Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

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Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and microtox assays to hepatotoxic (microcystin‐LR‐containing) cyanobacteria 盐水虾和microtox检测对肝毒性(含微囊藻毒素- LR -)蓝藻特异性的比较评估

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090109

D. Campbell, L. Lawton, K. Beattie, G. Codd

Specific, straightforward, and rapid procedures are required for the detection, identification, and quantification of the potent low molecular weight toxins that are produced by blooms and scums of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in waterbodies. Use of the Microtox bioluminescence assay and the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) has been advocated for the initial screening of cyanobacterial blooms for microcystin hepatotoxins. Inhibition of bacterial luminescence in the Microtox assay and brine shrimp mortality were determined with microcystin-containing and nonmicrocystin-containing cyanobacteria. Extraction and fractionation of test samples was undertaken to select and isolate microcystincontaining fractions and reduce interference from other fractions. Maximal inhibition of bacterial luminescence in the Microtox assay occurred with fractions from Microcystis strains and an Anabaena bloom that did not contain microcystins. By contrast, the bioassay of fractions using brine shrimps correlated with the distribution of microcystin-LR in the fractionated Microcystis extracts. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

水体中蓝藻(蓝绿藻)的水华和浮渣产生的强效低分子量毒素需要具体、直接和快速的检测、鉴定和定量程序。使用Microtox生物发光试验和盐水虾(Artemia salina)被提倡用于微囊藻毒素肝毒素蓝藻华的初步筛选。用含微囊藻毒素和不含微囊藻毒素的蓝藻测定了Microtox试验中细菌发光的抑制作用和盐水虾的死亡率。对测试样品进行提取和分离，以选择和分离含有微囊藻毒素的部分，减少其他部分的干扰。在Microtox实验中，对细菌发光的最大抑制发生在微囊藻菌株和不含微囊藻毒素的水藻华的部分。相比之下，用卤虾提取的微囊藻提取物的生物测定结果与微囊藻毒素lr在微囊藻提取物中的分布相关。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 96

Potential application of biophysical interrelationships for faster evaluation of sequencing batch reactor effluent quality 生物物理相互关系在序批式反应器出水质量快速评价中的潜在应用

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090105

T. Sim, W. Ng, S. Ong, K. Ng, M. Ramasamy, K. N. Tan

Conventional parameters for assessing effluent quality like the 5-day biological oxygen demand, (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms take from one to five days before the tests are completed. Simple, rapid, economical, and reliable methods to determine wastewater quality parameters are essential for the effective control of effluent discharges and the monitoring of process performance. If disinfection is necessary, these rapid methods may be used to quickly estimate the disinfection requirements and to ensure that the final effluent quality is microbiologically adequate. This is especially applicable to the sequencing batch reactor system, which treats wastewater in a batchwise manner. The 6-h coliphage, 3-h chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 1/2-h total organic carbon (TOC) tests have been identified as rapid tests. Being microbiologically related, the coliphage test was shown to have a good degree of correlation with coliform levels in the effluent. Predictions of coliform numbers may be made by enumeration of the phages. The COD was also correlated and shown to produce a quick estimate of the total BOD5, TSS, and coliform values. Although the TOC test is based on the dissolved portion of the effluent, it may also be used as a rapid estimation of the total BOD5, TSS, and coliform values. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

评估废水质量的常规参数，如5天生物需氧量(BOD5)、总悬浮固体(TSS)和大肠菌群，需要1至5天才能完成测试。简单、快速、经济、可靠地确定废水水质参数的方法是有效控制废水排放和监测工艺性能的必要条件。如果需要消毒，这些快速方法可用于快速估计消毒要求，并确保最终流出物的微生物质量是适当的。这尤其适用于以分批方式处理废水的顺序间歇式反应器系统。6小时的噬菌体、3小时的化学需氧量(COD)和1/2小时的总有机碳(TOC)试验已被确定为快速试验。由于与微生物有关，噬菌体试验显示与流出物中的大肠菌群水平有良好的相关性。大肠菌群数量的预测可以通过噬菌体的计数来实现。COD也是相关的，并显示出对总BOD5, TSS和大肠菌群值的快速估计。虽然TOC测试是基于废水的溶解部分，但它也可用于快速估计总BOD5、TSS和大肠菌群值。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 3

Comparative assessment of the SOS Chromotest kit and the Mutatox test with the Salmonella plate incorporation (Ames test) and fluctuation tests for screening genotoxic agents SOS显色试验试剂盒与沙门氏菌平板掺入(Ames试验)和波动试验对基因毒性筛选的比较评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090107

