Petr Kozel, J. Leong, Igor Malenovský, Jan Šumpich, Jan Macek, Jan Michálek, Nela Nováková, Brian E. Sedio, Carlo L. Seifert, Martin Volf
. Willows serve as a keystone host-plant genus for insect herbivores. The diversity of insect herbivore assemblages harboured by willows is typically affected by the diversity of specialised metabolites that willows produce. Here, we studied three small, shrubby willow species ( Salix myrtilloides , S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia ) that primarily occur at sites of high conservation value in the Czech Republic. We explored if associated insect communities re fl ect the specialised chemistry in these uncommon host plants. We measured the three willow species for overall metabolomic pro fi les and salicinoids using non-targeted metabolomics and sampled them for caterpillars, leaf-chewing beetles (adults and larvae), saw fl y larvae, and sap-sucking Hemiptera. We detected 2,067 metabolites across the three willow species. Most of them were shared by S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia , while S. myrtilloides showed a distinct chemical pro fi le . Salix repens and S. rosmarinifolia also had signi fi cantly higher concentration and richness of salicinoids than S. myrtilloides . Th e abundance of all insect species and generalists that also feed on host-plants outside Salicaceae was higher on S. myrtilloides than on S. rosmarinifolia or S. repens . The abundance of Salicaceae specialists did not differ among the three willow species. Insect community composition, in contrast, did not show pronounced differences among the three willows. Our results suggest that salicinoids may be responsible for the low abundance of generalist herbivores. Furthermore, our study indicates that herbivore community composition does not re fl ect the specialised chemistry in the three willows we studied. Therefore, we hypothesise that the presence of some of the insect species is primarily determined by other factors, such as the habitat type where the respective willow species occur. Although the studied willows possess some characteristic specialised chemistry, we conclude that their importance as hosts of speci fi c and sometimes threatened insect fauna may be mediated by willow habitat preference.
{"title":"Specialised chemistry affects insect abundance but not overall community similarity in three rare shrub willows: Salix myrtilloides, S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia","authors":"Petr Kozel, J. Leong, Igor Malenovský, Jan Šumpich, Jan Macek, Jan Michálek, Nela Nováková, Brian E. Sedio, Carlo L. Seifert, Martin Volf","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.038","url":null,"abstract":". Willows serve as a keystone host-plant genus for insect herbivores. The diversity of insect herbivore assemblages harboured by willows is typically affected by the diversity of specialised metabolites that willows produce. Here, we studied three small, shrubby willow species ( Salix myrtilloides , S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia ) that primarily occur at sites of high conservation value in the Czech Republic. We explored if associated insect communities re fl ect the specialised chemistry in these uncommon host plants. We measured the three willow species for overall metabolomic pro fi les and salicinoids using non-targeted metabolomics and sampled them for caterpillars, leaf-chewing beetles (adults and larvae), saw fl y larvae, and sap-sucking Hemiptera. We detected 2,067 metabolites across the three willow species. Most of them were shared by S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia , while S. myrtilloides showed a distinct chemical pro fi le . Salix repens and S. rosmarinifolia also had signi fi cantly higher concentration and richness of salicinoids than S. myrtilloides . Th e abundance of all insect species and generalists that also feed on host-plants outside Salicaceae was higher on S. myrtilloides than on S. rosmarinifolia or S. repens . The abundance of Salicaceae specialists did not differ among the three willow species. Insect community composition, in contrast, did not show pronounced differences among the three willows. Our results suggest that salicinoids may be responsible for the low abundance of generalist herbivores. Furthermore, our study indicates that herbivore community composition does not re fl ect the specialised chemistry in the three willows we studied. Therefore, we hypothesise that the presence of some of the insect species is primarily determined by other factors, such as the habitat type where the respective willow species occur. Although the studied willows possess some characteristic specialised chemistry, we conclude that their importance as hosts of speci fi c and sometimes threatened insect fauna may be mediated by willow habitat preference.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49068781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. In this paper, I review the effects of the diet of ladybirds on chemical defence in this group of beetles. The tendency to re fl ex bleed and the diversity of autogenously produced alkaloids in different taxa may be evolutionarily related to diet and the like-lihood of food limitation. Within predatory species, both prey quantity and quality have been shown to affect autogenous alkaloid production. A few ladybird predators have been suggested to adaptively sequester toxins from their prey for their own defence. However, in most cases the evidence for this is limited, with questions remaining about the costs of accumulated toxins and their defensive value, especially over and above pre-existing autogenous defence. Only a single case ( Hyperaspis trifurcata and carminic acid) is well supported. In the case of ladybird predators acquiring pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the ragwort aphid Aphis jacobaeae , I show that toxin accumulation is not very costly and the aphid is even an essential prey for some ladybirds. However, the defensive value of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to ladybirds is still not investigated. Intraspeci fi c diversity in autogenous chemical defence could be reinforced further if chemical protection is conferred via sequestered chemicals. However, to understand better how ladybird diet and chemical defence interact, we need a clearer grasp of how the defensive chemicals of food are resisted or tolerated by ladybirds.
