Somaya NASER EL DEEN, Thomas Spranghers, Ferdinando Baldacchino, D. Deruytter
. Diet is one of the most important factors affecting the growth and lifecycle of Tenebrio molitor L. The chemical and nutritional properties of the diet of mealworms are well studied whereas its physical properties are almost neglected. This work aims to study the effects of four different particle sizes (0–0.8, 0.8–2, 2–3 and 3–4 mm) of four different feeds (wheat bran, chicken feed pellets, grounded corn kernels and alfalfa dried pellets). Four-week-old larvae were reared on the experimental substrates for four to six weeks depending on the feed. Our results indicate that particle size can signi fi cantly in fl uence larval growth and that particles smaller than 2 mm improve larval growth on all feeds except alfalfa pellets. The maximum larval weight was slightly different for wheat bran (12%) when comparing particle sizes smaller than 2 mm with greater than 2 mm but increased up to 70% when corn kernels were used as feed. Signi fi cant differences were found between the different feeds for growth rate, larval weight and variability in larval weight. The larvae that reached an average weight of 100 mg the fastest were those reared on wheat bran followed by chicken feed and corn kernels. Larvae reared on alfalfa pellets did not reach an average weight of 60 mg. The variability in larval growth was lowest when fed wheat bran followed by chicken feed and alfalfa pellets, and the highest variability was recorded when fed corn kernels. In conclusion, both the type (wheat bran, chicken feed and corn kernels) and particle size (< 2 mm) of the feed were important determinants of larval growth.
{"title":"The effects of the particle size of four different feeds on the larval growth of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"Somaya NASER EL DEEN, Thomas Spranghers, Ferdinando Baldacchino, D. Deruytter","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.026","url":null,"abstract":". Diet is one of the most important factors affecting the growth and lifecycle of Tenebrio molitor L. The chemical and nutritional properties of the diet of mealworms are well studied whereas its physical properties are almost neglected. This work aims to study the effects of four different particle sizes (0–0.8, 0.8–2, 2–3 and 3–4 mm) of four different feeds (wheat bran, chicken feed pellets, grounded corn kernels and alfalfa dried pellets). Four-week-old larvae were reared on the experimental substrates for four to six weeks depending on the feed. Our results indicate that particle size can signi fi cantly in fl uence larval growth and that particles smaller than 2 mm improve larval growth on all feeds except alfalfa pellets. The maximum larval weight was slightly different for wheat bran (12%) when comparing particle sizes smaller than 2 mm with greater than 2 mm but increased up to 70% when corn kernels were used as feed. Signi fi cant differences were found between the different feeds for growth rate, larval weight and variability in larval weight. The larvae that reached an average weight of 100 mg the fastest were those reared on wheat bran followed by chicken feed and corn kernels. Larvae reared on alfalfa pellets did not reach an average weight of 60 mg. The variability in larval growth was lowest when fed wheat bran followed by chicken feed and alfalfa pellets, and the highest variability was recorded when fed corn kernels. In conclusion, both the type (wheat bran, chicken feed and corn kernels) and particle size (< 2 mm) of the feed were important determinants of larval growth.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44774779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Belenioti, E. Roditakis, Manolis Sofiadis, M. Fouskaki, Maria Apostolaki, Nikos Chaniotakis
. Hydrocarbons play a major role in the life cycle of insects. Their composition and concentration can be affected by several factors. Hydrocarbons are biosynthesized in oenocytes and subsequently transported to the cuticle of insects, such as Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). As the extraction procedure markedly affects the type and amount of hydrocarbon obtained we determined the association between the time taken to extract the maximum amounts of these compounds and the behaviour of D. suzukii . The required extraction time to reach a steady state is different for each hydrocarbon, which in most cases is more than one hour. On the other hand, if the entire hydrocarbon pro fi le of D. suzukii needs to be investigated, extraction times signi fi cantly longer than one hour were required. By extending the extraction time 5 additional hydrocarbons were detected in D. suzukii for the fi rst time. One of them, dodecane proved to be repulsive to D. suzukii . In addition, it took 3 h of extraction to determine the maximum value of 9-pentacosene, which is responsible for triggering mating behaviour in D. suzukii .
