In several butterfl ies, the posterior end of the hindwings resembles a butterfl y head when the butterfl y is perched with its wings closed. There is evidence that this “false head” (FH) defl ects predator attacks towards non-vital parts of the body. If the FH protects from visually oriented predators, its condition in an individual butterfl y could provide information about its quality to prospective mates. We tested two hypotheses based on this idea by comparing the probability of mating, duration of copulation and size of the ejaculate received by females of Callophrys xami (Lycaenidae) with an intact FH and those with an ablated FH in a paired experiment. The absence of a FH had no effect on the probability of mating, but females with an ablated FH copulated for longer and received larger ejaculates, which supports the hypothesis that males prefer females with damaged FHs because this reveals the female’s ability to defl ect attacks. Male or female (or both) cryptic choice could also account for our results, but more studies are needed to test this. * Corresponding author; e-mail: cordero@ecologia.unam.mx INTRODUCTION Deception is widespread in nature (Wickler, 1968; Ruxton et al., 2004; Howse, 2014; Stevens, 2016). In several species, some individuals provide misleading information that results in fi tness benefi ts for them and fi tness costs for the “tricked” organisms (Ruxton et al., 2014; Stevens, 2016). A classic example of deception is the “false head” present in many butterfl y species of the family Lycaenidae (Robbins, 1980). In these species, the posterior end of the hindwings resembles the head of a butterfl y that is perching with its wings closed. This resemblance is reinforced by specifi c behaviour, such as the back and forth movement of the hindwings that helps the hindwings tails (the “false antennae”) simulate the movements of real antennae (López-Palafox et al., 2015). This false head (FH hereafter) is explained as an adaptation that defl ects attacks from predators to non-vital parts of the body (Robbins, 1980; Cordero, 2001). There are only two experimental tests of this idea using species of Lycaenidae (Sourakov, 2013; López Palafox & Cordero, 2017), and in one case the results were inconsistent with the hypothesis (López Palafox & Cordero, 2017). However, comparative data on failed predator attacks on the hindwings support the predictions Eur. J. Entomol. 118: 394–398, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.040
{"title":"False heads and sexual behaviour in a hairstreak butterfly, Callophrys xami (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)","authors":"C. Medina, C. Cordero","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.040","url":null,"abstract":"In several butterfl ies, the posterior end of the hindwings resembles a butterfl y head when the butterfl y is perched with its wings closed. There is evidence that this “false head” (FH) defl ects predator attacks towards non-vital parts of the body. If the FH protects from visually oriented predators, its condition in an individual butterfl y could provide information about its quality to prospective mates. We tested two hypotheses based on this idea by comparing the probability of mating, duration of copulation and size of the ejaculate received by females of Callophrys xami (Lycaenidae) with an intact FH and those with an ablated FH in a paired experiment. The absence of a FH had no effect on the probability of mating, but females with an ablated FH copulated for longer and received larger ejaculates, which supports the hypothesis that males prefer females with damaged FHs because this reveals the female’s ability to defl ect attacks. Male or female (or both) cryptic choice could also account for our results, but more studies are needed to test this. * Corresponding author; e-mail: cordero@ecologia.unam.mx INTRODUCTION Deception is widespread in nature (Wickler, 1968; Ruxton et al., 2004; Howse, 2014; Stevens, 2016). In several species, some individuals provide misleading information that results in fi tness benefi ts for them and fi tness costs for the “tricked” organisms (Ruxton et al., 2014; Stevens, 2016). A classic example of deception is the “false head” present in many butterfl y species of the family Lycaenidae (Robbins, 1980). In these species, the posterior end of the hindwings resembles the head of a butterfl y that is perching with its wings closed. This resemblance is reinforced by specifi c behaviour, such as the back and forth movement of the hindwings that helps the hindwings tails (the “false antennae”) simulate the movements of real antennae (López-Palafox et al., 2015). This false head (FH hereafter) is explained as an adaptation that defl ects attacks from predators to non-vital parts of the body (Robbins, 1980; Cordero, 2001). There are only two experimental tests of this idea using species of Lycaenidae (Sourakov, 2013; López Palafox & Cordero, 2017), and in one case the results were inconsistent with the hypothesis (López Palafox & Cordero, 2017). However, comparative data on failed predator attacks on the hindwings support the predictions Eur. J. Entomol. 