{"title":"Diet and chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"J. J. Sloggett","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.037","url":null,"abstract":". In this paper, I review the effects of the diet of ladybirds on chemical defence in this group of beetles. The tendency to re fl ex bleed and the diversity of autogenously produced alkaloids in different taxa may be evolutionarily related to diet and the like-lihood of food limitation. Within predatory species, both prey quantity and quality have been shown to affect autogenous alkaloid production. A few ladybird predators have been suggested to adaptively sequester toxins from their prey for their own defence. However, in most cases the evidence for this is limited, with questions remaining about the costs of accumulated toxins and their defensive value, especially over and above pre-existing autogenous defence. Only a single case ( Hyperaspis trifurcata and carminic acid) is well supported. In the case of ladybird predators acquiring pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the ragwort aphid Aphis jacobaeae , I show that toxin accumulation is not very costly and the aphid is even an essential prey for some ladybirds. However, the defensive value of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to ladybirds is still not investigated. Intraspeci fi c diversity in autogenous chemical defence could be reinforced further if chemical protection is conferred via sequestered chemicals. However, to understand better how ladybird diet and chemical defence interact, we need a clearer grasp of how the defensive chemicals of food are resisted or tolerated by ladybirds.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47793137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Seasonal and geographical adaptations in terms of obligatory embryonic diapause in the parthenogenetic stick insect, Ramulus mikado , were studied. First and second instar nymphs were collected at locations at three latitudes in Japan and reared in the laboratory under a photoperiod of 16L : 8D or 12L : 12D at 25°C. Their eggs were kept at 30°C for 30 or 60 days after oviposition, but no eggs hatched. Hatching was observed more than 100 days after transfer from 30°C to 15°C. The long period between transfer and hatching indicate that eggs in an early embryonic stage of development enter diapause at high-temperatures. The time from oviposition to hatching of eggs laid by adults that originated from the three locations kept under constant conditions between 15 and 25°C were compared. In all these experiments, eggs laid by individuals originating from high latitudes took longer to hatch. The eggs of those originating from Okayama and Ehime did not hatch at 25°C. However, more than 80% of the eggs of those that originated from the northernmost population hatched. Hatching before winter was observed when the eggs of those that originated from the northern population were placed outdoors in Okayama, even when the maternal insects were reared under long-day conditions in the laboratory. These fi ndings indicate that univoltine R. mikado enters diapause twice during embryonic development, which enables it survive adverse conditions in summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore, diapause intensity was lowest in insects that originated from the lowest latitude.
