Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.01
J. Everts, T. Bork-Hüffer, Carsten Butsch
{"title":"Editorial: The uneven geographies of the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"J. Everts, T. Bork-Hüffer, Carsten Butsch","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45026045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.02
Alexandre Pereira Santos, Juan Miguel Rodriguez Lopez, Katharina Heider, Laszlo Steinwärder, J. Scheffran
The first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil provided one of the most severe examples of its impacts on health and society. The country had death rates above the global average and acute impacts in increased unemployment, poverty, and threats to food security marked along ethnic and social lines. This study asks how different degrees of vulnerability between Brazilian cities lead to varying survival probabilities of their population in the phases of the pandemic in the country. To answer this question, this research presents a descriptive and analytic exploration of the relationship between vulnerability and COVID-19 from February 2020 to February 2021. We describe this period in seven distinct phases, characterised by geographic units, vectors of virus transmission, and infected cases and fatality numbers. In this context, we implement an exploratory survival analysis of COVID-19 fatalities using the Kaplan-Meier estimator (KME) in a set of cities with different social vulnerability degrees. The KME is a common analytic tool in medicine, and we implement it in a geographic investigation to focus on the temporal dimension of the crisis and examine socio-territorial vulnerability. Our results present a clear association between vulnerability and COVID-19 deaths. Highly vulnerable cities show low survival probabilities, and there are statistically significant differences in survival probability between low- and high-vulnerability cities. Further research should advance by investigating spatio-temporal dynamics, providing fine-resolution empirical information, and addressing behavioural components related to COVID-19 cases and deaths in the Global South.
{"title":"One year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Global South: Uneven vulnerabilities in Brazilian cities","authors":"Alexandre Pereira Santos, Juan Miguel Rodriguez Lopez, Katharina Heider, Laszlo Steinwärder, J. Scheffran","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil provided one of the most severe examples of its impacts on health and society. The country had death rates above the global average and acute impacts in increased unemployment, poverty, and threats to food security marked along ethnic and social lines. This study asks how different degrees of vulnerability between Brazilian cities lead to varying survival probabilities of their population in the phases of the pandemic in the country. To answer this question, this research presents a descriptive and analytic exploration of the relationship between vulnerability and COVID-19 from February 2020 to February 2021. We describe this period in seven distinct phases, characterised by geographic units, vectors of virus transmission, and infected cases and fatality numbers. In this context, we implement an exploratory survival analysis of COVID-19 fatalities using the Kaplan-Meier estimator (KME) in a set of cities with different social vulnerability degrees. The KME is a common analytic tool in medicine, and we implement it in a geographic investigation to focus on the temporal dimension of the crisis and examine socio-territorial vulnerability. Our results present a clear association between vulnerability and COVID-19 deaths. Highly vulnerable cities show low survival probabilities, and there are statistically significant differences in survival probability between low- and high-vulnerability cities. Further research should advance by investigating spatio-temporal dynamics, providing fine-resolution empirical information, and addressing behavioural components related to COVID-19 cases and deaths in the Global South.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46634906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.03
C. Haferburg, Philipp Ahovi, J. Oßenbrügge
Urban spatial analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic try to relate the patterns of the spread of the virus to other factors, e.g. vulnerability, as supported by research on health risks of marginalized neighbourhoods. Focussing on the Gauteng City Region in South Africa, we assess whether there is a match between the effects of the pandemic, the strategies to combat the disease, and predicted vulnerabilities. While documented infection patterns are not indicating peripheral areas as most affected, disease control interventions can increase related inequalities. Reflections on South African government challenges provide the context for these concepts and strategies, suggesting that the spatial framing of health and vulnerabilities needs to be adapted.