118: 394–398, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.040","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cynipoid wasp Gronotoma micromorpha (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is a parasitoid of the leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). The effects of adult age and body size on egg maturation in G. micromorpha were determined. The results showed that its egg load (number of mature eggs per female) increased when offered honey, water, but not hosts for 3 or 6 days after adult emergence. However, there was no signifi cant difference in the egg loads of 3and 6-day-old wasps. These fi ndings and the results of previous studies on other cynipoid parasitoids suggest that when hosts are not available, females of parasitoid Cynipoidea enhance their reproductive capacity in anticipation of a future improvement in the availability of hosts by using carbohydrates and reserves stored during the larval stage. Moreover, large female wasps had higher egg loads throughout their lifetime. Given that rapid increases in the population density of L. trifolii are commonly reported in greenhouses, the demographic data of 0and 3-day-old G. micromorpha females fed honey, need to be compared in the future. The effects of body size on the fecundity and longevity of G. micromorpha wasps should also be determined. * Corresponding author; e-mail: y_abe@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp INTRODUCTION Egg maturation in parasitoid wasps has been extensively investigated in order to clarify the life-history and reproductive strategies employed by these wasps (e.g., Rosenheim et al., 2000; Jervis et al., 2001, 2008). An ovigeny index, calculated by dividing the number of mature eggs upon emergence by potential lifetime fecundity, is widely used to assess a variety of reproductive traits of parasitoids (Jervis et al., 2001, 2008; Jervis & Ferns, 2004). From the viewpoint of reproduction, parasitoid wasps are classifi ed as pro-ovigenic species, in which most or all of the potential lifetime egg complement is mature upon emergence, or synovigenic species, in which egg maturation continues throughout the adult stage (Flanders, 1950). However, a continuum between pro-ovigenic and synovigenic has also been identifi ed in parasitoids, and strict pro-ovigeny (ovigeny index = 1) is rare (Jervis et al., 2001; Ellers & Jervis, 2004). Females emerging with a considerable number of mature eggs, combined with maturation of additional eggs throughout the lifetime of the female, are referred to as prosynovigenic parasitoids (Quicke, 1997). Host feeding and production of yolk-rich eggs are common in females of synovigenic species, which are typically Eur. J. Entomol. 118: 364–367, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.038
{"title":"Effects of adult age and body size on egg maturation in the parasitoid Gronotoma micromorpha (Hymenoptera: Figitidae)","authors":"Ya-Jing Wu, Y. Abe","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.038","url":null,"abstract":"The cynipoid wasp Gronotoma micromorpha (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is a parasitoid of the leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). The effects of adult age and body size on egg maturation in G. micromorpha were determined. The results showed that its egg load (number of mature eggs per female) increased when offered honey, water, but not hosts for 3 or 6 days after adult emergence. However, there was no signifi cant difference in the egg loads of 3and 6-day-old wasps. These fi ndings and the results of previous studies on other cynipoid parasitoids suggest that when hosts are not available, females of parasitoid Cynipoidea enhance their reproductive capacity in anticipation of a future improvement in the availability of hosts by using carbohydrates and reserves stored during the larval stage. Moreover, large female wasps had higher egg loads throughout their lifetime. Given that rapid increases in the population density of L. trifolii are commonly reported in greenhouses, the demographic data of 0and 3-day-old G. micromorpha females fed honey, need to be compared in the future. The effects of body size on the fecundity and longevity of G. micromorpha wasps should also be determined. * Corresponding author; e-mail: y_abe@scs.kyushu-u.ac.jp INTRODUCTION Egg maturation in parasitoid wasps has been extensively investigated in order to clarify the life-history and reproductive strategies employed by these wasps (e.g., Rosenheim et al., 2000; Jervis et al., 2001, 2008). An ovigeny index, calculated by dividing the number of mature eggs upon emergence by potential lifetime fecundity, is widely used to assess a variety of reproductive traits of parasitoids (Jervis et al., 2001, 2008; Jervis & Ferns, 2004). From the viewpoint of reproduction, parasitoid