Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

英文中文

Microbial toxicity mechanism of copper-8-quinolinolate 8-喹啉酸铜的微生物毒性机制

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090204

Dickson L. S. Liu, R. Maguire, G. J. Pacepavlcius, J. Carey

Sapstain, an abnormal discoloration in wood caused by microbial growth, can significantly lower the price of a lumber and thus fresh sawn softwood lumber of a susceptible species is often treated with a biocide such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) to prevent the development of sapstain during shipping and prolonged storage. Very recently, chlorophenol-based antisapstain agents have been banned in Canada, because of environmental toxicity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the microbial toxicity mechanism of the copper salts of 8-quinolinolate (Cu-8-HQ), one of the replacement chemicals for PCP in sapstain control. The results revealed that the biocidal activity of Cu-8-HQ originates from a stable metal (copper) chelate and that the molecular integrity of the chelate is most critical in the expression of its toxicity potential. The chelating power of 8-hydroxyquinoline for trace metals was not found to be directly responsible for the biocidal activity of Cu-8-HQ as suggested in the literature. The anion groups were found to have no significant impact on the biocidal activity of Cu-8-HQ, which has been observed with other organometallic compounds. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

Sapstain是一种由微生物生长引起的木材异常变色，可以显著降低木材的价格，因此新鲜的易受细菌感染的针叶木材通常用杀菌剂处理，如五氯酚(PCP)，以防止在运输和长期储存过程中产生Sapstain。最近，以氯酚为基础的抗变色剂在加拿大被禁止使用，因为它对环境有毒性。本研究的目的是阐明8-喹啉酸铜盐(Cu-8-HQ)的微生物毒性机制，8-喹啉酸铜盐是一种用于皂化控制的替代化学品。结果表明，Cu-8-HQ的杀灭活性来源于一种稳定的金属(铜)螯合物，螯合物的分子完整性是其毒性潜能表达的关键。8-羟基喹啉对微量金属的螯合能力与Cu-8-HQ的杀灭活性并不是文献所认为的直接关系。阴离子基团对Cu-8-HQ的杀生活性没有显著影响，这与其他有机金属化合物的杀生活性相同。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 3

The influence of sediment extract fractionation methods on bioassay results 沉淀物分离方法对生物测定结果的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090211

K. Ho, L. Mills, C. Mueller, S. Anderson, A. Malcolm

Four bioassays [MicrotoxTM, MutatoxTM, sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and metabolic cooperation] were used to analyze marine sediment extracts fractionated by two different methods: silica gel column chromatography and acid–base fractionation. Results indicated that a sediment extract fractionated with different methods can lead to different conclusions about the same sediment. This research also further evaluated the new, mutagenic, bacterial bioassay Mutatox. Mutatox generally correlated with SCE and the Salmonella typhimurium assays. This rapid, operationally simple bioassay has potential as a screening bioassay to detect genotoxic agents. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

采用MicrotoxTM、MutatoxTM、姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)和代谢合作(metabolic cooperation)四种生物测定方法对硅胶柱层析和酸碱分馏两种不同方法分离的海洋沉积物提取物进行了分析。结果表明，对同一种沉积物，不同的分馏方法可得到不同的分馏结论。本研究还进一步评价了新的、诱变的、细菌生物测定的Mutatox。突变通常与SCE和鼠伤寒沙门菌检测相关。这种快速、操作简单的生物测定法有潜力作为一种筛选生物测定法来检测基因毒性物质。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 20

Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis H‐14 strains isolated in Egypt. VII. Toxicity to insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of mosquitoes 苏云金芽孢杆菌H‐14埃及分离株的研究。7。对抗杀虫剂和敏感蚊子的毒性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090206

