Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

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Estimation of cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in estuarine waters using the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L. 利用贻贝对河口水域中镉、铅和汞浓度的估计。

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090305

J. G. Fabris, B. Richardson, J. O'Sullivan, F. Brown

Accumulation of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the tissues of the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L. from the Derwent Estuary, Hobart, Australia was linear over a range of metal concentrations in the ambient water, provided that the condition index of the mussels (meat weight/shell weight) indicated that the organisms were not under environmental stress. Polynomial regression analysis of accumulation rates against ambient concentrations of the respective metals in the water column in the vicinity of the mussels showed that the relationships depended upon the physical speciation of the metals (i.e., filtrable vs particlate metals). The results indicated that it may be feasible to use metal accumulation rates in mussels to provide broad-based estimates of metal concentrations in marine waters, provided that the organisms have been calibrated under conditions similar to those prevailing at the proposed monitoring sites. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

澳大利亚霍巴特德文特河口贻贝(Mytilus edulis planulatus L.)组织中镉、铅和汞的积累随环境水中金属浓度的变化呈线性关系，前提是贻贝的状态指数(肉重/壳重)表明该生物没有受到环境胁迫。对贻贝附近水柱中各自金属的环境浓度的积累速率进行的多项式回归分析表明，这种关系取决于金属的物理形态(即可过滤金属与颗粒金属)。结果表明，如果这些生物是在与拟议监测点的普遍条件相似的条件下进行校准的，那么利用贻贝的金属积累速率来提供海洋水域金属浓度的广泛估计可能是可行的。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 39

Removal of influenza A virus, phage T1, and PP7 from fluids with a nylon 0.04‐μM membrane filter 用0.04 μM尼龙膜过滤器从液体中去除甲型流感病毒、噬菌体T1和PP7

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090302

K. Oshima, A. Highsmith, E. Ades

We tested the ability of a 0.04-μm nylon membrane filter to remove viral agents (influenza A virus, 80–120 nm; phage T1, 50–150 nm; and phage PP7, 25 nm) from the following media: ultrapure water (UPW), Dulbecco's modified Eagle minimum essential medium (DMEM), gelatin phosphate (GP), DMEM with 10% (DMEM-10) fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100% FBS. When challenged with at least 3.0 × 107 plaque-forming units/mL, no influenza A virus was detected downstream of the filter with any of the fluids tested. The titer reduction (Tr) was determined using the equation: . Higher concentrations of phage T1 were removed from UPW (Tr = 1.6 × 106) and DMEM (Tr = 1.1 × 106) than from GP (Tr = 9.3 × 103), DMEM-10 (Tr = 1.5 × 102), and 100% FBS (Tr = 2.4 × 102). Phage PP7 was removed in significant numbers only in ultrapure water (Tr = 8.5 × 104). The results indicate that adsorption enhanced the titer reduction in fluids containing low levels of protein. The titer reduction in DMEM-10 and 100% FBS may reflect the sieving properties of the 0.04-μm filter. As expected, a much smaller Tr was observed in the filtrate of the 0.2-μm filters, compared to the 0.04 μm filters. In contrast to the 0.04-μm filter, no increase in Tr was detected when the 0.2-μm filters were challenged with virus diluted in UPW compared with virus diluted in GP. These results suggest that the 0.04-μm filter has greater adsorptive properties than the 0.2-μm filter. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