wasps are classifi ed as pro-ovigenic species, in which most or all of the potential lifetime egg complement is mature upon emergence, or synovigenic species, in which egg maturation continues throughout the adult stage (Flanders, 1950). However, a continuum between pro-ovigenic and synovigenic has also been identifi ed in parasitoids, and strict pro-ovigeny (ovigeny index = 1) is rare (Jervis et al., 2001; Ellers & Jervis, 2004). Females emerging with a considerable number of mature eggs, combined with maturation of additional eggs throughout the lifetime of the female, are referred to as prosynovigenic parasitoids (Quicke, 1997). Host feeding and production of yolk-rich eggs are common in females of synovigenic species, which are typically Eur. J. Entomol. 118: 364–367, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.038","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45998184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insects can recognize invading pathogens and initiate an immune response. Among them, Drosophila has emerged as an invertebrate model for investigating innate immune responses in which antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role. In the present study, immune-induced antimicrobial peptides were characterized in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae using the agar well diffusion method, HPLC, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS after infection with either S. aureus or E. coli. The HPLC revealed two and three differentially induced components, respectively, in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae fl ies infected with S. aureus and E. coli. The tricine SDS-PAGE analysis also revealed two and fi ve differentially induced proteins, respectively, in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae infected with E. coli. In E. coli infected fl ies, the ~6 kDa band was produced at higher level. Based on LCMS/MS and Mascot analysis, the peptide was identifi ed as a putative cecropin A-like peptide, and the data suggested that both species of Drosophila have exhibited a clear immune response. The fl ies were also able to discriminate between bacteria, as this putative cecropin A-like peptide was produced in fl ies infected with E. coli but not S. aureus. * Corresponding author; e-mail: knagarajv@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The fruit fl y, Drosophila melanogaster has innate immunity against invading microbes. This includes both cellular and humoral immune responses (Lye, 2018; Meghashree & Nagaraj, 2020). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component in the fi rst line of defence (Yuchen et al., 2019). AMPs are endogenous peptides with a molecular weight (MW) of ~2–22 kDa and they are released by the fat body (analogue of the liver) into haemolymph to clear off the microbial infections (Troha et al., 2019). The interactions of AMPs with Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria differ. The positively charged AMPs selectively interact with prokaryotes having a negatively charged bacterial cell-wall, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids. Based on the available data (FlyBase), nine distinct classes of AMPs (23 members) are identifi ed in Drosophila (Thurmond et al., 2019). Among them, attacin, diptericin, cecropin and drosocin are produced in response to Gram-negative bacterial infections (Imd pathway), metchnikowin and defensin in response to a Gram-positive bacterial infection (Toll pathway) and drosomycin only in response to fungal infection (Sheehan et al., 2018). As fruit fl ies are genetically similar in the way they combat diseases as humans, they can be used to evaluate miEur. J. Entomol. 118: 355–363, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.037
{"title":"Characterization of the immune induced antimicrobial peptide in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae","authors":"Ramachandra Naik Meghashree, Kakanahalli Nagaraj","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.037","url":null,"abstract":"Insects can recognize invading pathogens and initiate an immune response. Among them, Drosophila has emerged as an invertebrate model for investigating innate immune responses in which antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role. In the present study, immune-induced antimicrobial peptides were characterized in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae using the agar well diffusion method, HPLC, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS after infection with either S. aureus or E. coli. The HPLC revealed two and three differentially induced components, respectively, in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae fl ies infected with S. aureus and E. coli. The tricine SDS-PAGE analysis also revealed two and fi ve differentially induced proteins, respectively, in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae infected with E. coli. In E. coli infected fl ies, the ~6 kDa band was produced at higher level. Based on LCMS/MS and Mascot analysis, the peptide was identifi ed as a putative cecropin A-like peptide, and the data suggested that both species of Drosophila have exhibited a clear immune response. The fl ies were also able to discriminate between bacteria, as this putative cecropin A-like peptide was produced in fl ies infected with E. coli but not S. aureus. * Corresponding author; e-mail: knagarajv@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The fruit fl y, Drosophila melanogaster has innate immunity against invading microbes. This includes both cellular and humoral immune responses (Lye, 2018; Meghashree & Nagaraj, 2020). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component in the fi rst line of defence (Yuchen et al., 2019). AMPs are endogenous peptides with a molecular weight (MW) of ~2–22 kDa and they are released by the fat body (analogue of the liver) into haemolymph to clear off the microbial infections (Troha et al., 2019). The interactions of AMPs with Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria differ. The positively charged AMPs selectively interact with prokaryotes having a negatively charged bacterial cell-wall, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids. Based on the available data (FlyBase), nine distinct classes of AMPs (23 members) are identifi ed in Drosophila (Thurmond et al., 2019). Among them, attacin, diptericin, cecropin and drosocin are produced in response to Gram-negative bacterial infections (Imd pathway), metchnikowin and defensin in response to a Gram-positive bacterial infection (Toll pathway) and drosomycin only in response to fungal infection (Sheehan et al., 2018). As fruit fl ies are genetically similar in the way they combat diseases as humans, they can be used to evaluate miEur. J. Entomol. 118: 355–363, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.037","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44262752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Karagyan, V. Lukhtanov, M. Mazmanyan, I. Stepanyan, T. Ghrejyan, A. Abakumova, O. Nesterova
Once introduced into new area, invasive species can be expected to have low genetic diversity due to the founder effect. Here we tested this prediction using cytogenetic and molecular analysis of Armenian and Belarusian populations of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) and by comparing the results with those of native (North America) and those introduced into Europe. This revealed that the karyotype of males from Armenia and Belarus is remarkably conserved with 2n = 35 (34 + X0), n = 17AA + X0; and includes a pair of large acrocentric chromosomes. Thus, these populations belong to the so-called acrocentric chromosome race of the Colorado potato beetle. At diakinesis there are clearly visible argentophilic signals, probably NORs (the nucleolus organizer regions) present on some autosomal bivalents, while the X chromosome was homogenously argentophilic during different stages of meiosis. C-banding revealed a small amount of constitutive heterochromatin weakly visible in the pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes. Analysis of the DNA-barcode fragment of the gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed a single haplotype (we call it “the European haplotype”) and lack of inter-population variability in all the samples collected from different locations in Armenia and Belarus. The comparison of our karyological and molecular data with that available in the literature and GenBank shows that all the populations studied from the Old World are monomorphic with respect to karyotype and the mitochondrial DNA-barcode. We assume that (1) the presence of acrocentric chromosomes in the karyotype and (2) the European haplotype of mitochondrial genome are the ancestral states for all populations in the Old World and inherited from the New World invaders who colonized Europe 100 years ago. New World populations are polymorphic with respect to karyotype and mitochondrial genes; however, the European haplotype has not yet been found in America. We believe that in the future it will be found in North America, which will shed light on the origin of populations of this dangerous pest in Eurasia.