R. Legault, C. Blaise, D. Rokosh, R. Chong-Kit

Genuine needs for rapid, simple, and cost-efficient biotesting procedures to screen an ever-increasing number of chemicals and environmental samples are making the search for such assays a constant endeavor. With respect to genotoxicity screening, we compared, in this study, the performance of two novel assays (Vibrio fischeri M169 Mutatox™ assay and the Escherichia coli PQ37 SOS Chromotest kit assay) with two well-established Ames testing procedures (plate incorporation and fluctuation assays). Testing material included 14 chemicals (10 potentially directly acting and 4 indirectly acting compounds) reflecting different chemical classes (2 inorganics, 2 pesticides, 2 halogenated hydrocarbons, 2 alkylating agents, 2 aromatic amines, 1 chlorophenol, and 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Comparative assessment criteria included (1) interprocedural agreement in detecting presence or absence of genotoxicity, (2) accuracy in being able to recognize animal (non)carcinogens, and (3) sensitivity (detection of lowest actively genotoxic concentration). In terms of qualitative responses, both the SOS Chromotest (86% agreement) and Mutatox assays (93% agreement) were good predictors of the Ames testing mutagenicity. For their capability to correctly discriminate between (non)carcinogens, accuracy was 82% (9 of 11 chemicals) for Mutatox, 73% (8 of 11 chemicals) for Ames testing, and 64% (7 of 11 chemicals) for the SOS Chromotest. In general, the Salmonella-based assays proved more sensitive (6 times out of 9 chemicals) than the Mutatox (3 times out of 9 chemicals) and the SOS Chromotest (never more sensitive). Overall, this study demonstrates reliable performances by both the SOS Chromotest and Mutatox for chemical genotoxicity screening when results are referenced to the well-validated Ames assay. Although additional comparative data with other chemicals will be required, it appears likely that these more practical and cost-efficient procedures can be presently useful to screen genotoxic activity of various xenobiotics and environmental samples. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

对快速、简单和经济有效的生物检测程序的真正需求，以筛选越来越多的化学品和环境样品，这使得寻找这种检测方法成为一项持续的努力。在遗传毒性筛选方面，我们在本研究中比较了两种新型检测方法(费氏弧菌M169 Mutatox™检测和大肠杆菌PQ37 SOS显色试剂盒检测)与两种成熟的Ames检测方法(平板掺入法和波动法)的性能。测试材料包括14种化学物质(10种可能直接作用的化合物和4种间接作用的化合物)，反映了不同的化学类别(2种无机物、2种农药、2种卤化烃、2种烷基化剂、2种芳香胺、1种氯苯酚和3种多环芳烃)。比较评估标准包括(1)检测是否存在遗传毒性的程序间一致性，(2)能够识别动物(非)致癌物质的准确性，以及(3)灵敏度(检测最低活性遗传毒性浓度)。在定性反应方面，SOS显色试验(86%的一致性)和Mutatox试验(93%的一致性)都是Ames测试致突变性的良好预测指标。对于正确区分(非)致癌物的能力，Mutatox检测的准确率为82%(11种化学物质中的9种)，Ames检测的准确率为73%(11种化学物质中的8种)，SOS Chromotest检测的准确率为64%(11种化学物质中的7种)。一般来说，以沙门氏菌为基础的检测被证明比Mutatox(9种化学物质中的3倍)和SOS Chromotest(从来没有更敏感)更敏感(9种化学物质中的6倍)。总的来说，本研究证明了SOS显色试验和Mutatox在化学遗传毒性筛选中的可靠性能，当结果与经过充分验证的Ames试验相参考时。虽然还需要与其他化学品进行更多的比较数据，但这些更实际和成本效益更高的程序目前可能有助于筛选各种外源性药物和环境样品的基因毒性活性。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 67

Biochemical and genotoxic effects in the vicinity of a pulp mill discharge 纸浆厂排放物附近的生化和遗传毒性效应

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090108

P. Wong, Y. Chau, N. Ali, D. Whittle

Sediment and water samples were taken from five sites in Thunder Bay, one upstream (control) and four downstream locations from a bleached kraft pulp mill. Biochemical effects were examined by estimating the carbohydrate content and enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and dehydrogenase in the sediment. Genotoxicity and toxicity of sediment and water were assessed by the SOS Chromotest, although liver microsomal samples were not used to screen for progenotoxic substances. Sediment and water samples were also analyzed for resin and fatty acids, which indicate the degree of effluent contamination. Significant differences in enzyme activity and carbohydrate content were found between sites. Genotoxic values were obtained for downstream water samples for most of the sampling months, however, the sediment only showed genotoxic activity in the July and October samples. The study showed that there are substances causing genotoxic and biochemical effects in the Kaministiquia River, Ontario. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