{"title":"Effect of solvent extraction time on the hydrocarbon profile of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and behavioural effects of 9-pentacosene and dodecane","authors":"Maria Belenioti, E. Roditakis, Manolis Sofiadis, M. Fouskaki, Maria Apostolaki, Nikos Chaniotakis","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.025","url":null,"abstract":". Hydrocarbons play a major role in the life cycle of insects. Their composition and concentration can be affected by several factors. Hydrocarbons are biosynthesized in oenocytes and subsequently transported to the cuticle of insects, such as Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). As the extraction procedure markedly affects the type and amount of hydrocarbon obtained we determined the association between the time taken to extract the maximum amounts of these compounds and the behaviour of D. suzukii . The required extraction time to reach a steady state is different for each hydrocarbon, which in most cases is more than one hour. On the other hand, if the entire hydrocarbon pro fi le of D. suzukii needs to be investigated, extraction times signi fi cantly longer than one hour were required. By extending the extraction time 5 additional hydrocarbons were detected in D. suzukii for the fi rst time. One of them, dodecane proved to be repulsive to D. suzukii . In addition, it took 3 h of extraction to determine the maximum value of 9-pentacosene, which is responsible for triggering mating behaviour in D. suzukii .","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. There are two hypotheses on egg maturation in the invasive chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). That it is pro-ovigenic (most or all of its potential lifetime egg complement is mature upon emergence) or facultatively synovigenic (not all eggs are fully developed upon emergence and may be resorbed when suitable hosts are ab-sent). These hypotheses were tested by determining the effects of adult age and food (honey) on egg maturation in D. kuriphilus wasps with no access to host plants. Egg load (the number of mature eggs per female) neither increased nor decreased with adult age in the presence or absence of honey when deprived of host plants. These fi ndings support the pro-ovigenic hypothesis. Some eggs mature during the adult lifetime of cynipoid parasitoids even without hosts, but the cynipoid gall inducer, D . kuriphilus , is pro-ovigenic, probably due to the abundance of chestnut buds available for oviposition under natural conditions. In addition to no competition for oviposition resources, thelytokous reproduction, unintentional introduction of infested chestnut trees and escape from host-speci fi c parasitoids in introduced countries, pro-ovigeny with a high egg load has presumably resulted in D . kuriphilus becoming a global pest of chestnuts. In addition, body length, mesosomal and metasomal lengths and widths, hind femoral length, hind tibial length, and egg load as well as egg width of this wasp were also measured. There was no variation in egg width, but all the other measurements were positively correlated with egg load. Large females of D . kuriphilus had higher egg loads than small females.
{"title":"Egg maturation in an invasive gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): An experimental test of the pro-ovigenic and facultatively synovigenic hypotheses","authors":"Ya-Jing Wu, Y. Abe","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.024","url":null,"abstract":". There are two hypotheses on egg maturation in the invasive chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). That it is pro-ovigenic (most or all of its potential lifetime egg complement is mature upon emergence) or facultatively synovigenic (not all eggs are fully developed upon emergence and may be resorbed when suitable hosts are ab-sent). These hypotheses were tested by determining the effects of adult age and food (honey) on egg maturation in D. kuriphilus wasps with no access to host plants. Egg load (the number of mature eggs per female) neither increased nor decreased with adult age in the presence or absence of honey when deprived of host plants. These fi ndings support the pro-ovigenic hypothesis. Some eggs mature during the adult lifetime of cynipoid parasitoids even without hosts, but the cynipoid gall inducer, D . kuriphilus , is pro-ovigenic, probably due to the abundance of chestnut buds available for oviposition under natural conditions. In addition to no competition for oviposition resources, thelytokous reproduction, unintentional introduction of infested chestnut trees and escape from host-speci fi c parasitoids in introduced countries, pro-ovigeny with a high egg load has presumably resulted in D . kuriphilus becoming a global pest of chestnuts. In addition, body length, mesosomal and metasomal lengths and widths, hind femoral length, hind tibial length, and egg load as well as egg width of this wasp were also measured. There was no variation in egg width, but all the other measurements were positively correlated with egg load. Large females of D . kuriphilus had higher egg loads than small females.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41835221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are the most abundant endosymbionts infecting many arthropods, with Coleoptera being the most diverse hosts in terms of taxonomy and ecology. There has been great progress in studies on the relations between Wolbachia and beetles, however, only some of the research details the consequences of infection. In this review, I summarise the knowledge on the evolutionary relations or ecological associations between Wolbachia and its beetle hosts. These bacteria often cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in the infected hosts and are responsible for a selective sweep of the mitochondrial genomes in some beetles. Wolbachia can manipulate the sex ratio or reproduction of some species of beetles, however, it does not induce parthenogenesis, with the possible rare exception of some Naupactini. Proof of the co-evolution of Wolbachia with beetles is missing, but some aquatic groups seem to be prone to co-speciation, unlike terrestrial taxa. On the other hand, there is a growing number of studies indicating or proving horizontal transmission of Wolbachia among beetle hosts, mostly via common host plants or the foraging substrate (such as dung). Wolbachia is not alone in infecting beetles as other endosymbiotic bacteria occur in beetles (Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Cardinium, Arsenophorus), which have often been reported as interchangeable, suggesting the infection by various bacteria is dynamic. Nonetheless, there are still many issues associated with Wolbachia that are not yet been described in beetles (like the provision of nutrition or protection against pathogens) and high-throughput sequencing should be used to improve our understanding of Wolbachia-Coleoptera relations.