{"title":"Genetic implications of a biological invasion: Chromosomal and DNA barcode monomorphism in Old World populations of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)","authors":"G. Karagyan, V. Lukhtanov, M. Mazmanyan, I. Stepanyan, T. Ghrejyan, A. Abakumova, O. Nesterova","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.036","url":null,"abstract":"Once introduced into new area, invasive species can be expected to have low genetic diversity due to the founder effect. Here we tested this prediction using cytogenetic and molecular analysis of Armenian and Belarusian populations of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) and by comparing the results with those of native (North America) and those introduced into Europe. This revealed that the karyotype of males from Armenia and Belarus is remarkably conserved with 2n = 35 (34 + X0), n = 17AA + X0; and includes a pair of large acrocentric chromosomes. Thus, these populations belong to the so-called acrocentric chromosome race of the Colorado potato beetle. At diakinesis there are clearly visible argentophilic signals, probably NORs (the nucleolus organizer regions) present on some autosomal bivalents, while the X chromosome was homogenously argentophilic during different stages of meiosis. C-banding revealed a small amount of constitutive heterochromatin weakly visible in the pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes. Analysis of the DNA-barcode fragment of the gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed a single haplotype (we call it “the European haplotype”) and lack of inter-population variability in all the samples collected from different locations in Armenia and Belarus. The comparison of our karyological and molecular data with that available in the literature and GenBank shows that all the populations studied from the Old World are monomorphic with respect to karyotype and the mitochondrial DNA-barcode. We assume that (1) the presence of acrocentric chromosomes in the karyotype and (2) the European haplotype of mitochondrial genome are the ancestral states for all populations in the Old World and inherited from the New World invaders who colonized Europe 100 years ago. New World populations are polymorphic with respect to karyotype and mitochondrial genes; however, the European haplotype has not yet been found in America. We believe that in the future it will be found in North America, which will shed light on the origin of populations of this dangerous pest in Eurasia.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44435153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Seabra, J. Martins, Patricia G. Brás, A. M. Tavares, I. Freitas, António Barata, M. Rebelo, C. Mateus, O. Paulo, E. Figueiredo
The tiger-fl y Coenosia attenuata Stein (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiini) is a generalist predator that preys on several pests of greenhouse crops and is considered a biological control agent in the Mediterranean region. Previous behavioural observations identifi ed its preferred prey, but a more in-depth evaluation will benefi t from using Polymerase Chain Reaction amplifi cation of prey DNA remains in the gut of this predator. To evaluate the rate of decay and suitability of this method for use in the fi eld assessments, we carried out a laboratory feeding calibration experiment on 355 females of C. attenuata, which were killed at different intervals of time after ingestion (10 time points from 0 to 48 h). The prey species tested were: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Trialeurodini), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Cirrospilini), Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Drosophila mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Drosophilini). Based on a probit model, amplifi cation success of prey DNA declined exponentially with increasing time after ingestion. The half-time molecular detection differed between species, ranging from an average of 5 h for T. vaporariorum and D. isaea, 6 h for B. impatiens, 15 h for L. huidobrensis to more than 40 h for D. mercatorum. This study confi rmed the feasibility of using DNA based detection to identify prey species in the gut contents of C. attenuata and provided calibration curves for a better understanding of predation activity in this agroecosystem. * Present addresses: S.G. Seabra – Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira no 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; J. Martins – Ascenza Agro, Lda., Alameda dos Oceanos 1.06.1.1, 1990-207 Lisboa, Portugal; I. Freitas – CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal INTRODUCTION Generalist invertebrate predators may be important biological control agents against crop pests, as shown in a number of manipulative fi eld experiments (Symondson et al., 20 02). When considering introducing or enhancing a particular generalist predator species for pest control, its prey preference and effect on pests (target) and non-pests (non-target) should be studied (Stilin & Simberloff, 2000; Louda et al., 2003), even when native control agents are considered (Howarth, 2000). Field observations of predator preferences are not always feasible and molecular anaEur. J. Entomol. 118: 335–343, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.035