A. Abdel-Hameed, C. Leake, G. Carlberg, S. Niemelä, O. El-Tayeb

Two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 (M1 and S128) isolated in Egypt were bioassayed in the laboratory against various insecticide-susceptible and -resistant mosquito species and strains. The results for both bacterial strains tested against Aedes (4 strains), Culex (4 strains), and Anopheles (7 strains) larvae indicate a wide spectrum of larvicidal activity within the Culicidae. Generally, fourth instar larvae of the Aedes and Culex strains were found to be more susceptible than third instar larvae of Anopheles strains. In addition, mosquito strains within the same species that have different geographical origins and/or resistance patterns to residual insecticides were found to have different susceptibilites to the tested preparations. No apparent relationship was found between resistance to insecticides in these mosquito strains and their susceptibility to the tested preparations of B. thuringiensis H-14. These data indicate that B. thuringiensis H-14 could be of potential use against insecticide-resistant vector populations in integrated disease-control programs. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

对从埃及分离的2株苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14 (M1和S128)进行了室内生物测定，测定其对多种杀虫剂敏感和耐药蚊种和毒株的抗性。对伊蚊(4株)、库蚊(4株)和按蚊(7株)幼虫的检测结果表明，库蚊科两种细菌均具有广谱的杀幼虫活性。一般来说，伊蚊和库蚊4龄幼虫比按蚊3龄幼虫更敏感。此外，发现同一物种中具有不同地理来源和/或对残留杀虫剂抗性模式的蚊虫品系对所测制剂的敏感性不同。这些蚊虫对杀虫剂的抗性与对苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14制剂的敏感性无明显关系。这些数据表明，在综合疾病控制规划中，苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14可用于抗杀虫剂病媒种群。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 1

Soil respiration, ATP content, and Photobacterium toxicity test as indicators of metal pollution in soil 土壤呼吸、三磷酸腺苷含量和光细菌毒性试验作为土壤金属污染的指标

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090207

P. Vanhala, J. Ahtiainen

The effects of heavy metal deposition from four different metalworks on soil respiration, ATP content, and toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum were examined. Soil samples were collected along a transect through the pollution gradients. Vegetation and soil types were homogeneous throughout the transects. Soil respiration was measured as CO2 production in closed bottles using an IR-gas analyzer. The ATP content was measured with a bioluminometric assay after trichloracetic acid extraction of soil. The toxicities of distilled water extracts of soil samples were evaluated by the standard P. phosphoreum toxicity test and the metal content of these water extracts was measured as the bioavailable fraction of the heavy metal pollution in the soil. Soil respiration and ATP content were strongly affected by the heavy metal content in the soil. The correlation between the methods was high. The P. phosphoreum procedure can be used to estimate the toxicity of soils heavily polluted by metals. However, soil respiration and ATP content appear to be more sensitive indicators of soil pollution. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

研究了4种不同金属厂重金属沉降对土壤呼吸、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量及光细菌对磷的毒性的影响。土壤样品沿着污染梯度的样带采集。植被和土壤类型在整个样带中都是均匀的。土壤呼吸是用红外气体分析仪测量密闭瓶中的二氧化碳产量。三氯乙酸提取土壤后，用生物荧光法测定ATP含量。采用标准磷磷毒性试验评价土壤样品蒸馏水提取物的毒性，并测定其金属含量作为土壤重金属污染的生物可利用分数。土壤呼吸和ATP含量受土壤重金属含量的强烈影响。方法间相关性高。磷磷法可用于重金属污染土壤的毒性评价。然而，土壤呼吸和ATP含量似乎是土壤污染更敏感的指标。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 70

Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 strains isolated in Egypt. VI: Correlation between specific plasmids and δ-endotoxin production 苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14埃及分离株的研究。特定质粒与δ-内毒素产生的相关性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090205