{"title":"Evolutionary and ecological signals in Wolbachia-beetle relationships: A review","authors":"Ł. Kajtoch","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.023","url":null,"abstract":"Intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are the most abundant endosymbionts infecting many arthropods, with Coleoptera being the most diverse hosts in terms of taxonomy and ecology. There has been great progress in studies on the relations between Wolbachia and beetles, however, only some of the research details the consequences of infection. In this review, I summarise the knowledge on the evolutionary relations or ecological associations between Wolbachia and its beetle hosts. These bacteria often cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in the infected hosts and are responsible for a selective sweep of the mitochondrial genomes in some beetles. Wolbachia can manipulate the sex ratio or reproduction of some species of beetles, however, it does not induce parthenogenesis, with the possible rare exception of some Naupactini. Proof of the co-evolution of Wolbachia with beetles is missing, but some aquatic groups seem to be prone to co-speciation, unlike terrestrial taxa. On the other hand, there is a growing number of studies indicating or proving horizontal transmission of Wolbachia among beetle hosts, mostly via common host plants or the foraging substrate (such as dung). Wolbachia is not alone in infecting beetles as other endosymbiotic bacteria occur in beetles (Rickettsia, Spiroplasma, Cardinium, Arsenophorus), which have often been reported as interchangeable, suggesting the infection by various bacteria is dynamic. Nonetheless, there are still many issues associated with Wolbachia that are not yet been described in beetles (like the provision of nutrition or protection against pathogens) and high-throughput sequencing should be used to improve our understanding of Wolbachia-Coleoptera relations.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41801624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Six new species of Habronychus (Habronychus) Wittmer, 1981 are described, including H. (H.) laticeps Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n., H. (H.) honestus Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n., H. (H.) crassatus Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n. and H. (H.) tengchongensis Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n. from China, and H. (H.) longiplatus Y. Yang, Ge & Liu, sp. n. and H. (H.) trianguliceps Y. Yang, Ge & Liu, sp. n. from Vietnam. In addition, a previously known species, H. (H.) parallelicollis (Pic, 1921), is redescribed. The above species are illustrated with habitus photographs, aedeagi, abdominal sternites VIII and internal genitalia of females. Key for identifi cation of the species of this subgenus worldwide is provided. ZooBank Article Registration: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D21B030C-3BE4-400C-B045-8BAC4650FA65 * Corresponding authors. INTRODUCTION The genus Habronychus was established by Wittmer (1981), with Anolisus rubicundus Champion, 1926 designated as the type species (Okushima & Satô, 1999). There was a controversy about the validity of Habronychus as the generic name (Brancucci, 2007), which was resolved by Kopetz (2008). At present, it is divided into three subgenera (Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007). The nominate subgenus includes 15 species widely distributed in the Oriental and south eastern Palaearctic regions (Wittmer, 1981, 1982a, b; Ishida, 1986; Satô, 1986; Okushima & Satô, 1999; Švihla, 2004, 2005; Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007; Kopetz, 2008), Macrohabronychus Wittmer, 1981 includes 11 species restricted to the Himalayan area (Kopetz, 2008; Yang et al., 2010) and Monohabronychus Okushima & Satô, 1999 is composed of 5 species endemic to Taiwan (Okushima & Satô, 1999; Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007; Satô et al., 2014). The members of Habronychus can be distinguished from all other genera of Cantharinae by the small to middlesized and slender body, head with a pair of smooth impressions behind the antennal sockets, subquadrate pronotum, which is much narrower than head in the male, oval-shaped aedeagus which is deeply cleft ventrally and separated Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 201–214, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.022
{"title":"Six new species of the subgenus Habronychus (Habronychus) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) from the Oriental region, with key to species","authors":"Shujuan Ge, Haoyu Liu, Xingke Yang, Yuxia Yang","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.022","url":null,"abstract":"Six new species of Habronychus (Habronychus) Wittmer, 1981 are described, including H. (H.) laticeps Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n., H. (H.) honestus Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n., H. (H.) crassatus Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n. and H. (H.) tengchongensis Y. Yang, Ge & X. Yang, sp. n. from China, and H. (H.) longiplatus Y. Yang, Ge & Liu, sp. n. and H. (H.) trianguliceps Y. Yang, Ge & Liu, sp. n. from Vietnam. In addition, a previously known species, H. (H.) parallelicollis (Pic, 1921), is redescribed. The above species are illustrated with habitus photographs, aedeagi, abdominal sternites VIII and internal genitalia of females. Key for identifi cation of the species of this subgenus worldwide is provided. ZooBank Article