Book Title: Vulnerabilities, impacts, and responses to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa Edited by: Getnet Tadele and Helmut Kloos Published by Palgrave Macmillan Publication date: May 07, 2013 Pages: 288 Language: English ISBN-10: 1137009942 ISBN-13: 978-1137009944
书名:撒哈拉以南非洲地区对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的脆弱性、影响和应对编辑:Getnet Tadele and Helmut Kloos出版:Palgrave Macmillan出版日期:2013年5月7日页数:288语言:英文ISBN-10: 1137009942 ISBN-13: 978-1137009944
{"title":"Book Review:Vulnerabilities, impacts, and responses to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"M. Kaba","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V27I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V27I2","url":null,"abstract":"Book Title: Vulnerabilities, impacts, and responses to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa Edited by: Getnet Tadele and Helmut Kloos Published by Palgrave Macmillan Publication date: May 07, 2013 Pages: 288 Language: English ISBN-10: 1137009942 ISBN-13: 978-1137009944","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"27 1","pages":"187-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70534291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tsehaye Tewabe, Bikes Destaw, M. Admassu, B. Abera
Abstract Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae are members of the normal flora of the female genital tract. GBS has become the major cause of bacterial infections in the peri-natal period, including bacteraemia, amnionitis, endometritis, and urinary tract infection in pregnant women as well as sepsis and meningitis in neonates and young infants. Infection of the new born may be acquired by the intra-amniotic route or directly during passage through the birth canal. Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization and to analyze related risk factors among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Hawassa Health centre, Adare Hospital Hawassa, Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 139 pregnant women were screened for GBS colonization between May and June 2010. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify GBS from vaginal and ano-rectal swabs obtained from study subjects. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for all GBS isolates according to the criteria of the Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) by disk diffusion method. Results: A total of 29 out of 139 (20.9%) pregnant women were colonized by GBS. No statistically significant association was observed for GBS colonization with any of socio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects including age, occupation, type of contraceptive used, parity, number of antenatal clinic visits. All GBS strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and gentamicin. Resistance was observed against erythromycin (6.9%), tetracycline (48.2%), ceftriaxone (10.3%), chloramphenicol (51.7%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%) and norfloxacin (10.3%). Conclusion: This study showed that prevalence of GBS colonization was 20.9% among the study subjects. The finding of this study was comparable with findings reported from developed and developing countries. However, further epidemiological investigations should be done in different parts of the country in order to know the actual GBS colonization rate in pregnant women and to consider the use of intra-partum antibiotics prophylaxis for prevention of early onset GBS-neonatal diseases. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2012;26(1):36-42]
{"title":"Prevalence of group B Streptococcus colonization among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Hawassa Health Center, Hawassa, Ethiopia","authors":"Tsehaye Tewabe, Bikes Destaw, M. Admassu, B. Abera","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V26I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V26I1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract \u0000Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae are members of the normal flora of the female genital tract. GBS has become the major cause of bacterial infections in the peri-natal period, including bacteraemia, amnionitis, endometritis, and urinary tract infection in pregnant women as well as sepsis and meningitis in neonates and young infants. Infection of the new born may be acquired by the intra-amniotic route or directly during passage through the birth canal. \u0000Objectives: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization and to analyze related risk factors among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Hawassa Health centre, Adare Hospital Hawassa, Ethiopia. \u0000Methods: A total of 139 pregnant women were screened for GBS colonization between May and June 2010. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify GBS from vaginal and ano-rectal swabs obtained from study subjects. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for all GBS isolates according to the criteria of the Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) by disk diffusion method. \u0000Results: A total of 29 out of 139 (20.9%) pregnant women were colonized by GBS. No statistically significant association was observed for GBS colonization with any of socio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects including age, occupation, type of contraceptive used, parity, number of antenatal clinic visits. All GBS strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and gentamicin. Resistance was observed against erythromycin (6.9%), tetracycline (48.2%), ceftriaxone (10.3%), chloramphenicol (51.7%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%) and norfloxacin (10.3%). \u0000Conclusion: This study showed that prevalence of GBS colonization was 20.9% among the study subjects. The finding of this study was comparable with findings reported from developed and developing countries. However, further epidemiological investigations should be done in different parts of the country in order to know the actual GBS colonization rate in pregnant women and to consider the use of intra-partum antibiotics prophylaxis for prevention of early onset GBS-neonatal diseases. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2012;26(1):36-42]","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"36-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V26I1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The attention given to HIV-infected children in terms of providing ART had so far taken a second rank. This was because primary concern is about adults. Objectives: This study had the objectives to estimate the survival duration and identify socio-economic, demographic and clinical predictor variables that affect the survival of HIV-infected children under ART. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from the medical records of 255 HIV-infected children under the age of 15 who received ART in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test allowed for comparison of survival of patients in different categories. Identification of predictors of survival was accomplished by employing the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: The mean survival time was found to be 22.4 months with standard deviation of 0.7 months. Baseline hemoglobin level, WHO clinical stage and age had significant impact on the survival of children during the 30 months of follow up. Conclusion: The risk of death among HIV-infected children with lower hemoglobin level in younger age groups was higher compared to those who were older and had higher hemoglobin level; the risk was highest in stage IV which was very similar to that in stage III.