我们测试了0.04-μm尼龙膜过滤器去除病毒因子的能力(甲型流感病毒，80-120 nm;噬菌体T1, 50-150 nm;和噬菌体PP7, 25 nm)，从以下培养基:超纯水(UPW)， Dulbecco's modified Eagle minimum essential medium (DMEM)，明胶磷酸盐(GP)，含10% (DMEM-10)胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM，和100%胎牛血清。当用至少3.0 × 107个空斑形成单位/mL攻毒时，在过滤器下游检测到的任何液体均未检测到甲型流感病毒。滴度还原(Tr)用公式确定:UPW (Tr = 1.6 × 106)和DMEM (Tr = 1.1 × 106)中噬菌体T1的去除浓度高于GP (Tr = 9.3 × 103)、DMEM-10 (Tr = 1.5 × 102)和100% FBS (Tr = 2.4 × 102)。噬菌体PP7仅在超纯水中被大量去除(Tr = 8.5 × 104)。结果表明，在含有低水平蛋白质的液体中，吸附增强了滴度的降低。DMEM-10和100% FBS的滴度降低可能反映了0.04-μm过滤器的筛分性能。正如预期的那样，与0.04 μm过滤器相比，0.2 μm过滤器的滤液中的Tr要小得多。与0.04 μm滤纸相比，0.2 μm滤纸经UPW稀释后与GP稀释后相比，未检测到Tr增加。结果表明，0.04 μm过滤器的吸附性能优于0.2 μm过滤器。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 3

Allium test II: Assessment of a chemical's genotoxic potential by recording aberrations in chromosomes and cell divisions in root tips of Allium cepa L. Allium test II:通过记录Allium cepa L根尖的染色体畸变和细胞分裂来评估化学物质的遗传毒性潜力。

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090311

G. Fiskesjö

引用次数: 68

Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fungal propagules in freshwater ponds 2,4‐二氯苯氧乙酸对淡水池塘真菌繁殖体的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090308

J. Sherry

The effect of treatments with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on fungal propagules in man-made freshwater ponds was studied as part of a larger investigation into the effects of the herbicide on the ponds' ecology and chemistry. Myriophyllum spicatum was planted in the ponds as a target plant; the ponds were allowed to stabilize before being treated with dimethylamine (DMA) and butoxyethylester derivatives of 2,4-D (1 mg/L). Although the 2,4-D treatments were highly toxic to M. spicatum in the ponds (B. F. Scott et al., 1985a) they did not have a clear effect on fungal propagule levels in either the water column or sediment, which indicates the absence of a primary effect. The mean levels of molds and “total fungi” in both pairs of treated ponds, and of yeasts in the DMA-treated ponds, tended to be depressed relative to the control ponds, for up to 114 days after treatment. That observation was reinforced by plots of the accumulated differences between the treated and control ponds. The differences between the mean fungal levels in the control and treated ponds were erratic, however, and the study's design did not permit a thorough statistical analysis of the data, although a multiple comparison test detected some differences (p < 0.05) between propagule levels, particularly molds, in the treated and control ponds. If real, the trends were probably a result of unidentified secondary effects of the pond treatments. The results imply that applications of 2,4-D to aquatic vegetation at realistic rates do not drastically affect fungal propagule levels in the water column or sediment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

研究了2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4- d)处理对人工淡水池塘真菌繁殖体的影响，作为该除草剂对池塘生态和化学影响的更大调查的一部分。在池塘中种植狐尾豆科植物作为目标植物;在用二甲胺(DMA)和2,4- d丁氧乙酯衍生物(1 mg/L)处理前，让池塘稳定下来。尽管2,4- d处理对池塘中的spicatum具有高毒性(B. F. Scott et al.， 1985)，但对水柱或沉积物中的真菌繁殖体水平没有明显影响，这表明没有主要影响。两组处理池中霉菌和“总真菌”的平均水平，以及dma处理池中酵母菌的平均水平，在处理后的114天内，相对于对照池有下降的趋势。处理池和对照池之间累积差异的图进一步证实了这一观察结果。然而，对照池和处理池中平均真菌水平之间的差异是不稳定的，并且研究的设计不允许对数据进行彻底的统计分析，尽管多次比较检验发现处理池和控制池中繁殖体水平之间存在一些差异(p < 0.05)，特别是霉菌。如果这是真的，那么这种趋势很可能是池塘处理未确定的二次效应的结果。结果表明，以实际速率对水生植被施用2,4- d不会显著影响水柱或沉积物中的真菌繁殖体水平。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 8

The effects of chromium on the growth and activity of a pentachlorophenol‐degrading bacterium 铬对五氯酚降解菌生长和活性的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090306