Registration: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D21B030C-3BE4-400C-B045-8BAC4650FA65 * Corresponding authors. INTRODUCTION The genus Habronychus was established by Wittmer (1981), with Anolisus rubicundus Champion, 1926 designated as the type species (Okushima & Satô, 1999). There was a controversy about the validity of Habronychus as the generic name (Brancucci, 2007), which was resolved by Kopetz (2008). At present, it is divided into three subgenera (Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007). The nominate subgenus includes 15 species widely distributed in the Oriental and south eastern Palaearctic regions (Wittmer, 1981, 1982a, b; Ishida, 1986; Satô, 1986; Okushima & Satô, 1999; Švihla, 2004, 2005; Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007; Kopetz, 2008), Macrohabronychus Wittmer, 1981 includes 11 species restricted to the Himalayan area (Kopetz, 2008; Yang et al., 2010) and Monohabronychus Okushima & Satô, 1999 is composed of 5 species endemic to Taiwan (Okushima & Satô, 1999; Kazantsev & Brancucci, 2007; Satô et al., 2014). The members of Habronychus can be distinguished from all other genera of Cantharinae by the small to middlesized and slender body, head with a pair of smooth impressions behind the antennal sockets, subquadrate pronotum, which is much narrower than head in the male, oval-shaped aedeagus which is deeply cleft ventrally and separated Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 201–214, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.022","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42785157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. The rich diversity of information focusing on pupal diapause in the sarcophagids makes this fl y family among the best-understood diapause models. This review summarizes the occurrence of pupal diapause in fl esh fl ies from broad geographic re-gions of the world, as well as the apparent absence of diapause in select regions. The environmental cues used for programming diapause are discussed, as well as the requirements for breaking diapause. This taxon has been used for experiments ranging from the ecological to the molecular and offers a comprehensive overview of the diapause phenotype. A wide range of diapause attributes de fi ne the diapause phenotype of fl esh fl ies, offering insights into such features as clock mechanisms, signaling pathways, maternal regulation, energy utilization, cell cycle regulation, metabolic depression, cyclic metabolic activity, cold tolerance, water balance, and other attributes, generating a diapause pro fi le that offers an attractive comparison for diapause in other insect species as well as with other forms of animal dormancy.
{"title":"Diapause among the flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)","authors":"D. Denlinger","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.019","url":null,"abstract":". The rich diversity of information focusing on pupal diapause in the sarcophagids makes this fl y family among the best-understood diapause models. This review summarizes the occurrence of pupal diapause in fl esh fl ies from broad geographic re-gions of the world, as well as the apparent absence of diapause in select regions. The environmental cues used for programming diapause are discussed, as well as the requirements for breaking diapause. This taxon has been used for experiments ranging from the ecological to the molecular and offers a comprehensive overview of the diapause phenotype. A wide range of diapause attributes de fi ne the diapause phenotype of fl esh fl ies, offering insights into such features as clock mechanisms, signaling pathways, maternal regulation, energy utilization, cell cycle regulation, metabolic depression, cyclic metabolic activity, cold tolerance, water balance, and other attributes, generating a diapause pro fi le that offers an attractive comparison for diapause in other insect species as well as with other forms of animal dormancy.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43599291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jesús SÁNCHEZ-DÁVILA, José A. Molina, F. Cabrero‐Sañudo
. The distribution of butter fl ies was analysed in a mosaic of different types of habitats in a typical Ibero-Supramediterra-nean plant landscape. This mosaic landscape is composed of oak forests ( Quercus pyrenaica ) and their corresponding shrub and grassland successional communities. The observed patterns were based on butter fl y- fl ower interactions in two consecutive years (2017–2018) recorded in different habitats. The results of the nestedness analysis indicated that the same butter fl y community exploits all of the successional plant-communities, but some differences due to the availability of fl owers. The foraging for nectar sources was mostly restricted to a few fl owering plants: Rubus ulmifolius , Carduus carpetanus , Thymus pulegioides and Dianthus deltoides . Some butter fl ies changed their fl ower-visiting patterns over the two years studied. The distribution of butter fl ies was strongly linked to the distribution of their preferred nectar sources and changes in the use of these sources modi fi ed habitat use. The area of Rubus shrubland is a small but highly used habitat in this area, given the presence of Rubus ulmifolius , a plant species with high coverage and abundance of nectar, makes this area much better for foraging than other habitats. The Cytisus and Rubus shrublands were used more than grassland, indicating that seral habitats can be more valuable than traditional open grassland and forest habitats for butter fl ies.