{"title":"Urban fragmentation and COVID-19 in the Gauteng City Region – diverging vulnerabilities, infections and policies","authors":"C. Haferburg, Philipp Ahovi, J. Oßenbrügge","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"Urban spatial analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic try to relate the patterns of the spread of the virus to other factors, e.g. vulnerability, as supported by research on health risks of marginalized neighbourhoods. Focussing on the Gauteng City Region in South Africa, we assess whether there is a match between the effects of the pandemic, the strategies to combat the disease, and predicted vulnerabilities. While documented infection patterns are not indicating peripheral areas as most affected, disease control interventions can increase related inequalities. Reflections on South African government challenges provide the context for these concepts and strategies, suggesting that the spatial framing of health and vulnerabilities needs to be adapted.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.06
Maximilian Haße, N. Scharfenort
Planning and networking are largely determined not only by existing regulations, but also by human relationships. Formal work relationships in professional contexts benefit in particular from informal communication, which in turn gives these work relationships a personal aspect. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting control measures were also challenging for work relationships, including those in planning contexts. A planning project in Germany, which forms the basis for this article, demonstrates this. Qualitative research was used to investigate the impact of the pandemic on project work and how the project participants dealt with the pandemic. Through comparative and retrospective observations of the cooperation over time, it was possible to identify participants’ strategies to continue work on the project. This analysis is based on 25 qualitative stakeholder interviews. The results show that the pandemic had varying impacts on the project’s networks. The strategic use of informal communication contributed significantly to the continuation of the project’s work, although this communication was used in different ways. In addition, for a long time, the project stakeholders were neither aware of the differentiation between formal and informal communication, nor of the relevance of informal communication. Analysing this understanding represents a central aspect of this article. In sum, strengthening informality in formal planning projects contributes to their success.
{"title":"Informality as crisis management? – Work relationships in inter-municipal cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany","authors":"Maximilian Haße, N. Scharfenort","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"Planning and networking are largely determined not only by existing regulations, but also by human relationships. Formal work relationships in professional contexts benefit in particular from informal communication, which in turn gives these work relationships a personal aspect. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting control measures were also challenging for work relationships, including those in planning contexts. A planning project in Germany, which forms the basis for this article, demonstrates this. Qualitative research was used to investigate the impact of the pandemic on project work and how the project participants dealt with the pandemic. Through comparative and retrospective observations of the cooperation over time, it was possible to identify participants’ strategies to continue work on the project. This analysis is based on 25 qualitative stakeholder interviews. The results show that the pandemic had varying impacts on the project’s networks. The strategic use of informal communication contributed significantly to the continuation of the project’s work, although this communication was used in different ways. In addition, for a long time, the project stakeholders were neither aware of the differentiation between formal and informal communication, nor of the relevance of informal communication. Analysing this understanding represents a central aspect of this article. In sum, strengthening informality in formal planning projects contributes to their success.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42126470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.03
L. Schmid, Temur Gugushvili, T. Kohler
In Georgia, tourism has become a key sector of the economy, especially since the country opened up for private investment after independence in 1991. Guesthouses, the focus of this paper, present a typical example of such private investment. In dealing with this sector, we adopt a synoptic view, and look into development over time, services offered, motives for hosting guests, outcomes, and the effects of the COVID pandemic. Geographically, our focus is on the town of Lagodekhi and its Protected Area (PA) on the foot slope of the Greater Caucasus. Our methods included a review of literature, followed by a questionnaire survey in 2018 among all 23 guesthouses in the town, covering qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the sector. To follow up on the effects of the pandemic, which reached the area in 2020, we did a re-survey among all houses in June 2021. The results show that all guesthouses are owner-occupied and family-run, with women taking the lead, following traditional gendered labour division. The owners see themselves as paid service providers but also as hosts, who offer insights into local culture free of charge based on traditional hospitality. We posit that this dual role is a unique selling proposition, distinguishing the sector from mass tourism, and presenting an ideal complement to the nature-based attractions of the PA. The COVID pandemic led to an almost total collapse of this sector, especially relating to foreign guests, by far the most numerous visitor group. But the guesthouses remain positive about the future and continue to invest in their houses. To conclude our paper, we present ideas relating to the future of guesthouse tourism in the study area, based on experience before and with the pandemic.