{"title":"Factors affecting the survival of HIV-infected children after ART initiation in Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia","authors":"Habtamu Atnafu, E. Wencheko","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V26I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V26I3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The attention given to HIV-infected children in terms of providing ART had so far taken a second rank. This was because primary concern is about adults. Objectives: This study had the objectives to estimate the survival duration and identify socio-economic, demographic and clinical predictor variables that affect the survival of HIV-infected children under ART. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from the medical records of 255 HIV-infected children under the age of 15 who received ART in Felege-Hiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test allowed for comparison of survival of patients in different categories. Identification of predictors of survival was accomplished by employing the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: The mean survival time was found to be 22.4 months with standard deviation of 0.7 months. Baseline hemoglobin level, WHO clinical stage and age had significant impact on the survival of children during the 30 months of follow up. Conclusion: The risk of death among HIV-infected children with lower hemoglobin level in younger age groups was higher compared to those who were older and had higher hemoglobin level; the risk was highest in stage IV which was very similar to that in stage III.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"193-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V26I3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Recently measles outbreaks have been occurring in several areas of Ethiopia. Methods: Desk review of outbreak surveillance data was conducted to identify the susceptible subjects and highly affected groups of the community in Simada District, Amhara Region, May and June, 2009. Results: A total of 97 cases with 13 deaths (Case fatality Rate (CFR) of 13.4%) were reported delayed about 2 weeks. Cases ranged in of age range from 3 months to 79 years, with 43.3% aged 15 years and above; and high age specific attack rate in children under 5 and infants (p-value<0.0001). Conclusion and Recommendation: These findings indicate accumulation of susceptible children under 5 and a need to strengthen both routine and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) and surveillance, with monitoring of accumulation of susceptible individuals to protect both target and non-target age groups. Surveillance should be extended to and owned by volunteer community health workers and the community, particularly in such remote areas.