{"title":"Distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in a successional mosaic of Mediterranean mountain habitats","authors":"Jesús SÁNCHEZ-DÁVILA, José A. Molina, F. Cabrero‐Sañudo","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.018","url":null,"abstract":". The distribution of butter fl ies was analysed in a mosaic of different types of habitats in a typical Ibero-Supramediterra-nean plant landscape. This mosaic landscape is composed of oak forests ( Quercus pyrenaica ) and their corresponding shrub and grassland successional communities. The observed patterns were based on butter fl y- fl ower interactions in two consecutive years (2017–2018) recorded in different habitats. The results of the nestedness analysis indicated that the same butter fl y community exploits all of the successional plant-communities, but some differences due to the availability of fl owers. The foraging for nectar sources was mostly restricted to a few fl owering plants: Rubus ulmifolius , Carduus carpetanus , Thymus pulegioides and Dianthus deltoides . Some butter fl ies changed their fl ower-visiting patterns over the two years studied. The distribution of butter fl ies was strongly linked to the distribution of their preferred nectar sources and changes in the use of these sources modi fi ed habitat use. The area of Rubus shrubland is a small but highly used habitat in this area, given the presence of Rubus ulmifolius , a plant species with high coverage and abundance of nectar, makes this area much better for foraging than other habitats. The Cytisus and Rubus shrublands were used more than grassland, indicating that seral habitats can be more valuable than traditional open grassland and forest habitats for butter fl ies.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
simultaneously reducing arti fi cially long branches due to extended loop regions that characterize ribosomal genes (see also Jordal et al., 2008). The data were analysed in MrBayes (Ronquist & Huelsen-beck, 2003) and partitioned into genomes and positions (if coding) using a GTR+I+G model for each of the seven partitions Abstract. Chilodendron Schedl, 1953 is resurrected as a valid genus based on Chilodendron planicolle Schedl, 1953. This is the only representative of the tribe Hylesinini Erichson, 1836 found on Madagascar and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of several genes supports a position separate from Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920 and other putatively close relatives. It is likely that Chilodendron is the oldest living lineage of bark beetles on Madagascar and possibly originated in the late Cretaceous not long after the separation of Madagascar from the Indian subcontinent.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism and phylogenetic position of Chilodendron (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) - a long isolated lineage endemic to Madagascar","authors":"B. Jordal","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.017","url":null,"abstract":"simultaneously reducing arti fi cially long branches due to extended loop regions that characterize ribosomal genes (see also Jordal et al., 2008). The data were analysed in MrBayes (Ronquist & Huelsen-beck, 2003) and partitioned into genomes and positions (if coding) using a GTR+I+G model for each of the seven partitions Abstract. Chilodendron Schedl, 1953 is resurrected as a valid genus based on Chilodendron planicolle Schedl, 1953. This is the only representative of the tribe Hylesinini Erichson, 1836 found on Madagascar and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of several genes supports a position separate from Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920 and other putatively close relatives. It is likely that Chilodendron is the oldest living lineage of bark beetles on Madagascar and possibly originated in the late Cretaceous not long after the separation of Madagascar from the Indian subcontinent.