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Book review: Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. A short global history of holy mountains since 1500 书评:马蒂厄,乔恩:圣山。1500 年以来全球圣山简史
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.05
Hermann Kreutzmann
Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. A short global history of holy mountains since 1500. 155 pp. 11 figs. The White Horse Press. Winwick 2023. ISBN 978-1-912186-716, 30 £. eISBN 978-1-912186-72-3, OA ebook.Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. Eine kurze Globalgeschichte der heiligen Berge seit 1500. 192 pp. 11 figs. Böhlau. Wien 2023. ISBN: 978-3-205-21702-2, eISBN: 978-3-205-21703-9, 35 €. The topic of sacred mountains has been fascinating for mountain researchers that had access to varied peaks on different continents and opened up comparative perspectives. Edwin Bernbaum’s (1990) famous book on Sacred mountains of the world was published a generation ago at the same time when Karl Gratzl (1990) edited his book on Die heiligsten Berge der Welt. It was a time when the human sphere of mountain regions attracted more attention by anthropologists, archaeologists and geographers. Embedded in a less prophane approach their descriptive books hinted towards more rigorous studies on indigenous practices and rituals, emphasized the historical rootedness of mountain communities and led to changing appreciations over time on the path to highlighting mountain exceptionalism and its exalted representation of pristine environments.The recent publication of Jon Mathieu’s Mount Sacred is a welcome reflection about how mountains became sacred objects and sanctified entities covering a period of half a millennium. The author, himself an authority on European Alpine history, has been fascinated by global mountain studies earlier on in his seminal work on the ‘third dimension’ (Mathieu 2011). This as well as the present book were simultaneously published in German and English.It is fascinating to read how sacred mountains have been created and imagined, how belief systems and scientific approaches shaped the perception of mountain peaks. The opening two chapters are devoted to an enquiry that is inspired by seminal works on Eurasian studies with a focus on place and position of mountains in structuring human environments, environmental control and scientific approaches. Eight chapters are devoted to selected mountains, among which we find at the beginning Mount Kailash and at the end Uluru. The former has probably gained the highest attention among Western readers and has been further promoted since being popularised as the ‘holiest mountain’ (Tichy 1937) suggesting a hierarchy of sacredness. In contrast, Uluru, formerly known as Ayers Rock in Australia, has been rather neglected in the above-mentioned books, probably because the mountain towers only 350 metres above the surrounding plains. Uluru has gained in popular appreciation and became a symbol in the recently debated treaty for Indigenous Australians.The two cases from China and Korea – Tai Shan and Paektusan/Changbaishan – have been canonized in their respective political contexts. Beginning with ritual importance and a deep historical rootedness they have been instrumentalized for less religious purposes and fixed on the