{"title":"Measles outbreak in Simada District, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, May - June 2009: Immediate need for strengthened routine and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs)","authors":"M. Aragaw, Tesfaye Tilay","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V26I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V26I2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Recently measles outbreaks have been occurring in several areas of Ethiopia. Methods: Desk review of outbreak surveillance data was conducted to identify the susceptible subjects and highly affected groups of the community in Simada District, Amhara Region, May and June, 2009. Results: A total of 97 cases with 13 deaths (Case fatality Rate (CFR) of 13.4%) were reported delayed about 2 weeks. Cases ranged in of age range from 3 months to 79 years, with 43.3% aged 15 years and above; and high age specific attack rate in children under 5 and infants (p-value<0.0001). Conclusion and Recommendation: These findings indicate accumulation of susceptible children under 5 and a need to strengthen both routine and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) and surveillance, with monitoring of accumulation of susceptible individuals to protect both target and non-target age groups. Surveillance should be extended to and owned by volunteer community health workers and the community, particularly in such remote areas.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"115-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69850
Desta Ghebreselassie, Y. Mekonnen, G. Gebru, W. Ergete, K. Huruy
Background: Moringa stenopetala and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases such as antimalarial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and as antispasmodic. Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on blood parameters, and histopathology of liver and kidney in experimental mice. Methods: Fresh leaves of M. stenopetala were collected from Arbaminch area, Southwest Ethiopia, in November 2005. The leaves were dried and extracted with water. Three month-old Swiss albino male mice, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into four groups (one group of controls and three experimental). (The control group was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water, and groups II, III and IV were given the aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala using intragastric tube to achieve the required doses of 600, 750 and 900 mg/kg body weight, respectively once a day at 24 hours intervals for six weeks and then sacrificed). Blood sample was collected from each mouse and examined for hematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and kidney were removed, stained and examined for histopathological profiles. The effects of treatment with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on hematological, biochemical and histopathology features were compared with control group following standard procedures. Results: Mice treated with 900 mg/kg of the extract per kg of body weight showed a significant increase in body weight compared to the controls ( P =0.014). Neither a significant change in the weight nor in histopathology of liver and kidney were observed in the animals treated with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala compared to those of the controls. Serum glucose level ( P =0.034) and serum cholesterol level ( P =0.016) decreased significantly after six weeks treatment. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala is shown to increase body weight and reduce serum glucose and cholesterol level in mice. This indicates nutritional and medicinal values, but we cannot yet recommend its therapeutic use before more and complete studies are done.
{"title":"The effects of Moringa stenopetala on blood parameters and histopathology of liver and kidney in mice","authors":"Desta Ghebreselassie, Y. Mekonnen, G. Gebru, W. Ergete, K. Huruy","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69850","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Moringa stenopetala and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases such as antimalarial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and as antispasmodic. Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on blood parameters, and histopathology of liver and kidney in experimental mice. Methods: Fresh leaves of M. stenopetala were collected from Arbaminch area, Southwest Ethiopia, in November 2005. The leaves were dried and extracted with water. Three month-old Swiss albino male mice, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into four groups (one group of controls and three experimental). (The control group was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water, and groups II, III and IV were given the aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala using intragastric tube to achieve the required doses of 600, 750 and 900 mg/kg body weight, respectively once a day at 24 hours intervals for six weeks and then sacrificed). Blood sample was collected from each mouse and examined for hematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and kidney were removed, stained and examined for histopathological profiles. The effects of treatment with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala on hematological, biochemical and histopathology features were compared with control group following standard procedures. Results: Mice treated with 900 mg/kg of the extract per kg of body weight showed a significant increase in body weight compared to the controls ( P =0.014). Neither a significant change in the weight nor in histopathology of liver and kidney were observed in the animals treated with aqueous extract of M. stenopetala compared to those of the controls. Serum glucose level ( P =0.034) and serum cholesterol level ( P =0.016) decreased significantly after six weeks treatment. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. stenopetala is shown to increase body weight and reduce serum glucose and cholesterol level in mice. This indicates nutritional and medicinal values, but we cannot yet recommend its therapeutic use before more and complete studies are done.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69843
Berhan Solomon, T. Teshome
Aim: To determine and describe the causes and risk factors predisposing Ethiopian patients to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: A retrospective study of all patients with RRD seen at the retina clinic of Menilik II Hospital, Addis Ababa, from April 1999 to October 2003 was done. Charts of patients with the diagnosis of RRD were collected and data were filled on structured questionnaires and analyzed using EPI INFO 6 software. Results: Data were available for 276 patients (305 eyes) in whom the diagnosis of RRD was made. Age of patients ranged from 7-85 years; mean age was 41 and median was 40 years. Hundred-eighty-eight [68%] of the patients were males and 88 [32%] were females with male-to-female ratio of 2.1:1. Myopia was the predisposing factor for RRD in 78 [28.3%] patients of which 63 had myopia of > 5D. In 57 [20.7%] patients with RRD, there was a history of ocular trauma. Thirty-nine [14.2%] patients had had cataract surgery with lens implantation and 21 [7.6%] patients were surgically aphakic. Macula-off RRD was seen in 225 [73.8%] eyes. Bilateral RRD was seen in 29 [10.5%] patients. Conclusion: The study showed that myopia, ocular trauma, pseudophakia and aphakia in decreasing frequency were the main risk factors associated with RRD among Ethiopians attending a tertiary eye care centre.