A. Abdel-Hameed, G. Carlberg, K. Lindström, O. El-Tayeb

The crystal-producing (cry+) strains M1 and S128 of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14, and several noncrystal-producing (cry−) mutants derived from them, were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DMA in attempts to correlate δ-endotoxin production with the presence of a specific plasmid(s). Plasmid analysis of both parent strains revealed the presence of several plasmids in the size range of 3.2–130 megadalton (Mdal). The two strains were found to have identical plasmid profiles, except that strain M1 contained an additional plasmid of 68 Mdal. All the cry− mutants derived from the cry+ parental strains had lost at least a 75 Mdal plasmid. On the other hand, plasmid analysis of cry+ derivatives cured of one or more plasmids revealed that they all harbored the 75 Mdal plasmid. This correlation was further confirmed by a plasmid transfer experiment in which strain M1 transmitted the crystal-producing phenotype to a noncrystal-producing B. thuringiensis recipient. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the 75 Mdal plasmid was present in all the isolated cry+ transcipients and absent in all the isolated cry− transcipients. These results demonstrate that the structural genes for the δ-endotoxin in the isolated strains of B. thuringiensis H-14 are borne on the 75 Mdal plasmid. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

我们分析了苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14的产晶(cry+)菌株M1和S128，以及由它们衍生的几种非产晶(cry -)突变体是否存在质粒DMA，试图将δ-内毒素的产生与特定质粒的存在联系起来。对两个亲本菌株的质粒分析显示存在多个大小在3.2-130兆道尔顿(Mdal)之间的质粒。除了菌株M1含有一个额外的68 Mdal质粒外，发现这两个菌株具有相同的质粒谱。所有来自cry+亲本菌株的cry -突变体都至少丢失了一个75个Mdal质粒。另一方面，对一个或多个质粒固化的cry+衍生物的质粒分析表明，它们都含有75 Mdal质粒。这种相关性在质粒转移实验中得到进一步证实，在质粒转移实验中，菌株M1将产晶表型传递给非产晶的苏云金芽孢杆菌受体。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示，75 Mdal质粒存在于所有分离的cry+胚芽中，不存在于所有分离的cry -胚芽中。结果表明，苏云金芽孢杆菌H-14的δ-内毒素结构基因携带在75 Mdal质粒上。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 5

Paper as reference material in “Sturm test” applied to insoluble substances 纸作为“Sturm试验”中不溶性物质的参考材料

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090202

L. Musmeci, P. Gucci, L. Volterra

The ever-increasing use of plastics for the packaging, wrapping, and transportation of goods is causing serious concern in regard to their environmental fate when they are carelessly discarded (visual pollution), or disposed off by dumping or by incineration. For this reason in the last few years in Italy legislation was introduced, specif ing that the plastics used in the manufacturing of shopping bags must be “biodegradable.” The selected test for assaying biodegradability was the modified Sturm method. In applying this assay the choice of reference standard materials, which associates two characteristics—biodegradability and insolubility—is a major problem. The possibility was investigated of utilizing a paper sample. The modified Sturm method revealed that the biodegradability of six paper samples varied from 54.5 to 75.2%; papers of two shopping bags showed a biodegradadability of 48.0 and 95.0%, respectively. The variability in the results was due to the composition of the paper. Results from this study indicate that the kind of paper to be used as reference material in the modified Sturm method has to be strictly selected in order to guarantee the reproducibility of the measures. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

塑料在包装、包装和货物运输中的使用日益增加，当它们被随意丢弃(视觉污染)或通过倾倒或焚烧处理时，它们的环境命运引起了严重关注。出于这个原因，意大利在过去几年里出台了立法，规定用于制造购物袋的塑料必须是“可生物降解的”。测定生物降解性的试验选择改良Sturm法。在应用该方法时，参考标准物质的选择是一个主要问题，因为它与生物可降解性和不溶性两个特性有关。研究了利用纸样的可能性。改进的Sturm法表明，6种纸样的生物降解率在54.5 ~ 75.2%之间;两种购物袋纸的生物降解率分别为48.0%和95.0%。结果的变化是由于论文的组成。本研究结果表明，为保证测量结果的重现性，必须严格选择改进Sturm方法中作为参考材料的纸张种类。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 3

Toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water to growing pigs, as an animal model for human injury and risk assessment 饮用水中蓝藻(蓝藻)铜绿微囊藻对生长猪的毒性研究，作为人体损伤的动物模型及风险评估

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090209

Ian R. Falconer, Michael D. Burch, D. Steffensen, Mandy Choice, O. Robert Coverdale

Hepatotoxins from blue-green algae are increasingly recognized as a potential hazard in drinking water supplies. The clinical consequences of ingestion include acute or chronic liver injury, with the possibility of enhanced susceptibility to, and growth of, liver tumors. To establish guidelines for water safety requires the demonstration of dose-dependent effects of toxicity and experimental determination of maximum “no-adverse-effect levels.” This paper describes the use of growing pigs as a model for human injury resulting from Microcystis toxins in drinking water. Risk assessment calculations using a series of safety factors are carried out, resulting in a guideline level after incorporating an additional safety factor for tumor promotion of approximately 1.0 μg toxins/L. With the Microcystis used for this trial, that concentration corresponds to 5000 cells/mL. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

来自蓝绿藻的肝毒素越来越被认为是饮用水供应中的潜在危害。摄入的临床后果包括急性或慢性肝损伤，并可能增加肝肿瘤的易感性和生长。为了建立水安全准则，需要证明毒性的剂量依赖效应，并通过实验确定最大的“无不良影响水平”。本文描述了使用生长猪作为饮用水中微囊藻毒素造成人体损伤的模型。使用一系列安全系数进行风险评估计算，在纳入约1.0 μg毒素/L的肿瘤促进安全系数后，得出指导水平。对于本试验使用的微囊藻，该浓度相当于5000个细胞/mL。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 226

Fertilizer applications, nitrate loading patterns, water resources quality and their ecotoxicological implications in Awka area of Nigeria 尼日利亚Awka地区化肥施用、硝酸盐负荷模式、水资源质量及其生态毒理学影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090210

F. C. Ezeonu, B. Egboka, S. Aze

Nitrogen fertilizer applications at the mean rate of 500 kg ha−1 nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium, 280 kg ha−1 urea, and 200 kg ha−1 calcium ammonium nitrate reported for the year 1990 in the Awka area of Nigeria exceeded the recommended doses for the region. An inestimable amount of these are unabsorbed by plants and are leached as soluble nitrates into surface and groundwater environments. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

引用次数: 7

Distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites in an Indian waterway 二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)及其代谢物在印度水道中的分布

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090212

C. Sujatha, S. M. Nair, N. Kumar, J. Chacko

This paper reports on the results of systematic analyses carried out to assess the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDD in a tropical waterway, the Cochin Estuarine System. Six sampling stations along the system were studied. Analyses were carried out during premonsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon seasons. ΣDDT concentrations as high as 55.422 μg L−1 were detected. The predominant DDT metabolite was found to be p,p′-DDE. During the monsoon season, o,p′-DDT was not detected at any of the sampling Stations. Station 1 (riverine) and station 6 (coastal zone barmouth) emerged as DDT-free zones and the analytical results have enabled the identification of DDT “hot spots” in the estuary. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

本文报道了对热带水道科钦河口水系中二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)及其代谢物o,p ' -DDT、p,p ' -DDE和p,p ' -DDD的分布进行系统分析的结果。对系统沿线的6个采样站进行了研究。在季风前、季风和季风后季节进行了分析。ΣDDT浓度高达55.422 μg L−1。DDT的主要代谢物为p,p′-DDE。在季风季节，在任何采样站均未检测到o,p ' -滴滴涕。1号站(河流)和6号站(海岸带barmouth)成为无DDT区，分析结果使河口DDT“热点”得以识别。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 15

Toxicity assessment of wastewater treatment processes using the microtox 45% screening test procedure 使用microtox 45%筛选试验程序对废水处理过程进行毒性评估

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090213

T. Sim, W. Ng, A. Bulich, K. Ng

引用次数: 1

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