沉积物和水样取自桑德湾的五个地点，一个上游(对照)和四个下游的漂白硫酸盐纸浆厂。通过测定沉积物中碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶和脱氢酶的碳水化合物含量和酶活性来检测其生化效应。虽然没有使用肝微粒体样本来筛选前基因毒性物质，但通过SOS显色试验评估了沉积物和水的遗传毒性和毒性。沉积物和水样也分析了树脂和脂肪酸，这表明污水污染的程度。酶活性和碳水化合物含量在不同位点之间存在显著差异。在大部分采样月份，下游水样均获得了基因毒性值，但沉积物仅在7月和10月的样品中显示出基因毒性活性。研究表明，安大略省的Kaministiquia河中存在引起遗传毒性和生化效应的物质。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 16

Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with Nigerian maize 产黄曲霉毒素的真菌与尼日利亚玉米有关

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090104

Jane Aja-Nwachukwu, S. O. Emejuaiwe

Maize samples were obtained from different locations—namely Aba, Abakaliki, Afikpo, Okigwe, and Owerri—all in southeast Nigeria. Twelve mold species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Acremonium (Cephalosporium) were isolated. The presence of aflatoxin B1 was detected in 80% of the samples by the characteristic blue fluorescence that appeared on silica gel coated thin layer chromatography plates when viewed with a long-wave ultraviolet radiation source alongside an aflatoxin standard. Eight isolates of the Aspergillus flavus group obtained from the maize samples were tested for aflatoxin production. Natural medium (maize) at 26°C and moisture content adjusted to no less than 20% was used. Aflatoxin was produced to some degree by 87.5% of the isolates. There was no aflatoxin production at a market moisture content of 5.4% and temperature of 25, 30, and 35°C. However, at 26°C and increased moisture contents of 22.3–24.9%, varying amounts of aflatoxin were produced. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

玉米样本来自尼日利亚东南部的不同地点，即Aba、Abakaliki、Afikpo、Okigwe和Owerri-all。分离到曲霉属、青霉属、枝孢菌属、交替菌属、镰刀菌属和顶孢菌属(头孢菌属)12种霉菌。当与黄曲霉毒素标准一起用长波紫外线辐射源观察时，通过在硅胶涂层薄层色谱板上出现的特征蓝色荧光，在80%的样品中检测到黄曲霉毒素B1的存在。对从玉米样品中分离得到的8株黄曲霉组进行了黄曲霉毒素产量检测。采用26℃的天然培养基(玉米)，水分调节至不低于20%。87.5%的菌株产生黄曲霉毒素。在市场湿度为5.4%，温度为25、30和35℃时，黄曲霉毒素不产生。然而，在26°C和水分含量增加22.3-24.9%时，产生不同数量的黄曲霉毒素。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 21

A rapid bioassay for toxicity assessment of chemicals: Reverse electron transport assay 化学药品毒性评价的快速生物测定法:反向电子传递测定法

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090310

L. Knobeloch, G. Blondin, J. Harkin

引用次数: 18

Interactive toxic effect and distribution of heavy metals in phytoplankton 重金属在浮游植物中的相互作用毒性效应及分布

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090103

H. Okamura, I. Aoyama

Assessing the interactive toxic effect of chemicals in the environment is becoming a matter of increasing public focus on and concern with ecotoxicological aspects. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between an interactive toxic effect and distribution of heavy metals in algal cells. The green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea Gernec(IAMC-27) was cultured for 6 days in the presence of cadmium and/or chromium. Algal cells were divided into 4 fractions by centrifugation after the cells were disrupted using a French press. The amounts of the metals in each fraction were determined. The interaction effect between the two metals on algal growth was investigated. The amount of one metal taken up in the cells and the growth inhibition rate increased with the concentration of metals in the medium. The amount of one metal in the cells was increased due to the presence of the other metal. Accordingly, the growth inhibition rate also increased. The amounts of Cd accumulated in the soluble fraction and in the membrane fraction of algal cells were 50 and 20%, respectively, of the total amount in the cells. The presence of Cr changed the Cd concentration in both fractions to 40%. The amount of Cr accumulated in each fraction was almost the same in the absence of Cd. The amount of Cr accumulated in the cell wall fraction rose to 90% after 3 days of exposure and it stayed as high as 50% even at the end of the six-day study period in the presence of Cd. It was assumed that the presence of one metal influenced the distribution of the other metal in the cells, which resulted in the synergistic toxic effect. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