目的:确定和描述埃塞俄比亚患者发生孔源性视网膜脱离(RRD)的原因和危险因素。方法:对1999年4月至2003年10月在亚的斯亚贝巴Menilik II医院视网膜诊所就诊的所有RRD患者进行回顾性研究。收集诊断为RRD的患者的图表，用结构化问卷填写数据，并使用EPI INFO 6软件进行分析。结果:276例(305只眼)诊断为RRD的患者资料可查。患者年龄7-85岁;平均年龄41岁，中位年龄40岁。男性88例(68%)，女性88例(32%)，男女比例为2.1:1。78例(28.3%)患者近视为RRD的易感因素，其中63例近视程度为bb0 ~ 5D。57例(20.7%)RRD患者有眼部外伤史。39例(14.2%)患者行白内障手术合并晶状体植入术，21例(7.6%)患者行手术无晶状体。黄斑脱落RRD 225只(73.8%)眼。29例(10.5%)患者出现双侧RRD。结论:该研究表明，在埃塞俄比亚三级眼科保健中心就诊的患者中，近视、眼外伤、假性晶状体和无晶状体的发生率下降是与RRD相关的主要危险因素。
{"title":"Factors predisposing to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment among Ethiopians","authors":"Berhan Solomon, T. Teshome","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69843","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To determine and describe the causes and risk factors predisposing Ethiopian patients to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Methods: A retrospective study of all patients with RRD seen at the retina clinic of Menilik II Hospital, Addis Ababa, from April 1999 to October 2003 was done. Charts of patients with the diagnosis of RRD were collected and data were filled on structured questionnaires and analyzed using EPI INFO 6 software. Results: Data were available for 276 patients (305 eyes) in whom the diagnosis of RRD was made. Age of patients ranged from 7-85 years; mean age was 41 and median was 40 years. Hundred-eighty-eight [68%] of the patients were males and 88 [32%] were females with male-to-female ratio of 2.1:1. Myopia was the predisposing factor for RRD in 78 [28.3%] patients of which 63 had myopia of > 5D. In 57 [20.7%] patients with RRD, there was a history of ocular trauma. Thirty-nine [14.2%] patients had had cataract surgery with lens implantation and 21 [7.6%] patients were surgically aphakic. Macula-off RRD was seen in 225 [73.8%] eyes. Bilateral RRD was seen in 29 [10.5%] patients. Conclusion: The study showed that myopia, ocular trauma, pseudophakia and aphakia in decreasing frequency were the main risk factors associated with RRD among Ethiopians attending a tertiary eye care centre.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"31-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69843","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69842
Samson Gebremedhin, F. Enquselassie
Background: Globally, 41.8% of pregnant women and 30.2% of non-pregnant women are anemic. Previous studies which attempted to identify determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age reported conflicting findings. Objective: To assess the correlates of anemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study carried out based on the secondary data of the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2005. Data of a total of 5963 women of reproductive age were included in the analysis. Data were mainly analyzed using ANOVA and binary logistic regression. Result: The prevalence of anemia was 27.4% (95% CI: 26.3-28.5%). Rural residence, poor educational and economic status, 30-39 years of age and high parity were key factors predisposing women to anemia. Lactating women and those who gave birth in the month of the interview had 1.3 ( p = 0.000) and 2.2 ( p = 0.012) times higher risk than their counterparts. Those not using contraceptive were 1.4 times ( p = 0.02) more likely to develop anemia than current contraceptive users. The average Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was only 4.01, and not more than 15% of the respondents consumed iron rich foods in the preceding day of the survey. Respondents with low DDS and those who did not consume iron rich foods in the reference period had significantly higher risk of anemia with odds ratio of 1.3 ( p = 0.01) and 1.3 ( p = 0.002), respectively. Utilizing maternity services, taking iron and vitamin A supplement during pregnancy and postpartum period, respectively, didn’t have a significant effect in reducing the burden of anemia. Recommendation: Family planning, economic and educational empowerment of women have affirmative inputs in combating anemia. A combination of nutrition, educational and livelihood promotion strategies should be instated to enhance dietary diversity. Maternal nutrition interventions should be integrated in a stronger manner into maternity services.