虎fly Coenosia defensia Stein（直翅目：蝇科：Coenosini）是一种多面手捕食者，捕食温室作物的几种害虫，被认为是地中海地区的生物防治剂。先前的行为观察确定了它喜欢的猎物，但更深入的评估将受益于使用聚合酶链式反应扩增这种捕食者肠道中残留的猎物DNA。为了评估衰减率和该方法在现场评估中的适用性，我们对355只雌性衰减C.attenuta进行了实验室喂养校准实验，这些雌性衰减C.detenuta在摄入后的不同时间间隔（0至48小时的10个时间点）被杀死。测试的猎物种类有：蒸汽斑蝶（Westwood）（半翅目：Aleyrodidae：Trialeurodini）、斑潜蝇（Blanchard）（双翅目：Agromyzidae）、灰蝶（Walker）（膜翅目：Eulophidae：Cirrospilini）、凤仙花（Johannsen）（双翅目：Sciaridae）和果蝇（双翅目的：果蝇科：Drosophilini）。基于probit模型，猎物DNA的扩增成功率随着摄入后时间的增加呈指数级下降。不同物种的半时间分子检测不同，从蒸发T.vaporariorum和灰蝶D.isaea的平均5小时，凤仙花B.impatiens的平均6小时，灰蝶L.huidobrensis的平均15小时到汞蝶D.mercatorum的平均40小时不等。这项研究证实了使用基于DNA的检测来识别衰减梭菌肠道内容物中猎物物种的可行性，并为更好地了解该农业生态系统中的捕食活动提供了校准曲线。*现地址：S.G.Seabra–葡萄牙里斯本新里斯本大学热带卫生与医学研究所，邮编：100，1349-008；J.Martins–Ascenza Agro，Lda。，Alameda dos Oceanos 1.06.1.1，1990-207葡萄牙里斯本；I.Freitas–CIBIO/InBIO，葡萄牙瓦良港波尔图大学生物多样性和遗传资源研究中心简介一般无脊椎动物捕食者可能是对抗作物害虫的重要生物控制剂，如许多现场操作实验所示（Symondson等人，20 02）。在考虑引入或增强特定的多面手捕食者物种进行害虫控制时，应研究其猎物偏好以及对害虫（目标）和非害虫（非目标）的影响（Stilin&Simberloff，2000；Louda等人，2003），即使考虑了本土控制剂（Howarth，2000）。对捕食者偏好的实地观察并不总是可行的，而且是不可预测的。J.昆虫。118:335-3432021 doi:10.144411/eje.2021.035
{"title":"PCR-based detection of prey DNA in the gut contents of the tiger-fly, Coenosia attenuata (Diptera: Muscidae), a biological control agent in Mediterranean greenhouses","authors":"S. Seabra, J. Martins, Patricia G. Brás, A. M. Tavares, I. Freitas, António Barata, M. Rebelo, C. Mateus, O. Paulo, E. Figueiredo","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.035","url":null,"abstract":"The tiger-fl y Coenosia attenuata Stein (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiini) is a generalist predator that preys on several pests of greenhouse crops and is considered a biological control agent in the Mediterranean region. Previous behavioural observations identifi ed its preferred prey, but a more in-depth evaluation will benefi t from using Polymerase Chain Reaction amplifi cation of prey DNA remains in the gut of this predator. To evaluate the rate of decay and suitability of this method for use in the fi eld assessments, we carried out a laboratory feeding calibration experiment on 355 females of C. attenuata, which were killed at different intervals of time after ingestion (10 time points from 0 to 48 h). The prey species tested were: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Trialeurodini), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Cirrospilini), Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Drosophila mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Drosophilini). Based on a probit model, amplifi cation success of prey DNA declined exponentially with increasing time after ingestion. The half-time molecular detection differed between species, ranging from an average of 5 h for T. vaporariorum and D. isaea, 6 h for B. impatiens, 15 h for L. huidobrensis to more than 40 h for D. mercatorum. This study confi rmed the feasibility of using DNA based detection to identify prey species in the gut contents of C. attenuata and provided calibration curves for a better understanding of predation activity in this agroecosystem. * Present addresses: S.G. Seabra – Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira no 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; J. Martins – Ascenza Agro, Lda., Alameda dos Oceanos 1.06.1.1, 1990-207 Lisboa, Portugal; I. Freitas – CIBIO/InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal INTRODUCTION Generalist invertebrate predators may be important biological control agents against crop pests, as shown in a number of manipulative fi eld experiments (Symondson et al., 20 02). When considering introducing or enhancing a particular generalist predator species for pest control, its prey preference and effect on pests (target) and non-pests (non-target) should be studied (Stilin & Simberloff, 2000; Louda et al., 2003), even when native control agents are considered (Howarth, 2000). Field observations of predator preferences are not always feasible and molecular anaEur. J. Entomol. 118: 335–343, 2021 doi: 10.14411/eje.2021.035","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47684312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ants are common invertebrate models of many myrmecomorphic arthropods since they are unpalatable and pose a threat for many species. Natural habitats harbour a diverse community of different species of ants and their mimics. The myrmecomorphic bug, Riptortus linearis uses a variety of extrafloral nectary-bearing or hemipteran-harbouring legumes as host plants, which are also visited by various sugar-loving species of ants. In the present study, we investigated the responses of the ant-mimicking and non-mimicking stages of the pod-sucking bug, Riptortus linearis, its ant model, Camponotus compressus and a co-occurring ant, Crematogaster subnuda, during experimental encounters, under laboratory conditions. Cr. subnuda ants were much more aggressive than Ca. compressus ants towards the myrmecomorphic bug. However, the pod-sucking bug exhibited similar responses to both of the species of ants. More importantly, Ca. compressus ants did not bite the first instar nymph of the bug. The results of this study show that the non-model ant was significantly more aggressive than the ant model towards different stages of R. linearis. These results have important implications for the management of the pod-sucking bug, R. linearis, which is an important pest of many legumes.