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42547651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The developmental response and the induction and duration of adult hibernal diapause in a North American population of Cycloneda munda (Say) (collected at 38°N, 84.5°W) was determined by rearing individuals at four photoperiods (L : D 16 : 8, 14 : 10, 12 : 12, and 10 : 14) at 22°C. Preimaginal development of C. munda individuals was slower at L : D 10 : 14 than at three longer photoperiods. No C. munda females reared at L : D 16 : 8 entered diapause, 5% of females at L : D 14 : 10 were in diapause, whereas shorter photoperiods (L : D 12 : 12 and 10 : 14) induced diapause in 84% and 100% of females. Cycloneda munda females demonstrated a long-day response to photoperiod, similar to that observed in several other species of predaceous Coccinellidae that diapause as adults. * This paper was contributed to a virtual special issue in memory of Ivo Hodek, a long-time editor of the European Journal of Entomology, who died on June 11, 2021, shortly after his ninetieth birthday. INTRODUCTION Interactions between native and non-native species of predaceous Coccinellidae are infl uenced by a number of factors, including predator-prey and pathogen-host interactions (Cottrell & Shapiro-Ilan, 2008; Colvin & Yeargan, 2014; Jackson et al., 2017), intraguild interactions (Bahlai et al., 2015), phenotypic plasticity (Hodek & Michaud, 2008), and the seasonal occurrence and phenology of these species (Li et al., 2021). In a 5-yr study of adult Coccinellidae in tree habitats in central Europe Honek et al. (2015) documented that the native species Adalia decimpunctata was the most abundant species in spring, however the non-native Harmonia axyridis was consistently the most abundant species in late summer. Quantifi cation of differences in seasonal occurrence when examining communities of Coccinellidae that include native and non-native species is an important consideration for an understanding of the interactions of these species (Honek et al., 2015). Photoperiod infl uences the seasonal biology, particularly the induction of adult reproductive diapause, in many insect species, including predaceous Coccinellidae (Tauber et al., 1986; Hodek, 2012a, b; Tougeron, 2019). This area of research was of particular interest for Ivo Hodek, who elucidated and synthesized a large body of research on the effects of photoperiod and its interactions with temperature and food availability on the seasonal phenology of several species of ladybird beetles (e.g., Hodek, 1967, 2012a, b). One long-standing species of interest for Ivo Hodek was the seven spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata. Starting in the early 1960s and continuing into the 21st century, he published on the factors infl uencing the diapause and seasonal phenology of this widely distributed predatory species Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 148–151, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.016
在22°C的光照条件下饲养4个光周期(L: D 16:8、14:10、12:12和10:14)，研究了采自北纬38°、西经84.5°的北美气旋达(Say)种群的发育响应以及成虫冬眠滞育的诱导和持续时间。在光照时间较长的3个光照周期下，在光照时间较长的10∶14时，青茅个体的前想象发育较慢。在L: D 16:8的光照条件下，没有雌性雌性进入滞育，在L: D 14:10的光照条件下，有5%的雌性进入滞育，而在较短的光照条件下(L: D 12:12和10:14)，有84%和100%的雌性进入滞育。雌性独角虫对光周期有长时间的反应，这与其他几种在成年后滞育的掠食性独角虫科的现象相似。*这篇论文是为纪念Ivo Hodek的虚拟特刊而写的，Ivo Hodek是《欧洲昆虫学杂志》的长期编辑，他于2021年6月11日去世，在他90岁生日后不久。本地和非本地食虫瓢虫科物种之间的相互作用受到许多因素的影响，包括捕食者-猎物和病原体-宿主相互作用(Cottrell & Shapiro-Ilan, 2008;Colvin & Yeargan, 2014;Jackson et al.， 2017)、种群内相互作用(Bahlai et al.， 2015)、表型可塑性(Hodek & Michaud, 2008)以及这些物种的季节性发生和物候(Li et al.， 2021)。Honek et al.(2015)对中欧树木栖息地的瓢虫科成虫进行了为期5年的研究，发现本地物种Adalia decimpunctata是春季最丰富的物种，而非本地物种Harmonia axyridis在夏末一直是最丰富的物种。在研究包括本地和非本地物种的Coccinellidae群落时，量化季节发生的差异是了解这些物种相互作用的重要考虑因素(Honek et al.， 2015)。光周期影响许多昆虫物种的季节性生物学，特别是诱导成虫的生殖滞育，包括掠食性瓢虫科(Tauber et al.， 1986;Hodek, 2012a, b;Tougeron, 2019)。Ivo Hodek对这一研究领域特别感兴趣，他阐明并综合了大量关于光周期及其与温度和食物可得性的相互作用对几种瓢虫甲虫季节物候的影响的研究(例如，Hodek, 1967, 2012a, b)。Ivo Hodek长期感兴趣的一种物种是七斑瓢虫，七星瓢虫。从20世纪60年代初开始，一直持续到21世纪，他发表了影响广泛分布的掠食性物种Eur滞育和季节物候的因素。[j] .中国生物医学工程学报，2016,33 (2):481 - 481
{"title":"Photoperiodic induction of adult reproductive diapause in the ladybird beetle Cycloneda munda (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"J. Obrycki","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.016","url":null,"abstract":"The developmental response and the induction and duration of adult hibernal diapause in a North American population of Cycloneda munda (Say) (collected at 38°N, 84.5°W) was determined by rearing individuals at four photoperiods (L : D 16 : 8, 14 : 10, 12 : 12, and 10 : 14) at 22°C. Preimaginal development of C. munda individuals was slower at L : D 10 : 14 than at three longer photoperiods. No C. munda females reared at L : D 16 : 8 entered diapause, 5% of females at L : D 14 : 10 were in diapause, whereas shorter photoperiods (L : D 12 : 12 and 10 : 14) induced diapause in 84% and 100% of females. Cycloneda munda females