{"title":"Correlates of anemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian DHS 2005","authors":"Samson Gebremedhin, F. Enquselassie","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69842","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Globally, 41.8% of pregnant women and 30.2% of non-pregnant women are anemic. Previous studies which attempted to identify determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age reported conflicting findings. Objective: To assess the correlates of anemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study carried out based on the secondary data of the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2005. Data of a total of 5963 women of reproductive age were included in the analysis. Data were mainly analyzed using ANOVA and binary logistic regression. Result: The prevalence of anemia was 27.4% (95% CI: 26.3-28.5%). Rural residence, poor educational and economic status, 30-39 years of age and high parity were key factors predisposing women to anemia. Lactating women and those who gave birth in the month of the interview had 1.3 ( p = 0.000) and 2.2 ( p = 0.012) times higher risk than their counterparts. Those not using contraceptive were 1.4 times ( p = 0.02) more likely to develop anemia than current contraceptive users. The average Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was only 4.01, and not more than 15% of the respondents consumed iron rich foods in the preceding day of the survey. Respondents with low DDS and those who did not consume iron rich foods in the reference period had significantly higher risk of anemia with odds ratio of 1.3 ( p = 0.01) and 1.3 ( p = 0.002), respectively. Utilizing maternity services, taking iron and vitamin A supplement during pregnancy and postpartum period, respectively, didn’t have a significant effect in reducing the burden of anemia. Recommendation: Family planning, economic and educational empowerment of women have affirmative inputs in combating anemia. A combination of nutrition, educational and livelihood promotion strategies should be instated to enhance dietary diversity. Maternal nutrition interventions should be integrated in a stronger manner into maternity services.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69847
A. Terefe, Techalew Shimelis, M. Mengistu, A. Hailu, B. Erko
Background: Schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are considerable medical and public health problems in Ethiopia. However, information is limited on the epidemiology of these infections in different localities even though it is needed to plan effective prevention and control measures. Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children and residents in Bushulo village near Lake Awassa (Hawassa), southern Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological and parasitological studies were conducted on schistosomiasis mansoni and STHs in Bushulo village in May and June 2007. A total of 419 participants (353 school children and 66 other residents) were included in the study. The principal investigator interviewed the study subjects about demographic status using structured questionnaires. Moreover, experienced nurse took history and conducted physical examination to assess symptoms and signs related to chronic S. mansoni infection. A single stool sample was collected from each participant and processed using the Kato-Katz technique. Experienced laboratory technician read all slides at Bushulo Health Center. Results: The overall infection rates of schistosomiasis mansoni , trichuriasis, ascariasis and hookworm infection were 73.7%, 41.5%, 37.2% and 28.4%, respectively. Other parasitic infections observed were caused by Hymenolepis nana (1.7%), Taenia species (1.4%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.4%). Children in the age range 10-14 years and those attending at St. Paul’s School had higher rates of T. trichiura and S. mansoni , respectively. Intensity of infection was higher for A. lumbricoides in the age range 5-9 years. The overall prevalence of any STHs was 67.3%. The rates of single, dual, triple and quadruple infections were 29.6%, 32%, 20.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis makes periodic deworming programme urgent to reduce morbidity and transmission of helminthiasis in the area. Provisions of sanitary facilities and clean water supply as well as health education are also critically needed to sustain the impact of chemotherapy.