{"title":"The rise of guesthouse tourism in the Greater Caucasus and the effects of the covid pandemic. The example of Lagodekhi town and its Protected Area, Georgia","authors":"L. Schmid, Temur Gugushvili, T. Kohler","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"In Georgia, tourism has become a key sector of the economy, especially since the country opened up for private investment after independence in 1991. Guesthouses, the focus of this paper, present a typical example of such private investment. In dealing with this sector, we adopt a synoptic view, and look into development over time, services offered, motives for hosting guests, outcomes, and the effects of the COVID pandemic. Geographically, our focus is on the town of Lagodekhi and its Protected Area (PA) on the foot slope of the Greater Caucasus. Our methods included a review of literature, followed by a questionnaire survey in 2018 among all 23 guesthouses in the town, covering qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the sector. To follow up on the effects of the pandemic, which reached the area in 2020, we did a re-survey among all houses in June 2021. The results show that all guesthouses are owner-occupied and family-run, with women taking the lead, following traditional gendered labour division. The owners see themselves as paid service providers but also as hosts, who offer insights into local culture free of charge based on traditional hospitality. We posit that this dual role is a unique selling proposition, distinguishing the sector from mass tourism, and presenting an ideal complement to the nature-based attractions of the PA. The COVID pandemic led to an almost total collapse of this sector, especially relating to foreign guests, by far the most numerous visitor group. But the guesthouses remain positive about the future and continue to invest in their houses. To conclude our paper, we present ideas relating to the future of guesthouse tourism in the study area, based on experience before and with the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44499438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.05
Yi Liu
Based on a sympathetic critique of the current research on the tourism value chain, this paper finds certain ambiguities in the understanding of the theoretical context of the value chain literature, and there is inadequate attention towards the role of geography. This paper reveals how the ambiguities are created and why geography is important. In order to reduce the ambiguities of the tourism value chain, the spatiality of tourism value chain is theorized concerning spatial stickiness and experiential value of tourism resources. This paper thus argues that the tourism value chain is subject to a carrier-driven pattern of governance rather than producer or buyer-driven. This endeavour helps us better understand the general mechanism of value creation and distribution in the tourism industry rather than taking it for granted that it is the same as in the manufacturing industries.
{"title":"A geographical retheorization of the tourism value chain","authors":"Yi Liu","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a sympathetic critique of the current research on the tourism value chain, this paper finds certain ambiguities in the understanding of the theoretical context of the value chain literature, and there is inadequate attention towards the role of geography. This paper reveals how the ambiguities are created and why geography is important. In order to reduce the ambiguities of the tourism value chain, the spatiality of tourism value chain is theorized concerning spatial stickiness and experiential value of tourism resources. This paper thus argues that the tourism value chain is subject to a carrier-driven pattern of governance rather than producer or buyer-driven. This endeavour helps us better understand the general mechanism of value creation and distribution in the tourism industry rather than taking it for granted that it is the same as in the manufacturing industries.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47169075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-25DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.02
Marie-Louise Litmeyer, Leah Bender, Sina Happel, Alexa Peusch, Nicola Spory, Stefan Hennemann
Gender equality is increasingly perceived as a central issue and discussed as an essential factor for competition, economic growth and solidarity in society. The starting point of this study is the identification of the main factors influenced by gender equality in the context of the economic performance of countries. Europe was chosen as the study area, with regional differences between Northern, Western/Central, Southern and Eastern Europe also being taken into account. The empirical analysis is based on panel regression models. These confirm that policies designed to increase the share of women in leadership positions and to achieve an equal representation of self-employed women and men have a significant positive impact on a country's economic performance across Europe. In addition, differentiated recommendations for action are derived from the results for the individual subregions.
{"title":"The effects of gender equality on economic development in Europe","authors":"Marie-Louise Litmeyer, Leah Bender, Sina Happel, Alexa Peusch, Nicola Spory, Stefan Hennemann","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"Gender equality is increasingly perceived as a central issue and discussed as an essential factor for competition, economic growth and solidarity in society. The starting point of this study is the identification of the main factors influenced by gender equality in the context of the economic performance of countries. Europe was chosen as the study area, with regional differences between Northern, Western/Central, Southern and Eastern Europe also being taken into account. The empirical analysis is based on panel regression models. These confirm that policies designed to increase the share of women in leadership positions and to achieve an equal representation of self-employed women and men have a significant positive impact on a country's economic performance across Europe. In addition, differentiated recommendations for action are derived from the results for the individual subregions.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49339307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.01
C. Peter, Sandra Sprenger
Digitalization presents many opportunities but also challenges for society. This also entails new tasks for the field of education. This article discusses how geography teaching can contribute to these opportunities and challenges from a subject- and education-specific perspective. To this end, we analyse aspects of subject-specific digitalization and terms associated with digitalization in curricular and framework requirements (n = 57 documents) for different types of schools in every German federal state. We use this to deduce the extent to which the state of subject-specific digitalization is in line with the society’s requirements. In addition, we derive insights into why digitalization is critical to geography education.