{"title":"Seasonal and geographical adaptations in the parthenogenetic stick insect, Ramulus mikado (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae)","authors":"Keiji Nakamura, Yuuki Fukushima","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.036","url":null,"abstract":". Seasonal and geographical adaptations in terms of obligatory embryonic diapause in the parthenogenetic stick insect, Ramulus mikado , were studied. First and second instar nymphs were collected at locations at three latitudes in Japan and reared in the laboratory under a photoperiod of 16L : 8D or 12L : 12D at 25°C. Their eggs were kept at 30°C for 30 or 60 days after oviposition, but no eggs hatched. Hatching was observed more than 100 days after transfer from 30°C to 15°C. The long period between transfer and hatching indicate that eggs in an early embryonic stage of development enter diapause at high-temperatures. The time from oviposition to hatching of eggs laid by adults that originated from the three locations kept under constant conditions between 15 and 25°C were compared. In all these experiments, eggs laid by individuals originating from high latitudes took longer to hatch. The eggs of those originating from Okayama and Ehime did not hatch at 25°C. However, more than 80% of the eggs of those that originated from the northernmost population hatched. Hatching before winter was observed when the eggs of those that originated from the northern population were placed outdoors in Okayama, even when the maternal insects were reared under long-day conditions in the laboratory. These fi ndings indicate that univoltine R. mikado enters diapause twice during embryonic development, which enables it survive adverse conditions in summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore, diapause intensity was lowest in insects that originated from the lowest latitude.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47490748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. In the last ten years, a growing number of studies have focused on urban green areas as potential refuges for biodiversity, where private gardens, urban parks and green roofs have relatively high diversities of wild bees. However, the western Mediterranean is still poorly studied and is a biodiversity hotspot that is already suffering the consequences of climate change. It is essential to rectify this and understand how urban settings can support biodiversity. In this context, this study provides an assessment of the taxonomic and functional composition of bee assemblages in three allotments in downtown Lisbon, Portugal. Using only an entomological net, we collected 202 specimens from April to July 2018, belonging to fi ve families, 20 genera and 58 species, of which six are rare species in Portugal and nine fi rst records for the Lisbon district. Megachilidae was the most diverse family, comprising 15 species, while Apidae was the most abundant family. Most of the species identi fi ed were solitary and had a generalist pollen diet, with a low incidence of social and parasitic species.
{"title":"The bee fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) of allotments in downtown Lisbon","authors":"Miguel Azevedo, Elisabete Figueiredo, M. Rebelo","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.034","url":null,"abstract":". In the last ten years, a growing number of studies have focused on urban green areas as potential refuges for biodiversity, where private gardens, urban parks and green roofs have relatively high diversities of wild bees. However, the western Mediterranean is still poorly studied and is a biodiversity hotspot that is already suffering the consequences of climate change. It is essential to rectify this and understand how urban settings can support biodiversity. In this context, this study provides an assessment of the taxonomic and functional composition of bee assemblages in three allotments in downtown Lisbon, Portugal. Using only an entomological net, we collected 202 specimens from April to July 2018, belonging to fi ve families, 20 genera and 58 species, of which six are rare species in Portugal and nine fi rst records for the Lisbon district. Megachilidae was the most diverse family, comprising 15 species, while Apidae was the most abundant family. Most of the species identi fi ed were solitary and had a generalist pollen diet, with a low incidence of social and parasitic species.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42965462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Rimšaitė, P. Ivinskis, Galina Bartkevičienė, R. Bernotienė
. Geographic distribution of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in Europe covers mostly southern and central Europe, but this species has recently shown a signi fi cant northward spread. First reports of M. religiosa in Lithuania were in 2008 and now these insects are distributed throughout this country. Information on the spread of M. religiosa in Lithuania between 2015 and 2020 are analysed in this paper. The spread of this insect in Lithuania and neighbouring countries can be related to changes in climate, in particular, the increase in average annual temperature and milder winters . Possible routes along which M. religiosa spread northwards based on an analysis of mtDNA sequences are presented.
{"title":"The northward spread of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Mantodea: Mantidae): Data from Lithuania","authors":"J. Rimšaitė, P. Ivinskis, Galina Bartkevičienė, R. Bernotienė","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.033","url":null,"abstract":". Geographic distribution of the European mantis, Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in Europe covers mostly southern and central Europe, but this species has recently shown a signi fi cant northward spread. First reports of M. religiosa in Lithuania were in 2008 and now these insects are distributed throughout this country. Information on the spread of M. religiosa in Lithuania between 2015 and 2020 are analysed in this paper. The spread of this insect in Lithuania and neighbouring countries can be related to changes in climate, in particular, the increase in average annual temperature and milder winters . Possible routes along which M. religiosa spread northwards based on an analysis of mtDNA sequences are presented.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48928539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. The regulation of the development of the male reproductive organs in insects is still an open question. Although the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria , has been extensively examined, there is little information on the effects of phase and pheromones on the development of the male reproductive organs. This study clari fi ed the association of these two factors with reproductive development (length or width of each organ) of the testis, testicular follicles, accessory glands, and seminal vesicles in this locust. The width of the follicles and width and length of the accessory gland mass are signi fi cantly associated with phase (solitary or gregarious). Developmen of all reproductive organs is age dependent as these organs developed in the adult stage. The development of follicles and accessory glands (width) in males in the fi rst two weeks of adulthood was promoted by exposing them to pheromones from mature adults, but not from nymphs. These results indicate the incidence of male reproductive development is associated with phase and affected by pheromones.