A. Wall, G. Stratton

The effects of chromium (or chromate, as supplied by CrO3) on a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 53874) were examined in a liquid bacterial growth medium. Cr6+ concentrations ⩾ 5.0 μg mL−1 caused the complete inhibition of bacterial growth. The EC25, EC50, and EC75 calculated after 96 h of incubation were 0.44, 1.44, and 3.82 μg mL−1, respectively. Cr6+ caused an irreversible reduction in total cell yield during the 21-day incubation. Cr6+ also elicited an increase in the lag time recorded before there was measurable pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation by this bacterium. There was also an increase in the overall time required for complete degradation of PCP to nondetectable levels. A similar response was noted with all PCP concentrations examined from 10 to 100 μg mL−1. However, a more pronounced response occurred at the lower PCP concentrations. The significance of these data relative to the in situ use of PCP-degrading bacteria for site bioremediation is outlined. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

在液体细菌生长培养基中研究了铬(或铬酸盐，由CrO3提供)对五氯酚降解黄杆菌sp. (ATCC 53874)的影响。Cr6+浓度小于5.0 μ mL−1导致细菌生长完全抑制。96 h后计算的EC25、EC50和EC75分别为0.44、1.44和3.82 μ mL−1。在21天的孵育期间，Cr6+导致总细胞产量的不可逆降低。Cr6+还引起了该细菌在可测量的五氯酚(PCP)降解之前记录的滞后时间的增加。PCP完全降解至不可检测水平所需的总时间也有所增加。从10到100 μg mL−1检测的所有PCP浓度都有类似的反应。然而，在较低的五氯苯酚浓度下，反应更为明显。概述了这些数据与原位使用pcp降解细菌进行现场生物修复相关的意义。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 9

Rapid toxicity assessment using esterase biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifera) 基于酯酶生物标志物的萼花臂轮虫毒性快速评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090303

S. Burbank, T. Snell

We have developed biomarkers of sublethal toxicity in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus based on the reduction of enzyme activity. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activity was quantified in single rotifers using image analysis and a fluorescence detection system. Esterase activity was localized in the gut and phospholipase A2 activity in the corona of females. Quantitation of enzyme activity demonstrated that toxicant stress reduced activity in a dose-dependent manner. Concentration-response relationships are described for 10 compounds representing a variety of toxicant classes and NOECs are reported. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activities were generally less sensitive end points than reproduction NOECs, but usually were more sensitive than LC50s. Since in vivo enzyme activity can be assessed in 1 h, these biomarkers will be useful where rapid results are important. The cost of performing in vivo enzyme inhibition tests is substantially less than traditional whole animal tests because these require three times more person-hours to execute. Obtaining test animals by hatching cysts, their sensitivity to toxicants, and the rapid results make the rotifer esterase and phospholipase A2 tests good candidates for inclusion in a test battery for rapid toxicity assessment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

基于酶活性的降低，我们开发了淡水轮虫萼花臂轮虫亚致死毒性的生物标志物。采用图像分析和荧光检测系统定量测定单轮虫的酯酶和磷脂酶A2活性。酯酶活性定位于肠道，磷脂酶A2活性定位于冠。酶活性的定量表明，毒物胁迫以剂量依赖的方式降低了酶活性。描述了代表各种毒物类别的10种化合物的浓度-响应关系，并报道了noec。酯酶和磷脂酶A2活性通常比生殖noec敏感度低，但通常比lc50敏感度高。由于体内酶活性可以在1小时内评估，这些生物标志物将在快速结果重要的地方有用。进行体内酶抑制试验的成本大大低于传统的全动物试验，因为这些试验需要三倍多的人-小时来执行。通过孵化包囊获得实验动物，它们对有毒物质的敏感性和快速的结果使轮虫酯酶和磷脂酶A2测试成为快速毒性评估测试电池的良好候选者。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 41

Toxicity potential of a textile dye toward the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum ISU 一种纺织染料对重氮营养蓝藻的毒性潜势