马蒂厄,乔恩圣山。1500 年以来全球圣山简史。155 pp.11 图。白马出版社。温威克 2023 年。ISBN 978-1-912186-716,30 英镑。eISBN 978-1-912186-72-3,OA 电子书:Mount Sacred.Eine kurze Globalgeschichte der heiligen Berge seit 1500.192 pp.11 figs.Böhlau.Wien 2023.ISBN: 978-3-205-21702-2, eISBN: 978-3-205-21703-9, 35 欧元。 圣山这一主题一直吸引着山岳研究者,他们可以接触到不同大陆的各种山峰,并开辟了比较视角。埃德温-伯恩鲍姆(Edwin Bernbaum,1990 年)的名著《世界圣山》是在一代人之前出版的,与此同时,卡尔-格拉茨尔(Karl Gratzl,1990 年)也编辑了他的《世界圣山》(Die heiligsten Berge der Welt)一书。当时,山区的人文领域吸引了人类学家、考古学家和地理学家更多的关注。他们的描述性书籍采用了一种不那么肤浅的方法,暗示着要对土著习俗和仪式进行更严格的研究,强调山地社区的历史根基,并随着时间的推移,在强调山地特殊性及其对原始环境的崇高表述的道路上,不断改变对山地的欣赏。最近出版的乔恩-马蒂厄的《神圣之山》是一部值得欢迎的作品,书中对山地如何成为神圣之物和神圣实体进行了长达半个世纪的思考。作者本人是欧洲阿尔卑斯山历史的权威,早在其关于 "第三维度 "的开创性著作(Mathieu,2011 年)中就对全球山岳研究着迷不已。这本著作和本书同时以德语和英语出版。圣山是如何被创造和想象出来的,信仰体系和科学方法又是如何塑造人们对山峰的认知的,这些都令人着迷。开篇两章专门探讨了欧亚研究的开创性著作,重点是山峰在构建人类环境、环境控制和科学方法中的地位和作用。书中有八章专门讨论选定的山脉,其中开头是凯拉什山,结尾是乌鲁鲁。前者可能是最受西方读者关注的山峰,自从被誉为 "最神圣的山峰"(蒂奇,1937 年)以来,它的地位得到了进一步提升。相比之下,乌卢鲁(Uluru,原名艾尔斯岩,位于澳大利亚)在上述书籍中被忽略了,可能是因为这座山仅高出周围平原 350 米。中国和韩国的两个案例--泰山和白头山/长白山--在各自的政治背景下被奉为圣地。泰山和白头山/长白山这两个来自中国和朝鲜的案例在各自的政治背景下被奉为圣典,它们最初具有重要的仪式意义和深厚的历史渊源,但后来被利用来达到较低的宗教目的,并被固定在中国和朝鲜的政治地图上。介绍欧洲阿尔卑斯山基督教领域的案例似乎更具挑战性,因为那里有村庄和山谷中的朝圣地,而不是阿尔卑斯山峰和山口上的神圣和山岳崇拜传统。乔恩-马蒂厄用一些趣闻轶事和历史转折向读者展示了在那里放置十字架的过程,并在随后的章节中介绍了意大利及其邻国在一些地方竖立十字架的情况,以纪念天主教基督徒在 20 世纪初的坚持。由于喜马拉雅山的朝圣习俗、丰富的储量以及多种多样的表现形式和仪式崇拜,与喜马拉雅山弧线及其在山口、泉水和河流上的多种圣像和物质进行比较会很有意义。关于北美的一章将黑麋鹿和拉科塔-苏族人曾向他们的 "六位祖先"(Tunkasila Sakpe Paha)祈祷的黑山置于关注的中心;也正是在这里,出现了关于拉什莫尔山与四位美国总统石雕的冲突。圣地之争也发生在探险运动和攀岩运动在充满灵性或仅受尊敬的地方和山峰进行的地方。与东非火山相比,北美的国家公园显然更容易受到这种竞争的影响;而东非火山则因乞力马扎罗山和神话的创造而成为极具吸引力的旅游胜地。山岳的营销往往有助于产生关于山岳的所谓神圣性和精神能力的传说和故事。在这种情况下,我们脑海中会浮现出许多本书没有涉及或提及的著名案例研究和山区。乔恩-马蒂厄(Jon Mathieu)对这些案例进行了筛选,以探究创造 "神圣之山 "的基本过程。
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引用次数: 0
Disaster risk perception and preparedness of households in Yangon, Myanmar: Disaster experiences, socio-demographic factors and spatial variation 缅甸仰光家庭的灾害风险意识和备灾能力:灾害经验、社会人口因素和空间差异
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.04
Zin Mar Than, Hlaing Maw Oo, Toe Aung, Tin Tin Kyi, Saw Sandar Oo, Win Lei Mar, Marlene Willkomm, Christian Miller, Stefan Martini, Zin Nwe Myint, Khin Khin Soe, Win Maung, Sophie-Bo Heinkel, B. Thiebes, Regine Spohner, F. Kraas
In disaster-prone countries, it is of great concern that societies as a whole, as well as households and individuals, should become as resilient to disasters as possible. In Myanmar, with its frequent natural hazards like floods, cyclones and droughts and its high probability of earthquakes, raising awareness of and preparedness for disasters is of eminent importance in order to increase the resilience of society, households and individuals. Disaster research shows that the awareness and perception of people regarding disasters and thus also their risk preparedness can vary substantially. This seems to stem from various sources: the socio-demographic characteristics of households and people as well as former experiences of disaster seem to play a crucial role. Information of such variables and understanding how they influence the disaster risk perception and preparedness of households and people can provide an important background against which to improve individual disaster risk awareness and preparedness – with the final aim of making society, households and individuals more resilient. In this paper, the results of a household survey carried out in eight townships of Yangon (Myanmar) are presented. The analysis investigates how socio-demographic characteristics and the previous experiences of disaster of the respondents and their households influence their disaster risk perception and preparedness in different areas of Yangon City. The results show strong differences in disaster risk perception and preparedness according to socio-demographic characteristics and previous experiences of disaster in different areas of Yangon City. Finally, the findings feed into and inform about successful disaster management.