{"title":"Differences in the behaviour of model and non-model species of ants in interactions with the pod-sucking myrmecomorphic bug, Riptortus linearis (Hemiptera: Alydidae)","authors":"J. Samuel, N. Rastogi","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.034","url":null,"abstract":"Ants are common invertebrate models of many myrmecomorphic arthropods since they are unpalatable and pose a threat for many species. Natural habitats harbour a diverse community of different species of ants and their mimics. The myrmecomorphic bug, Riptortus linearis uses a variety of extrafloral nectary-bearing or hemipteran-harbouring legumes as host plants, which are also visited by various sugar-loving species of ants. In the present study, we investigated the responses of the ant-mimicking and non-mimicking stages of the pod-sucking bug, Riptortus linearis, its ant model, Camponotus compressus and a co-occurring ant, Crematogaster subnuda, during experimental encounters, under laboratory conditions. Cr. subnuda ants were much more aggressive than Ca. compressus ants towards the myrmecomorphic bug. However, the pod-sucking bug exhibited similar responses to both of the species of ants. More importantly, Ca. compressus ants did not bite the first instar nymph of the bug. The results of this study show that the non-model ant was significantly more aggressive than the ant model towards different stages of R. linearis. These results have important implications for the management of the pod-sucking bug, R. linearis, which is an important pest of many legumes.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48878378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Uno, Y. Ozakiya, Mako Sasao, K. Sakamoto, Y. Yamauchi, Yuichi Uno, K. Kanamaru, A. Mizoguchi
{"title":"Relationship between Rab and insulin-like proteins in the nervous system of Bombyx mori","authors":"T. Uno, Y. Ozakiya, Mako Sasao, K. Sakamoto, Y. Yamauchi, Yuichi Uno, K. Kanamaru, A. Mizoguchi","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44581428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Georgescu, D. Struți, T. Papuc, V. Cighi, A. Boaru
Hermetia illucens is a sustainable and an increasingly bioeconomical source of nutrients for farm animals. It is still necessary, however, to improve our knowledge of the biological features of this species in order to maximize its use. The aims of this research were to evaluate the effect of the energy level of rearing diets on its body weight and fat-body reserves. The quantity and quality of the fats storred by the non-feeding stages of this insect and its reproductive performances were also studied. A control diet (CD - Gainesville diet) and three diets with progressively greater energy contents (kcal/kg ME) were formulated. The increase was achieved by including different amounts of maize, 40% (ED1), 60% (ED2) and 80% (ED3), in these three diets. Abother diet (ED4) consisted of fruit and vegetable waste. The results indicate that the body weight of larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult flies, as well as fat content of the larvae increased significantly (p ˂ 0.01) with increase in the energy content of the diets. There was a positive Pearson correlation between energy content of diets and body weight of adult flies. The heaviest egg clutches with the highest number of eggs/clutch (p ˂ 0.01) were laid by flies reared on the diets with the highest energy content. The quality of the fat stored by larvae did not influence the weight and number of egg laid.
{"title":"Effect of the energy content of diets on the development and quality of the fat reserves of larvae and reproduction of adults of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)","authors":"B. Georgescu, D. Struți, T. Papuc, V. Cighi, A. Boaru","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.030","url":null,"abstract":"Hermetia illucens is a sustainable and an increasingly bioeconomical source of nutrients for farm animals. It is still necessary, however, to improve our knowledge of the biological features of this species in order to maximize its use. The aims of this research were to evaluate the effect of the energy level of rearing diets on its body weight and fat-body reserves. The quantity and quality of the fats storred by the non-feeding stages of this insect and its reproductive performances were also studied. A control diet (CD - Gainesville diet) and three diets with progressively greater energy contents (kcal/kg ME) were formulated. The increase was achieved by including different amounts of maize, 40% (ED1), 60% (ED2) and 80% (ED3), in these three diets. Abother diet (ED4) consisted of fruit and vegetable waste. The results indicate that the body weight of larvae, prepupae, pupae and adult flies, as well as fat content of the larvae increased significantly (p ˂ 0.01) with increase in the energy content of the diets. There was a positive Pearson correlation between energy content of diets and body weight of adult flies. The heaviest egg clutches with the highest number of eggs/clutch (p ˂ 0.01) were laid by flies reared on the diets with the highest energy content. The quality of the fat stored by larvae did not influence the weight and number of egg laid.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing year-round phenology and reproduction of the migratory painted lady butterfly, Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), in a Mediterranean area in southern Spain","authors":"M. Cuadrado","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41783763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. L. Le Goff, J. Berthe, K. Tougeron, Benoit Dochy, Olivier Lebbe, François Renoz, T. Hance
{"title":"Effect of the instar of the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the behaviour and fitness of the parasitoid Trechnites insidiosus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)","authors":"G. L. Le Goff, J. Berthe, K. Tougeron, Benoit Dochy, Olivier Lebbe, François Renoz, T. Hance","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46736353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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