评估化学品在环境中的相互作用毒性效应正成为公众日益关注和关注生态毒理学方面的问题。本研究的目的是发现相互作用的毒性效应与重金属在藻类细胞中的分布之间的关系。将绿藻小球藻(Chlorella ellipsoidea Gernec, iam27)在镉和/或铬环境中培养6天。用法式压滤机破坏藻类细胞后，离心将其分成4份。测定了每个馏分中金属的含量。研究了两种金属对藻类生长的相互作用。细胞对一种金属的吸收量和生长抑制率随培养基中金属浓度的增加而增加。电池中一种金属的含量由于另一种金属的存在而增加。相应的，生长抑制率也增加了。藻类细胞的可溶性部分和膜部分Cd的积累量分别占细胞总量的50%和20%。Cr的存在使两个馏分中的Cd浓度都达到了40%。铬积累的数量在每个分数几乎是相同的Cd。没有细胞壁中铬积累的分数上升到90%后3天的曝光和它保持甚至高达50%的最后六天研究期间的Cd。假设一个金属的存在影响了其他金属的分布在细胞,导致协同毒性作用。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 42

Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by micromycetes. III. Deuteromycetes 微菌对五氯酚的生物降解。3半知菌纲

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090106

J. Benoit-Guyod, F. Seigle-Murandi, R. Steiman, L. Sage, A. Toe

A third study on the biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) (100 mg L−1) by micromycetes was done with 784 strains of Deuteromycetes cultivated in liquid synthetic medium. The disappearance of PCP after 5 days of cultivation was compared with POx production. Mean PCP depletion was 56% for Agonomycetales, 60% for Coelomycetes, 51% for Dematiaceae, 52% for Mucedinaceae (other than Aspergillus and Penicillium), 56 and 57%, respectively, for Aspergillus and Penicillium, and 42% for Tuberculariales. Although some genera gave homogeneous results (Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Coniothyrium, Penicillium), a great variability was observed as well in PCP depletion as in POx production, reflecting the heterogeneity of this artificial taxonomic group. With a few exceptions, correlation between POx production and PCP disappearance was low or nonexistent. Another factor, probably not enzymatic, could be involved. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

用784株在液体合成培养基中培养的后菌对五氯酚(PCP) (100 mg L−1)的生物降解进行了研究。将培养5 d后PCP消失量与痘菌产量进行比较。agonomyceales的PCP平均耗用率为56%，coelomycales为60%，Dematiaceae为51%，Mucedinaceae(曲霉和青霉菌除外)为52%，Aspergillus和Penicillium分别为56%和57%，Tuberculariales为42%。尽管一些属给出了均匀的结果(Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Coniothyrium, Penicillium)，但在PCP消耗和痘产生方面也观察到很大的差异，反映了这一人工分类群的异质性。除了少数例外，痘产生和PCP消失之间的相关性很低或不存在。另一个因素，可能与酶无关。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 8

Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by micromycetes. II. Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and yeasts 微菌对五氯酚的生物降解。2子囊菌、担子菌和酵母

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090102

R. Steiman, J. Benoit-Guyod, F. Seigle-Murandi, L. Sage, A. Toe

Following a previous study on the biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) (100 mg L−1) by Zygomycetes, other taxonomic groups (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Yeasts) have been investigated in relation to their ability to produce extracellular phenoloxidases. Ascomycetes gave heterogeneous results since disappearance of PCP occurred both in phenoloxidases-producing and non-producing strains. Basidiomycetes were high producers of phenoloxidases and showed a moderate depletion of PCP. Yeasts degraded PCP very poorly and did not produce phenoloxidases. No correlation was found between phenoloxidases production and PCP depletion. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

在之前关于合子菌对五氯酚(PCP) (100 mg L−1)的生物降解的研究之后，其他分类类群(子囊菌、担子菌和酵母)也被研究了它们产生细胞外酚氧化酶的能力。子囊菌的结果不一致，因为产酚氧化酶和不产酚氧化酶的菌株都发生了PCP的消失。担子菌是酚氧化酶的高生产者，并表现出适度的PCP消耗。酵母对PCP的降解很差，不产生酚氧化酶。苯酚氧化酶的产生与PCP消耗之间没有相关性。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 11

Deshydrogenase activity : significance and importance of the methodology 脱氢酶活性:方法的意义和重要性

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1991-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/02772249109357659

D. Rossel, J. Tarradellas

Reference CECOTOX-ARTICLE-1991-003View record in Web of Science Record created on 2005-07-15, modified on 2016-08-08

参考文献cecoox - article -1991-003在Web of Science record中查看记录，创建日期为2005-07-15，修改日期为2016-08-08

引用次数: 0

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