{"title":"Schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Bushulo village, southern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Terefe, Techalew Shimelis, M. Mengistu, A. Hailu, B. Erko","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69847","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are considerable medical and public health problems in Ethiopia. However, information is limited on the epidemiology of these infections in different localities even though it is needed to plan effective prevention and control measures. Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children and residents in Bushulo village near Lake Awassa (Hawassa), southern Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional epidemiological and parasitological studies were conducted on schistosomiasis mansoni and STHs in Bushulo village in May and June 2007. A total of 419 participants (353 school children and 66 other residents) were included in the study. The principal investigator interviewed the study subjects about demographic status using structured questionnaires. Moreover, experienced nurse took history and conducted physical examination to assess symptoms and signs related to chronic S. mansoni infection. A single stool sample was collected from each participant and processed using the Kato-Katz technique. Experienced laboratory technician read all slides at Bushulo Health Center. Results: The overall infection rates of schistosomiasis mansoni , trichuriasis, ascariasis and hookworm infection were 73.7%, 41.5%, 37.2% and 28.4%, respectively. Other parasitic infections observed were caused by Hymenolepis nana (1.7%), Taenia species (1.4%), and Enterobius vermicularis (1.4%). Children in the age range 10-14 years and those attending at St. Paul’s School had higher rates of T. trichiura and S. mansoni , respectively. Intensity of infection was higher for A. lumbricoides in the age range 5-9 years. The overall prevalence of any STHs was 67.3%. The rates of single, dual, triple and quadruple infections were 29.6%, 32%, 20.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis makes periodic deworming programme urgent to reduce morbidity and transmission of helminthiasis in the area. Provisions of sanitary facilities and clean water supply as well as health education are also critically needed to sustain the impact of chemotherapy.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"46-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69851
F. Mengistu, K. Hussen, Abraham Ali, Goroma Getahun, Dessalegn Sifer
Introduction: Animal bites and scratches represent the most important public health issue related to dogs and cats because of the risk of rabies transmission associated with physical, psychological trauma and wound infection. Objective: The study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of animal bite of human beings in Addis Ababa. Methods: Data on the kind of animal, age of the patients, gender, site of bites and /or scratch were collected from the registry book and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. Results: A total of 1299 cases of bite and/or scratch were reported for the period September 2008 to August 2009. The majority of bites were made by dogs where stray dogs are much higher (X 2 = 0.83, p= 0.36). There is statistically highly significant difference of bites between sex (p = 0.001) and between age group (F = 5.41, p=0.02). The animal bite made by dogs was higher on legs (55.6 %) followed by hands (26.45 %) and multiple bites (7.51 %). Conclusions: The majority of bites were attributed to stray dogs followed by cats, horses, donkeys. To reduce the problem a preventative public education is suggested.
{"title":"Dog bite as a public health concern in Addis Ababa","authors":"F. Mengistu, K. Hussen, Abraham Ali, Goroma Getahun, Dessalegn Sifer","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69851","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Animal bites and scratches represent the most important public health issue related to dogs and cats because of the risk of rabies transmission associated with physical, psychological trauma and wound infection. Objective: The study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of animal bite of human beings in Addis Ababa. Methods: Data on the kind of animal, age of the patients, gender, site of bites and /or scratch were collected from the registry book and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. Results: A total of 1299 cases of bite and/or scratch were reported for the period September 2008 to August 2009. The majority of bites were made by dogs where stray dogs are much higher (X 2 = 0.83, p= 0.36). There is statistically highly significant difference of bites between sex (p = 0.001) and between age group (F = 5.41, p=0.02). The animal bite made by dogs was higher on legs (55.6 %) followed by hands (26.45 %) and multiple bites (7.51 %). Conclusions: The majority of bites were attributed to stray dogs followed by cats, horses, donkeys. To reduce the problem a preventative public education is suggested.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"58-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-22DOI: 10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69853
Desta Kassa Misgena