在灾害频发的国家,整个社会以及家庭和个人都应尽可能提高抗灾能力,这一点备受关注。在缅甸,洪水、龙卷风和干旱等自然灾害频发,地震发生的概率也很高,因此,为了提高社会、家庭和个人的抗灾能力,提高对灾害的认识并做好备灾工作就显得尤为重要。灾害研究表明,人们对灾害的认识和感知,以及他们对风险的防备程度会有很大差异。这似乎有多方面的原因:家庭和人们的社会人口特征以及以前的灾害经历似乎起着至关重要的作用。了解这些变量的信息,并理解它们如何影响家庭和人们的灾害风险意识和备灾能力,可以为提高个人的灾害风险意识和备灾能力提供一个重要的背景,最终目的是提高社会、家庭和个人的抗灾能力。本文介绍了在仰光(缅甸)八个乡镇开展的家庭调查的结果。分析调查了仰光市不同地区受访者及其家庭的社会人口特征和以往的灾害经历如何影响他们的灾害风险感知和备灾能力。结果表明,仰光市不同地区的社会人口特征和以往的灾害经验对灾害风险感知和备灾能力的影响存在很大差异。最后,研究结果为成功的灾害管理提供了参考和信息。
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引用次数: 0
Introducing a multi-level governance phase framework for event-led urban development formats 为事件主导型城市发展模式引入多级治理阶段框架
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.03
Sarah Karic, Christian Diller
Events as urban development formats have been relevant strategies for cities for several decades. They may have diverse economic, political, social and ecological effects on the host cities and are accordingly used in a variety of ways and closely linked to urban development and renewal. Complex processes can be identified in the context of the application, planning, implementation and after-use of an event. Furthermore, the planning of events is subject to an extensive multi-level governance of actor constellations and interactions. Against this background, in this paper we introduce a multi-level governance phase framework for formats of event-led urban development in order to create a better understanding of the structures and processes involved. For this purpose, we first use regional garden shows as a case study, which are event formats with a focus on small and medium-sized cities in Germany and on the (further) development of urban green spaces. We then generalize the framework using the governance capacity concept for events and approaches of event-led urban development. The model is well suited to illustrate the relevance of different actors in the process as well as the complexity of diverse processes that occur in the course of event planning.
几十年来,作为城市发展形式的活动一直是城市的相关战略。这些活动可能会对主办城市的经济、政治、社会和生态产生不同的影响,因此被以各种方式加以利用,并与城市发展和重建密切相关。在活动的申请、规划、实施和使用过程中,可以发现一些复杂的过程。此外,活动的规划还受制于参与者组合和互动的广泛多层次管理。在这一背景下,我们在本文中为以活动为主导的城市发展模式引入了一个多层次治理阶段框架,以便更好地理解所涉及的结构和过程。为此,我们首先以地区园艺展为案例进行研究,这是一种以德国中小城市和城市绿地(进一步)发展为重点的活动形式。然后,我们利用活动的治理能力概念和活动引导城市发展的方法对框架进行了概括。该模型很好地说明了不同参与者在这一过程中的相关性,以及活动规划过程中各种过程的复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Pluriverse in science: Discourses of Amazonian land-use change and socio-environmental (in)justice 科学的多元性:亚马逊土地使用变化与社会环境(不)公正的论述
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.04.02
Carlos Tello, Martina Neuburger
In the Brazilian Amazon region, social, economic, and political changing structures have increased the pressure on land, generating inequalities for the region's most vulnerable residents. Simultaneously, scientific knowledge production has increased and documented the region's different realities. This document presents a scientific discourse analysis of land-use change in the Amazonian region and its interaction with socio-environmental (in)justice, considering the pluriversal perspective. We respond to the main questions: Do hierarchies in scientific knowledge production contribute to silencing subaltern voices and hiding a pluriverse approach when writing about Amazonia land issues? And if so, how? A systematic literature review was conducted using the scientific dissemination platforms Scielo, Scopus, and WoS. The results show a disproportionate representation of some stakeholders, and some states are used as near-total representatives for the Amazonia region. Furthermore, consideration of pluriversal perspectives in the articles does not guarantee high sensibility for heterogeneity of local contexts or for making subaltern voices heard.
