) at concentrations of 50–500 μg/L. Complete inhibition of methanogenesis did not affect the anaerobic mineralization rate measured as carbon dioxide release in the investigated sediment. Neither isoproturon nor the tested metabolites affected the carbon dioxide release rate. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

描述了一种评估有毒物质对沉积物中实际厌氧微生物降解活性影响的方法。在与现场密切相关的条件下，确定了异proturon及其三种已知代谢物对实际二氧化碳释放速率和实际甲烷产量的影响。当浓度达到6.25 mg/L时，异丙醇对甲烷产率只有轻微的抑制作用(< 10%)。在50 ~ 500 μg/L浓度下，异丙醇的代谢物均能显著抑制甲烷的产率(最高达70%)。完全抑制产甲烷不影响厌氧矿化率测量二氧化碳释放在所调查的沉积物。异丙醇和被测代谢物都不影响二氧化碳的释放速率。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 17

Utilization of a bioluminescence toxicity assay for optimal design of biological and physicochemical wastewater treatment processes 利用生物发光毒性试验优化设计生物和物理化学废水处理工艺

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090410

A. Brenner, S. Belkin, S. Ulitzur, A. Abeliovich

A comprehensive laboratory investigation was conducted to test the feasibility of employing biological and physicochemical treatment processes for complex wastewaters discharged by several chemical industries. Results obtained during this study indicated that the wastes contain a fraction of toxic and nonbiodegradable organic matter, which limits the implementation of a conventional biological treatment process for the combined wastewater stream. Toxicity, as measured by a bioluminescence assay (Microtox), served as a valuable tool to assess biological treatability of various waste sources, with the aim to select an economically feasible and environmentally acceptable treatment/management program for an industrial park. Toxicity values served as quantitative indices for the establishment of baseline data of removability potential, defined either by biodegradation or carbon adsorption. This removability data enabled identification of problematic waste sources, which are only partially biodegradable and/or possess considerable toxicity. Further investigation of the problematic waste streams focused on the evaluation of activated carbon adsorption characteristics, using toxicity balances instead of traditional chemical determinations. This method could be successfully employed to yield simultaneously both adsorption characteristics and an assessment of the impact of the treated effluent on biota in receiving waters. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

进行了一项全面的实验室调查，以测试采用生物和物理化学处理工艺处理几个化学工业排放的复杂废水的可行性。本研究的结果表明，废水中含有一部分有毒和不可生物降解的有机物质，这限制了常规生物处理工艺对组合废水流的实施。通过生物发光试验(Microtox)测量毒性，作为评估各种废物来源的生物可处理性的宝贵工具，目的是为工业园区选择经济上可行且环境上可接受的处理/管理方案。毒性值作为建立可去除性基线数据的定量指标，通过生物降解或碳吸附来定义。这种可移除性数据能够识别出有问题的废物来源，这些废物只能部分可生物降解和/或具有相当大的毒性。对有问题的废物流的进一步研究集中在评估活性炭的吸附特性，使用毒性平衡代替传统的化学测定。该方法可以成功地用于同时产生吸附特性和评估处理后的废水对接收水中生物群的影响。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 5

Toxicity and genotoxicity enhancement during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation 多环芳烃生物降解过程中的毒性及遗传毒性增强

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090409

S. Belkin, M. Stieber, A. Tiehm, F. Frimmel, A. Abeliovich, P. Werner, S. Ulitzur

Several laboratory column percolators were operated in order to study the bioremediation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated soils. The columns contained either soil artificially amended with specific PAH mixtures or contaminated soil from a site in Karlsruhe, Germany. In all cases, biodegradative processes led to the elimination of the original contaminants. This, however, was accompanied by a marked increase in genotoxic activity of the column effluents as determined by the MutatoxTM assay. Genotoxicity was practically abolished, however, when a surfactant was added to the percolating fluids. While in some cases the changes in genotoxicity were paralleled by toxicity (MicrotoxTM) data, in others the trend was opposite. It is concluded that when degradation is incomplete, the potential exists for toxicity and genotoxicity enhancement, with the latter hazard not always predictable by short-term toxicity assays. Routine genotoxicity monitoring is thus advocated for bioremediation projects; the MutatoxTM assay appears to be a convenient tool for this purpose. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

为了研究多环芳烃(PAH)污染土壤的生物修复潜力，在实验室中使用了多环芳烃柱渗滤器。这些柱中含有用特定多环芳烃混合物人工改良的土壤或来自德国卡尔斯鲁厄的污染土壤。在所有情况下，生物降解过程导致消除原始污染物。然而，这伴随着通过MutatoxTM试验确定的柱流出物的遗传毒性活性的显着增加。然而，当在渗透液中加入表面活性剂时，遗传毒性实际上被消除了。虽然在某些情况下遗传毒性的变化与毒性(MicrotoxTM)数据平行，但在其他情况下趋势相反。结论是，当降解不完全时，存在毒性和遗传毒性增强的可能性，而后者的危害并不总是通过短期毒性试验来预测的。因此，生物修复项目提倡进行常规的遗传毒性监测;MutatoxTM试验似乎是实现这一目的的方便工具。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 68

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