Background: Since the advent of HAART, there is a significant reduction in opportunistic Infections (OIs), morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission. However, the low antiretroviral Therapy (ART) coverage in resource-limited countries (42%) and the presence of globally 500-800 thousand patients on first-line having to required switch to second-line drugs in 2010 are some concerns. Other challenges related to HAART include: lifelong therapy, failed treatment response, optimal time to start treatment and switching regimens, drug interaction, toxicity, cardiovascular risks, drug resistance, lost to follow-up, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), early mortality, and lack of restoration of solid immunity against HIV. To achieve the goals of ART, national ART programmes focus on the vital patient monitoring systems including clinical, immunologic, virologic, adherence, lost to follow-up and mortality. Objectives: This review is aimed at addressing the profile of immunovirological responses to HAART and the factors associated with, with a special emphasis on the drawbacks of immunologic assessment to diagnose virologic failures. Main findings: WHO recommends clinical and immunological assessments as surrogates of plasma viral load (VL) to identify first-line treatment failures in resource-poor settings. However, immunological tools have poor sensitivity (20-30%) and specificity (86-90%) to identify virologic failures that may lead to continue with failed regimen or to unnecessary switch of regimen which could result in a more complex profile of resistance. There are three main types of immunovirologic responders in clinical practice: concordant responders (40-60%), concordant non-responders (12-27.3%), and discordant responders that include lack of CD4+ increases despite viral suppression (7-48%), and optimal CD4+ responses in the absence of viral suppression (5-23.8%), whereby the risk of morbidity and mortality is higher in the concordant non-responders and discordant responders. Conclusions: ART benefits a substantial number of HIV patients even in resource-poor settings. Since clinicoimmunological assessments have lower performance in diagnosing virologic failures, moving towards the availability of VL testing to confirm treatment failures, if not pre-HAART resistance testing, is a logical and timely approach for resource limited countries like Ethiopia where the long-term effect of the roll-out ART is not well investigated. However, the high cost and technical demand of VL testing, lack of experience of health professionals, weak infrastructure and health care system, the unavailability and high costs of second-line drugs could be the major challenges during expansion of VL testing. Moreover, longitudinal studies on long-term effects of HAART, and surveys focused on transmitted or acquired HIV drug resistance, and Early Warning Indicators are highly pertinent.
{"title":"The pattern of immunologic and virologic responses to Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART): does success bring further challenges?","authors":"Desta Kassa Misgena","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69853","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since the advent of HAART, there is a significant reduction in opportunistic Infections (OIs), morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission. However, the low antiretroviral Therapy (ART) coverage in resource-limited countries (42%) and the presence of globally 500-800 thousand patients on first-line having to required switch to second-line drugs in 2010 are some concerns. Other challenges related to HAART include: lifelong therapy, failed treatment response, optimal time to start treatment and switching regimens, drug interaction, toxicity, cardiovascular risks, drug resistance, lost to follow-up, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), early mortality, and lack of restoration of solid immunity against HIV. To achieve the goals of ART, national ART programmes focus on the vital patient monitoring systems including clinical, immunologic, virologic, adherence, lost to follow-up and mortality. Objectives: This review is aimed at addressing the profile of immunovirological responses to HAART and the factors associated with, with a special emphasis on the drawbacks of immunologic assessment to diagnose virologic failures. Main findings: WHO recommends clinical and immunological assessments as surrogates of plasma viral load (VL) to identify first-line treatment failures in resource-poor settings. However, immunological tools have poor sensitivity (20-30%) and specificity (86-90%) to identify virologic failures that may lead to continue with failed regimen or to unnecessary switch of regimen which could result in a more complex profile of resistance. There are three main types of immunovirologic responders in clinical practice: concordant responders (40-60%), concordant non-responders (12-27.3%), and discordant responders that include lack of CD4+ increases despite viral suppression (7-48%), and optimal CD4+ responses in the absence of viral suppression (5-23.8%), whereby the risk of morbidity and mortality is higher in the concordant non-responders and discordant responders. Conclusions: ART benefits a substantial number of HIV patients even in resource-poor settings. Since clinicoimmunological assessments have lower performance in diagnosing virologic failures, moving towards the availability of VL testing to confirm treatment failures, if not pre-HAART resistance testing, is a logical and timely approach for resource limited countries like Ethiopia where the long-term effect of the roll-out ART is not well investigated. However, the high cost and technical demand of VL testing, lack of experience of health professionals, weak infrastructure and health care system, the unavailability and high costs of second-line drugs could be the major challenges during expansion of VL testing. Moreover, longitudinal studies on long-term effects of HAART, and surveys focused on transmitted or acquired HIV drug resistance, and Early Warning Indicators are highly pertinent.","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V25I1.69853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70533377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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