demonstrated a long-day response to photoperiod, similar to that observed in several other species of predaceous Coccinellidae that diapause as adults. * This paper was contributed to a virtual special issue in memory of Ivo Hodek, a long-time editor of the European Journal of Entomology, who died on June 11, 2021, shortly after his ninetieth birthday. INTRODUCTION Interactions between native and non-native species of predaceous Coccinellidae are infl uenced by a number of factors, including predator-prey and pathogen-host interactions (Cottrell & Shapiro-Ilan, 2008; Colvin & Yeargan, 2014; Jackson et al., 2017), intraguild interactions (Bahlai et al., 2015), phenotypic plasticity (Hodek & Michaud, 2008), and the seasonal occurrence and phenology of these species (Li et al., 2021). In a 5-yr study of adult Coccinellidae in tree habitats in central Europe Honek et al. (2015) documented that the native species Adalia decimpunctata was the most abundant species in spring, however the non-native Harmonia axyridis was consistently the most abundant species in late summer. Quantifi cation of differences in seasonal occurrence when examining communities of Coccinellidae that include native and non-native species is an important consideration for an understanding of the interactions of these species (Honek et al., 2015). Photoperiod infl uences the seasonal biology, particularly the induction of adult reproductive diapause, in many insect species, including predaceous Coccinellidae (Tauber et al., 1986; Hodek, 2012a, b; Tougeron, 2019). This area of research was of particular interest for Ivo Hodek, who elucidated and synthesized a large body of research on the effects of photoperiod and its interactions with temperature and food availability on the seasonal phenology of several species of ladybird beetles (e.g., Hodek, 1967, 2012a, b). One long-standing species of interest for Ivo Hodek was the seven spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata. Starting in the early 1960s and continuing into the 21st century, he published on the factors infl uencing the diapause and seasonal phenology of this widely distributed predatory species Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 148–151, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.016","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43545154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tolerance of cold and heat and body size are traits that are important in thermal selection. Latitudinal and altitudinal transects include environments that gradually change in temperature. However, while there are studies on the effects on body size and cold tolerance in natural populations sampled mostly along latitudinal transects, there are few such studies along altitudinal transects. Resistance to starvation and desiccation, which are also thought to be affected by temperature, are the focus of studies on clines. In this study, we measured the variation in tolerance of cold (chill coma recovery time), body size, resistance to starvation and desiccation in isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans that originated from four locations (50 m – 1500 m) along an altitudinal transect in the southern part of Turkey. This revealed clines in the tolerance of cold and body size along the altitudinal transect with some degree of difference between these two species, whereas there were no clines in resistance to starvation and desiccation. This study revealed some differences and similarities between the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. * Corresponding author; e-mail: ergideniz.ozsoy@hacettepe.edu.tr INTRODUCTION Distribution of species and their phenotypic variation in many quantitative traits are shaped by different environmental factors (temperature, air pressure, humidity etc.). Spatially or temporally changing environmental conditions act as selective agents driving the evolution of traits. Organisms cope with these varying selective pressures by local adaptation to different environmental conditions, which eventually generates clines in traits (Endler, 1977). Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting various traits, especially in ectotherms (Cossins & Bowler, 1987) and thus thermal limits are reported for many species (Stillman & Somero, 2000; Duarte et al., 2012; van Heerwaarden et al., 2012). The reproducibility of the latitudinal clines for many traits, including body size (Calboli et al., 2003) and cold tolerance, suggests that natural selection is more important than demographic or other stochastic processes. Similarly, the environmental variation along altitudinal transects is very similar to that along latitudinal transects. However, latitudinal and altitudinal transects show a remarkable difference in terms of geographic scales; the difference between the lowest and highest latitude can cover thousands of kilometres, whereas it can be only a few kilometres in Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 140–147, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.015