在巴西亚马逊地区,社会、经济和政治结构的变化增加了对土地的压力,给该地区最脆弱的居民带来了不平等。与此同时,科学知识的生产也在增加,并记录了该地区不同的现实。本文从多元视角出发,对亚马逊地区土地利用变化及其与社会环境正义的相互作用进行了科学的话语分析。我们将回答以下主要问题:在撰写亚马逊土地问题时,科学知识生产中的等级制度是否有助于压制次等的声音并隐藏多元方法?如果有,是怎么做到的?采用Scielo、Scopus、WoS等科学传播平台进行系统文献综述。结果显示,一些利益相关者的代表性不成比例,有些州几乎完全代表了亚马逊地区。此外,文章中对多元视角的考虑并不能保证对当地背景的异质性具有高度敏感性,也不能保证人们听到次要的声音。
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引用次数: 0
How geoecological components of a terroir can be altered by spatial changes of vineyards – A case study from Eger Wine District (Hungary) 葡萄园的空间变化如何改变风土的地质生态成分——以匈牙利埃格尔葡萄酒区为例
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.03.03
Tibor József Novák, Balázs Hegyi, Balázs Hegyi, Bence Czímer, Péter Rózsa
Terroir is a concept referring interactions of natural (topography, lithology, climate, soil etc.) and human (economic conditions, traditions, cultivation practices, etc.) factors; therefore, terroir is spatially delimited and subjected to environmental, socio-economic, and temporal changes. The geoecological background of wine districts are considered more stable among them, but, because of its natural diversity and the spatial changes of production sites, changes in abiotic terroir components might occur too. In this study the spatial changes of grape production sites in Eger Wine District (Hungary) across two and a half centuries (1784 to 2018), and their consequences on the composition of the geoecological factors (lithology, topography, soil characteristics) were analyzed. Modernization of cultivation, urbanization and increase of built-up areas around the central settlement resulted in decreased concentration, i.e. increased spatial dispersion to more remote vineyards further from Eger. It also has consequences on the lithological and topographical composition of the production sites. Besides the slightly increasing extent of vineyards (from 5346 ha to 7413 ha) we found a distinct decrease of vineyards at higher elevations and a substantial increase at lower elevations. Distribution according to slope gradient changed also remarkably, with the share of vineyards on <5 % slopes from 38 % to 65 %. These changes resulted in transformations of pedological characteristics according to the comparison of vineyard’s extent with soil map data: vineyards shifted to slightly acidic, more fertile (i.e. deeper soil layer with higher organic carbon content) soils. The share of vineyards with different lithology and parent material also changed: loose, calcareous Tertiary sediments decreased almost to half, and the share of vineyards over acidic volcanics and their weathered regoliths almost doubled. Comparing these two dominant lithological types and soil profiles derived from them, different pedological characters and taxonomic status were found (Phaeozems and Vertisols). However, comparison of these two lithological types based on main topsoil characteristics (pH, SOC, carbonates, depth of fertile soil layer, N, P, K content) according to 25 randomly chosen surficial soil samples at production sites, showed no significant differences.. In the case of this particular wine district, spatial changes of the production sites affected mostly the distribution by elevation, by slope gradient, but did not alter significantly the surface soil character of the terroir.
风土是指自然因素(地形、岩性、气候、土壤等)和人类因素(经济条件、传统、耕作方式等)相互作用的概念;因此,风土在空间上是有界限的,并受到环境、社会经济和时间变化的影响。其中,葡萄酒产区的地质生态背景较为稳定,但由于产区的自然多样性和产地的空间变化,非生物风土成分也可能发生变化。本研究分析了匈牙利埃格尔葡萄酒产区两个半世纪(1784年至2018年)葡萄产地的空间变化及其对地质生态因子(岩性、地形、土壤特征)组成的影响。种植现代化、城市化和中心聚落周围建成区的增加导致集中度下降,即增加了向远离埃格尔的更偏远葡萄园的空间分散。它还对生产地点的岩性和地形组成产生影响。除了葡萄园面积略有增加(从5346公顷增加到7413公顷)外,我们发现高海拔地区的葡萄园面积明显减少,而低海拔地区的葡萄园面积则大幅增加。坡度分布也发生了显著变化,5%坡度上的葡萄园比例从38%上升到65%。这些变化导致了土壤学特征的转变,根据葡萄园范围与土壤地图数据的比较:葡萄园转向微酸性,更肥沃(即土层更深,有机碳含量更高)的土壤。具有不同岩性和母质的葡萄园的比例也发生了变化:松散的钙质第三纪沉积物几乎减少了一半,酸性火山及其风化风化层的葡萄园比例几乎翻了一番。对比这两种主要的岩性类型及其衍生的土壤剖面,发现不同的土壤学特征和分类地位(Phaeozems和Vertisols)。然而,根据生产地点随机选取的25个表层土壤样品的主要表层土壤特征(pH、有机碳、碳酸盐、肥沃土层深度、N、P、K含量)对这两种岩性类型进行比较,发现差异不显著。在这个特殊的葡萄酒产区,生产地点的空间变化主要影响了海拔和坡度的分布,但没有显著改变风土的表层土壤特征。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Erland G. Kolomyts: Experimental Geographical Ecology: Problems and Methods 书评:Erland G. Kolomyts:实验地理生态学:问题与方法
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.03.06
Christian Opp
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Najiburrahman, Hadid; Farid Ahmad, Farzam Rahimi; Hadi, Khardorz Juya and Mohammad Omid, Jami (eds): Factors of the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 书评:Najiburrahman, Hadid;Farid Ahmad, Farzam Rahimi;Hadi, Khardorz Juya 和 Mohammad Omid, Jami(编辑):阿富汗伊斯兰共和国崩溃的因素
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.03.07
Waheed Ramesh
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引用次数: 0
Did the COVID-19 pandemic change internal rural migration patterns in Serbia? COVID-19大流行是否改变了塞尔维亚的内部农村移民模式?