{"title":"Digitalization and geography education – A curriculum analysis","authors":"C. Peter, Sandra Sprenger","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Digitalization presents many opportunities but also challenges for society. This also entails new tasks for the field of education. This article discusses how geography teaching can contribute to these opportunities and challenges from a subject- and education-specific perspective. To this end, we analyse aspects of subject-specific digitalization and terms associated with digitalization in curricular and framework requirements (n = 57 documents) for different types of schools in every German federal state. We use this to deduce the extent to which the state of subject-specific digitalization is in line with the society’s requirements. In addition, we derive insights into why digitalization is critical to geography education.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44333613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2022.dp.01
J. Löffler, E. C. Albrecht, Svenja Dobbert, Roland Pape, D. Wundram
Here, we present measurement data of stem diameter variability of three common woody plants, monitored in the Mediterranean-alpine biome for six consecutive years (2015–2020). These focal species (Astragalus granatensis, Cytisus galianoi, and Genista versicolor) are abundant across the Sierra Nevada mountain chain (Southern Spain) and will potentially be affected by severe future climatic changes predicted for the region, including increased aridification in a warming environment. Understanding their fine-scale radial growth-patterns in relation to local environmental parameters might gain further insights into future vegetational shifts. We therefore used 139 high-resolution dendrometers to continuously monitor specimens along a steep elevational gradient and at varying topographical positions within the heterogeneous topography of the region. Additionally, we measured on-site environmental conditions at each studied site, including soil moisture and soil temperature within the root zone. All data were recorded at hourly resolution and are presented as daily mean values. The dataset was collected as a part of our long-term alpine ecosystem research program (LTAER), which functions as the basis for our recent projects on the use of dendrometer data to better understand the physiological mechanisms and the environmental drivers of the ongoing alpine greening.
{"title":"Dendrometer measurements of Mediterranean-alpine dwarf shrubs and micro-environmental drivers of plant growth – Dataset from long-term alpine ecosystem research in the Sierra Nevada, Spain (LTAER-ES)","authors":"J. Löffler, E. C. Albrecht, Svenja Dobbert, Roland Pape, D. Wundram","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2022.dp.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.dp.01","url":null,"abstract":"Here, we present measurement data of stem diameter variability of three common woody plants, monitored in the Mediterranean-alpine biome for six consecutive years (2015–2020). These focal species (Astragalus granatensis, Cytisus galianoi, and Genista versicolor) are abundant across the Sierra Nevada mountain chain (Southern Spain) and will potentially be affected by severe future climatic changes predicted for the region, including increased aridification in a warming environment. Understanding their fine-scale radial growth-patterns in relation to local environmental parameters might gain further insights into future vegetational shifts. We therefore used 139 high-resolution dendrometers to continuously monitor specimens along a steep elevational gradient and at varying topographical positions within the heterogeneous topography of the region. Additionally, we measured on-site environmental conditions at each studied site, including soil moisture and soil temperature within the root zone. All data were recorded at hourly resolution and are presented as daily mean values. The dataset was collected as a part of our long-term alpine ecosystem research program (LTAER), which functions as the basis for our recent projects on the use of dendrometer data to better understand the physiological mechanisms and the environmental drivers of the ongoing alpine greening.","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42961022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2021.04.05
D. Butz
{"title":"Book review: Hunza Matters. Bordering and ordering between ancient and new Silk Roads by Hermann Kreutzmann","authors":"D. Butz","doi":"10.3112/erdkunde.2021.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2021.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11917,"journal":{"name":"Erdkunde","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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