抗寒性、耐热性和体型是热选择中重要的性状。纬度和海拔样带包括温度逐渐变化的环境。然而，尽管有关于自然种群体型和抗寒性影响的研究，主要是沿着纬度样带采样的，但很少沿着纬度样线进行此类研究。对饥饿和干燥的抵抗力也被认为受到温度的影响，是临床研究的重点。在这项研究中，我们测量了黑腹果蝇和拟果蝇的异母系在寒冷耐受性（冷昏迷恢复时间）、体型、饥饿抵抗力和干燥方面的变化，这些异母系起源于土耳其南部海拔横断面的四个位置（50 m–1500 m）。这表明，这两个物种在耐冷性和体型方面沿海拔剖面存在一定程度的差异，而在抵抗饥饿和干燥方面没有差异。这项研究揭示了黑腹果蝇和拟黑腹果蝇之间的一些差异和相似之处。*通讯作者；电子邮件：ergideniz.ozsoy@hacettepe.edu.tr引言物种的分布及其在许多数量性状中的表型变异是由不同的环境因素（温度、气压、湿度等）决定的。时空变化的环境条件是驱动性状进化的选择性因素。生物体通过局部适应不同的环境条件来应对这些不同的选择压力，最终在性状上产生突变（Endler，1977）。温度是影响各种性状的最重要的环境因素之一，尤其是在外胚层中（Cossins&Bowler，1987），因此许多物种的温度极限都有报道（Stillman&Somero，2000；Duarte等人，2012年；van Heerwaarden等人，2012）。包括体型（Calboli et al.，2003）和耐寒性在内的许多性状的纬度梯度的可重复性表明，自然选择比人口统计学或其他随机过程更重要。同样，沿纬度样带的环境变化与沿纬度样线的环境变化非常相似。然而，在地理尺度上，纬度和海拔样带显示出显著的差异；最低纬度和最高纬度之间的差异可以覆盖数千公里，而在《欧洲昆虫学报》中只有几公里。119:140-1472022 doi:10.144411/eje.2022.015
{"title":"Altitudinal variation in body size and resistance to stress in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in southern Turkey","authors":"Murat Yılmaz, E. Özsoy","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.015","url":null,"abstract":"Tolerance of cold and heat and body size are traits that are important in thermal selection. Latitudinal and altitudinal transects include environments that gradually change in temperature. However, while there are studies on the effects on body size and cold tolerance in natural populations sampled mostly along latitudinal transects, there are few such studies along altitudinal transects. Resistance to starvation and desiccation, which are also thought to be affected by temperature, are the focus of studies on clines. In this study, we measured the variation in tolerance of cold (chill coma recovery time), body size, resistance to starvation and desiccation in isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans that originated from four locations (50 m – 1500 m) along an altitudinal transect in the southern part of Turkey. This revealed clines in the tolerance of cold and body size along the altitudinal transect with some degree of difference between these two species, whereas there were no clines in resistance to starvation and desiccation. This study revealed some differences and similarities between the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. * Corresponding author; e-mail: ergideniz.ozsoy@hacettepe.edu.tr INTRODUCTION Distribution of species and their phenotypic variation in many quantitative traits are shaped by different environmental factors (temperature, air pressure, humidity etc.). Spatially or temporally changing environmental conditions act as selective agents driving the evolution of traits. Organisms cope with these varying selective pressures by local adaptation to different environmental conditions, which eventually generates clines in traits (Endler, 1977). Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting various traits, especially in ectotherms (Cossins & Bowler, 1987) and thus thermal limits are reported for many species (Stillman & Somero, 2000; Duarte et al., 2012; van Heerwaarden et al., 2012). The reproducibility of the latitudinal clines for many traits, including body size (Calboli et al., 2003) and cold tolerance, suggests that natural selection is more important than demographic or other stochastic processes. Similarly, the environmental variation along altitudinal transects is very similar to that along latitudinal transects. However, latitudinal and altitudinal transects show a remarkable difference in terms of geographic scales; the difference between the lowest and highest latitude can cover thousands of kilometres, whereas it can be only a few kilometres in Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 140–147, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.015","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47733024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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