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090304

S. Shukla, G. Gupta

The impact of graded concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L−1) of Omega Chrome Red ME, a common dye used in woollen, carpet, and textile industries, on protein production, pigment content, and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in a diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum ISU, was studied. All concentrations were found to be inhibitory, with lower concentrations (5 mg L−1) producing a negligible effect, while higher concentrations produced a dramatic decrease in the parameters observed. The highest concentration of dye tested (20 mg L−1) resulted in a decrease in protein, chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and carotenoid content of 82.20, 82.69, 46.20 and 41% of control, respectively. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution was decreased by 83.50% of control at the highest dye concentration. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

研究了欧米茄铬红ME(羊毛、地毯和纺织工业中常用的染料)的梯度浓度(5、10、15和20 mg L−1)对重氮营养蓝藻(Nostoc muscorum ISU)中蛋白质生产、色素含量和光合作用氧演化的影响。所有浓度都被发现具有抑制作用，较低浓度(5 mg L−1)产生的影响可以忽略不计，而较高浓度产生的观察参数急剧下降。当染料浓度最高(20 mg L−1)时，蛋白质、叶绿素a、藻蓝蛋白和类胡萝卜素含量分别比对照降低82.20%、82.69%、46.20%和41%。在最高染料浓度下，光合出氧量比对照降低了83.50%。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 2

Peroxidation levels in Eschericia coli as a potential toxicity marker: Effect of nickel and methyl-parathion 作为潜在毒性标志的大肠杆菌过氧化水平:镍和甲基对硫磷的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090307

M. Espigares, L. Lucadamo, C. Coca, E. Aloj, R. Gálvez

The effects of nickel and methyl-parathion were studied in subinhibiting concentrations (40 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively) on the levels of cellular peroxidation in Escherichia coli. These effects were evaluated using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test and the determination of lipofuscin-like substances. Both toxicants caused an increase in cellular peroxidation levels, although at the concentrations used, nickel was shown to be a better inducer than methyl-parathion. The TBA test gave more significant differences than the determination of lipofuscin-like substances when the control cultures were compared to those containing the toxicant. This finding reveals that the TBA test could be used as a toxicity marker in E. coli for the development of ecotoxicity biotests. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

研究了镍和甲基对硫磷亚抑制浓度(分别为40和62.5 μg/mL)对大肠杆菌细胞过氧化水平的影响。使用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)试验和脂褐素样物质的测定来评估这些效果。这两种毒物都引起细胞过氧化水平的增加，尽管在使用的浓度下，镍被证明是比甲基对硫磷更好的诱导剂。当对照培养物与含有有毒物质的培养物进行比较时，TBA试验比脂褐素样物质的测定结果有更显著的差异。本研究结果表明，TBA试验可作为大肠杆菌的毒性标志物，用于开发生态毒性生物试验。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

引用次数: 4

Semiautomated fluorometric analysis of nucleic acids in tissue homogenates 组织匀浆中核酸的半自动荧光分析

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090208

D. Nacci, S. Cheer, E. Jackim, Annette Juinio

This report describes a technique that was developed to provide an efficient and accurate estimation of RNA:DNA ratios. These ratios have been used as an instantaneous measure of recent growth of individual aquatic organisms where morphometrics are not appropriate (e.g., field-collected species) or insufficiently sensitive (e.g., small life stages or species). In this semiautomated, sensitive method, ethidium bromide fluorescence was used to quantitate total nucleic acids in crude homogenates. Individual concentrations of RNA and DNA were determined by differences in fluorescence before and after elimination of RNA by digestion with RNase. Efficiency of the procedure was enhanced using a computer-driven multiwell plate scanning system (CYTOFLUOR, Millipore Corporation1 ) to measure fluorescence at timed intervals and perform data manipulations. Routinely, detection limits of 0.1 μg DNA and 0.4 μg RNA were achieved, allowing the analysis of small, individual organisms. Fluorescence results of split samples were comparable with those obtained using a standard spectro-photometric method to quantitate nucleic acids. Coefficients of variation for replicate samples within an assay (1.6%) and for samples within replicate assays (5.6%) indicated good test reproducibility. Quantitative recoveries of nucleic acid standards spiked into tissue homogenates were generally high, averaging 91.0% for DNA and 119.0% for RNA. Factors affecting the fluorescence of ethidium bromide stained nucleic acids—e.g., nucleic acid source, crude homogenate components, and buffer composition—are discussed relative to assay performance. This method provides a rapid and reliable assessment of individual growth, an important sublethal toxicological end point, that is suitable for both laboratory and field studies. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