{"title":"The association of the development of the internal reproductive organs of male desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae), with age, phase and the effect of exposure to pheromones","authors":"S. Hiroyoshi, T. Mitsunaga, Gadi V.P. Reddy","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.031","url":null,"abstract":". The regulation of the development of the male reproductive organs in insects is still an open question. Although the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria , has been extensively examined, there is little information on the effects of phase and pheromones on the development of the male reproductive organs. This study clari fi ed the association of these two factors with reproductive development (length or width of each organ) of the testis, testicular follicles, accessory glands, and seminal vesicles in this locust. The width of the follicles and width and length of the accessory gland mass are signi fi cantly associated with phase (solitary or gregarious). Developmen of all reproductive organs is age dependent as these organs developed in the adult stage. The development of follicles and accessory glands (width) in males in the fi rst two weeks of adulthood was promoted by exposing them to pheromones from mature adults, but not from nymphs. These results indicate the incidence of male reproductive development is associated with phase and affected by pheromones.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Gajdoš, Stanislav David, O. Majzlan, Tomáš Jászay, Ján Černecký
. This paper provides an analysis of the rare and important Natura 2000 species Carabus zawadzkii in terms of its ecological niche, conservation status and relationship with other Carabus species in carabid assemblages. Published sources are inconsistent in de fi ning the habitats in which this species occurs. Therefore, a large part of this paper is dedicated to identify-ing the relationship of Carabus zawadzkii with particular non-forest habitats based on fi eld research conducted in 2011–2013. The results revealed an unexpected af fi nity of this species for non-forest habitats in addition to the know relationship with forest habitats. Further analysis, using additional fi eld data collected over the period 2013–2021, also focused on the assessment of the current conservation status of this rare species. Overall, the population of this species seems stable; however, to improve its conservation status it requires particular management measures. Important conservation measures include periodic extensive mowing of mountain hay meadows. This species’ seasonal dynamics provides important information for nature conservationists. It is important to carry out research on this species in May, when it is most active. Presented results provide the most comprehensive overview of the ecological preferences and occurrence of this important and very rare Carpathian species. Carlo permutation test (Ter 2018; & Lepš, 2014) of the full model, with 1999 iterations. Software CANOCO5 was used for this purpose. A signi fi cance level of α = 0.05 was used to test the parameters of the variables. Results for all of the 20 localities studied were tested. Species richness and Shannon’s index were calculated using the statistical package in MS Excel.To evaluate the signi fi cance of the carabid assemblages at the localities we used sample averages (number of individuals at a locality / total number of species), counts (number of species at the localities), recount (number of species at a locality / total number of species), variance (sample variance), total (sum of speci-mens), N2 (Simpsons index = 1 / Σ (pi)2), H´ (Shannon entropy = – ∑ pi * lnpi), H´max (log number of species in samples) and evenness (sample H´ / log (N) ratio). These data were exported from the Canoco5 program using the menu Statistics of composi-tional table (Šmilauer & Lepš, 2014). We chose ordination methods based on the greatest lengths of the environmental gradient (lengths of gradient = SD units) as described by Šmilauer & Lepš (2014).We used 11 environmental variables to de fi ne the characteristics of a site: cover (E1%), abandoned meadows, building mowed meadows and type of (coded as 6 dummy variables: Nardo strictae-Agrostion Calamagrostion Calthion Arrhenatherion , , Caricion lasiocarpae 0.05)
{"title":"Habitat of Carabus zawadzkii (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the Eastern Carpathians","authors":"Peter Gajdoš, Stanislav David, O. Majzlan, Tomáš Jászay, Ján Černecký","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.030","url":null,"abstract":". This paper provides an analysis of the rare and important Natura 2000 species Carabus zawadzkii in terms of its ecological niche, conservation status and relationship with other Carabus species in carabid assemblages. Published sources are inconsistent in de fi ning the habitats in which this species occurs. Therefore, a large part of this paper is dedicated to identify-ing the relationship of Carabus zawadzkii with particular non-forest habitats based on fi eld research conducted in 2011–2013. The results revealed an unexpected af fi nity of this species for non-forest habitats in addition to the know relationship with forest habitats. Further analysis, using additional fi eld data collected over the period 2013–2021, also focused on the assessment of the current conservation status of this rare species. Overall, the population of this species seems stable; however, to improve its conservation status it requires particular management measures. Important conservation measures include periodic extensive mowing of mountain hay meadows. This species’ seasonal dynamics provides important information for nature conservationists. It is important to carry out research on this species in May, when it is most active. Presented results provide the most comprehensive overview of the ecological preferences