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.03.04
Vesna Lukić, Suzana Lović Obradović, Jelena Stojilković Gnjatović
Recent empirical research on internal migration has focused on the change in migration volume, before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, by the degree of urbanization. Less is known about the types of rural areas that are attracting internal migrants. This study aims to explore the changes in internal rural migration patterns in Serbia due to the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the types of rural settlements as places of destinations and types of urban settlements as places of the origin of migrants. Relying on the additionally processed official national annual statistical data for the period 2018–2021, we offer findings on the differences in volume and socio-demographic characteristics of migrants across six internal migration flows (from small towns, medium-sized towns, and large cities, to suburban and non-suburban rural settlements). The results reveal that the pandemic affected an increase of rural–rural migration as well as rural in-migration from medium-sized towns. We also find that after an initial drop in values for in- and out-migration rates in 2020, relocation intensity exceeded the pre-pandemic level in 2021, with a positive net migration rate for all age groups except 15–30. The unfavorable economic characteristics of rural in-migrants shifted slightly in pandemic years since the share of active and population with personal means rose in non-suburban settlements, while the percentage of dependent population decreased. The opposite holds for suburban settlements.
近期关于国内移民的实证研究主要关注新冠肺炎疫情爆发前后移民数量随城市化程度的变化。人们对吸引国内移民的农村地区类型知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨2019冠状病毒病大流行对塞尔维亚国内农村移民模式的影响,重点关注作为移民目的地的农村定居点类型和作为移民来源地的城市定居点类型。根据2018-2021年期间额外处理的官方国家年度统计数据,我们提供了六个内部移民流(从小城镇、中型城镇和大城市,到郊区和非郊区农村定居点)的移民数量和社会人口特征差异的研究结果。结果表明,大流行影响了农村向农村迁移和中等城镇向农村迁移的增加。我们还发现,在2020年迁入和迁出的移民率最初下降之后,2021年的迁移强度超过了大流行前的水平,除15-30岁外,所有年龄组的净移民率都为正。在大流行年份,农村移民的不利经济特征略有变化,因为在非郊区定居点,有经济能力的活跃人口比例上升,而依赖人口比例下降。郊区定居点的情况正好相反。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Maike Dziomba, Christian Krajewski, Claus-Christian Wiegandt (eds): Angewandte Geographie. Arbeitsfelder, Tätigkeiten und Methoden in der geographischen Berufspraxis 《教科书评论:迈克·德ziomba,克里斯琴·克拉耶夫斯基,克劳斯·威尔甘特(爱德华):应用地理。特别是在工作领域、活动和地理职业中使用的方法
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.03.05
Fabian Thiel
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引用次数: 0
Dataset from long-term air quality monitoring in the World Natural Heritage Geirangerfjord, Western Norway (AQM-G) 世界自然遗产挪威Geirangerfjord (AQM-G)长期空气质量监测数据集
4区 社会学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2023.dp.03
Jörg Löffler, Kenneth M. Tschorn, Svenja Dobbert, Eike C. Albrecht, Roland Pape, Dirk Wundram
Here, we present a datapaper containing observational air quality and meteorological data related to our long-term air quality monitoring program at the UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site Geirangerfjord, Western Norway. The dataset will be updated with future data.
在这里,我们提供了一份数据报告,其中包含与我们在联合国教科文组织世界自然遗产挪威西部Geirangerfjord的长期空气质量监测计划相关的观测空气质量和气象数据。该数据集将根据未来的数据进行更新。
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引用次数: 0
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Erdkunde
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