本报告描述了一种技术，开发提供有效和准确的估计RNA:DNA比率。在形态计量学不适合(如野外采集的物种)或不够敏感(如小生命阶段或物种)的情况下，这些比率已被用作单个水生生物近期生长的瞬时测量。在这种半自动、灵敏的方法中，使用溴化乙锭荧光定量测定粗匀浆中的总核酸。通过RNase酶切去除RNA前后的荧光差异来测定RNA和DNA的个体浓度。使用计算机驱动的多孔板扫描系统(CYTOFLUOR, Millipore corporation)以定时间隔测量荧光并执行数据操作，提高了程序的效率。常规检测限为0.1 μg DNA和0.4 μg RNA，允许分析小型个体生物。分离样品的荧光结果与使用标准分光光度法定量核酸的结果相当。试验内重复样品的变异系数(1.6%)和重复试验内样品的变异系数(5.6%)表明良好的试验再现性。核酸标准品加入组织匀浆的定量回收率普遍较高，DNA平均回收率为91.0%，RNA平均回收率为119.0%。影响溴化乙锭染色核酸荧光的因素:讨论了相对于分析性能的核酸来源、粗匀浆成分和缓冲液成分。这种方法提供了对个体生长的快速和可靠的评估，这是一个重要的亚致死毒理学终点，适用于实验室和实地研究。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 3

Genotoxicity assessment through the Ames test of medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil 通过Ames试验对巴西常用药用植物进行遗传毒性评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality

Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090203

I. Rivera, M. Martins, P. Sanchez, M. Sato, M. S. Coelho, M. Akisue, G. Akisue

Ten medicinal herbs commonly used as popular medicine in Brazil—Bauhinia forficata L., Bauhinia variegata L., Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf, Echinodorus macrophyllum (Kunth) Micheli, Hidrocotyle asiatica L, Matricaria chamomila L., Pfaffia iresinoides (Kunth) Sprengel, Plaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze, Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb, and Solidago microglossa D.C.—were tested for mutagenicity by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 104 strains, with and without metabolic activation. The genotoxicity assessment of these medicinal plants was performed in aqueous extracts 1:5. Seventy percent of these herbs presented mutagenic effects with at least one of the Ames strains used in this study. Bauhinia variegata L., E. macrophyllum K., and M. chamomilla L. showed no mutagenic activity. The mutagenic effects were detected mainly with the strains TA 98 related to frameshift mutations. The higher mutagenicity ratio was obtained with S. microglossa D.C. (known as arnica-do-Brazil) when TA 98 strain was used with metabolic activation (MR = 6.55) and with TA 97a strain with and without the addition of S9. Medicinal plants are now used by all the segments of the population, more intensively in the last years. These results indicate the need to establish rules to assess the safety of the use of medicinal herbs. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

采用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ta97a、ta98、ta100和ta104菌株，对巴西常用的10种药材——紫荆菊、紫荆菊、大叶棘虫、亚洲湿子叶、洋甘菊、凤尾花、毛茛进行了致突变性试验。有或没有代谢激活。采用1:5水提液进行遗传毒性评价。这些草药中有70%对本研究中使用的至少一种艾姆斯菌株具有诱变作用。紫荆、大叶菊和洋甘菊无诱变活性。诱变作用主要发生在与移码突变相关的菌株ta98上。在代谢激活的ta98菌株(MR = 6.55)和添加S9和不添加S9的ta97a菌株中，小舌孢菌dc (arnica-do-Brazil)的诱变率较高。药用植物现在被人口的各个部分所使用，在最近几年更加密集。这些结果表明，有必要建立草药使用安全性评估规则。©1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.。

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引用次数: 11

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