and occurrence of this important and very rare Carpathian species. Carlo permutation test (Ter 2018; & Lepš, 2014) of the full model, with 1999 iterations. Software CANOCO5 was used for this purpose. A signi fi cance level of α = 0.05 was used to test the parameters of the variables. Results for all of the 20 localities studied were tested. Species richness and Shannon’s index were calculated using the statistical package in MS Excel.To evaluate the signi fi cance of the carabid assemblages at the localities we used sample averages (number of individuals at a locality / total number of species), counts (number of species at the localities), recount (number of species at a locality / total number of species), variance (sample variance), total (sum of speci-mens), N2 (Simpsons index = 1 / Σ (pi)2), H´ (Shannon entropy = – ∑ pi * lnpi), H´max (log number of species in samples) and evenness (sample H´ / log (N) ratio). These data were exported from the Canoco5 program using the menu Statistics of composi-tional table (Šmilauer & Lepš, 2014). We chose ordination methods based on the greatest lengths of the environmental gradient (lengths of gradient = SD units) as described by Šmilauer & Lepš (2014).We used 11 environmental variables to de fi ne the characteristics of a site: cover (E1%), abandoned meadows, building mowed meadows and type of (coded as 6 dummy variables: Nardo strictae-Agrostion Calamagrostion Calthion Arrhenatherion , , Caricion lasiocarpae 0.05)","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49265575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Rodríguez-Tapia, J. A. Prieto-Amparán, A. Córdoba‐Aguilar
. Land use/land cover change (LULCC) is a major threat that affects the viability of insect populations worldwide yet our estimates of such effects are usually poor. We analysed how LULCC affected the distribution of 49 species of dragon fl ies and damsel fl ies in the south-central zone in Mexico during the period 2006–2012. For this, we mapped the potential species richness using ecological niche models in order to analyse predicted future changes and determined the effect of LULCC on the current and future habitats of Odonata. We also estimated current incidence of deforestation and projected its effect to 2050 using the Dinamica-EGO program. Having predicted the level of deforestation in the year 2050, we then compared current vs. expected species richness and the factors that determine it. First, roads and urban areas turned out to be the most important drivers of LULCC in our analysis. Second, deterioration occurred at all sites, but species richness remained high despite considerable habitat fragmentation. Third, there is likely to be a high species turnover rate (i.e. a high species richness, but composed of different species) even in areas where there are signi fi cant changes in the vegetation. Our work illustrates both a resilience of Odonata to LULCC and provides a useful method for measuring the effects of LULCC on insects.
{"title":"Linking potential habitats of Odonata (Insecta) with changes in land use/land cover in Mexico","authors":"G. Rodríguez-Tapia, J. A. Prieto-Amparán, A. Córdoba‐Aguilar","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.029","url":null,"abstract":". Land use/land cover change (LULCC) is a major threat that affects the viability of insect populations worldwide yet our estimates of such effects are usually poor. We analysed how LULCC affected the distribution of 49 species of dragon fl ies and damsel fl ies in the south-central zone in Mexico during the period 2006–2012. For this, we mapped the potential species richness using ecological niche models in order to analyse predicted future changes and determined the effect of LULCC on the current and future habitats of Odonata. We also estimated current incidence of deforestation and projected its effect to 2050 using the Dinamica-EGO program. Having predicted the level of deforestation in the year 2050, we then compared current vs. expected species richness and the factors that determine it. First, roads and urban areas turned out to be the most important drivers of LULCC in our analysis. Second, deterioration occurred at all sites, but species richness remained high despite considerable habitat fragmentation. Third, there is likely to be a high species turnover rate (i.e. a high species richness, but composed of different species) even in areas where there are signi fi cant changes in the vegetation. Our work illustrates both a resilience of Odonata to LULCC and provides a useful method for measuring the effects of LULCC on insects.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45712000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. The phenology of fungal fruiting has changed in the UK over the last 70 years, but whether the associated mycophagous insects are able to exploit ‘out of season’ fruit bodies is unknown. This study focused on whether fungal baits can be used as a proxy to examine changes in fungal fruiting on insect communities. Using Agaricus bisporus as a bait, mushrooms were placed into two separate woodlands monthly from November 2020 to July 2021. Megaselia ru fi pes (Phoridae) and Bradysia spp. (Sciaridae) were reared from both wild fungi and fungal baits at different times, making them appropriate species to consider for possible host tracking. Various factors affect an insect’s ability to track a fungal host, these include host preference, season, period of fungal fruiting and age of mushroom. Increased fruiting of macrofungi in the future may bene fi t generalist mycophagous insects, by providing enhanced temporal and spatial resource opportunities. Using fungal baits as a proxy for the effects of climate change on fungal fruiting should be bene fi cial in uncovering the host preferences of mycophagous insects and may potentially indicate whether mycophagous insects can track fungal hosts across seasons.
{"title":"Seasonal changes in mycophagous insect communities","authors":"Rohit Bangay, A. Gange, Deborah J. Harvey","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.028","url":null,"abstract":". The phenology of fungal fruiting has changed in the UK over the last 70 years, but whether the associated mycophagous insects are able to exploit ‘out of season’ fruit bodies is unknown. This study focused on whether fungal baits can be used as a proxy to examine changes in fungal fruiting on insect communities. Using Agaricus bisporus as a bait, mushrooms were placed into two separate woodlands monthly from November 2020 to July 2021. Megaselia ru fi pes (Phoridae) and Bradysia spp. (Sciaridae) were reared from both wild fungi and fungal baits at different times, making them appropriate species to consider for possible host tracking. Various factors affect an insect’s ability to track a fungal host, these include host preference, season, period of fungal fruiting and age of mushroom. Increased fruiting of macrofungi in the future may bene fi t generalist mycophagous insects, by providing enhanced temporal and spatial resource opportunities. Using fungal baits as a proxy for the effects of climate change on fungal fruiting should be bene fi cial in uncovering the host preferences of mycophagous insects and may potentially indicate whether mycophagous insects can track fungal hosts across seasons.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42304356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Colour form polymorphism in Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1785) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) has been extensively studied in the past. Climate, season, and region are known to in fl uence the colour form frequencies of these species, however, this effect is region speci fi c, and the response of populations has changed over time. Here, 5862 photographic records from the UK Ladybird Survey from 2013–2017 were used to assess the geographic variation in colour form frequency (melanic versus non-melanic) of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis across the United Kingdom (UK) in relation to climate and season. Climate data from the UK Met Of fi ce were used to determine the effect of climate on melanic form. Seasonal variation in melanic form was observed in H. axyridis but not A. bipunctata . For H. axyridis , the probability of being melanic decreased in areas with higher annual sunlight hours. In A. bipunctata , there was an interaction between sunlight hours and rainfall. In areas with low rainfall, the probability of being melanic was negatively correlated with sunlight hours. Where rainfall was high, the probability of being melanic was positively correlated with sunlight hours. These fi ndings highlight the role of climate in determining the proportion of colour forms in UK populations of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis . Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that seasonal variation in melanism does not occur in A. bipunctata populations with a low overall proportion of melanics.
{"title":"Temporal and climatic variation in the colour forms of Adalia bipunctata and Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) populations in the United Kingdom","authors":"Ayman Asiri, Chris Foster","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.027","url":null,"abstract":". Colour form polymorphism in Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1785) and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) has been extensively studied in the past. Climate, season, and region are known to in fl uence the colour form frequencies of these species, however, this effect is region speci fi c, and the response of populations has changed over time. Here, 5862 photographic records from the UK Ladybird Survey from 2013–2017 were used to assess the geographic variation in colour form frequency (melanic versus non-melanic) of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis across the United Kingdom (UK) in relation to climate and season. Climate data from the UK Met Of fi ce were used to determine the effect of climate on melanic form. Seasonal variation in melanic form was observed in H. axyridis but not A. bipunctata . For H. axyridis , the probability of being melanic decreased in areas with higher annual sunlight hours. In A. bipunctata , there was an interaction between sunlight hours and rainfall. In areas with low rainfall, the probability of being melanic was negatively correlated with sunlight hours. Where rainfall was high, the probability of being melanic was positively correlated with sunlight hours. These fi ndings highlight the role of climate in determining the proportion of colour forms in UK populations of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis . Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that seasonal variation in melanism does not occur in A. bipunctata populations with a low overall proportion of melanics.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42974200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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