Misaki Tsujii, T. Endo, Yuki Matsui, Shinji Sugiura
Non-native species pose a threat to native organisms. When non-native and native species are closely related, the former can often competitively exclude the latter. Many studies have focused on competitive exclusion of native insect species by non-native eusocial hymenopterans, including ants, hornets, paper wasps and bees. Although solitary species of wasps have been introduced in many regions, few studies have investigated the effects of these insects on their native congeners. We investigated competitive interactions between native and non-native solitary wasps belonging to the same genus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae: Anterhynchium). Specifi cally, we compared resource use and natural enemies of the native Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum and supposedly non-native A. gibbifrons at a forest edge in Takasago, Hyogo, Japan, in June–October 2019, using trap nests (bamboo canes). Of 950 bamboo canes, 70 (7.4%) and 50 (5.3%) were used as nests by A. fl avomarginatum and A. gibbifrons, respectively. Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum produced two generations over the period studied, whereas A. gibbifrons produced only one. Although A. gibbifrons began nesting two weeks after A. fl avomarginatum, the nesting period of A. gibbifrons overlapped that of the fi rst nesting period of A. fl avomarginatum. Nest architecture and the inner diameter of the canes used by both species were similar, suggesting potential competition for nesting resources. Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum used larvae of 14 species of moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae) as food for their larval offspring, whereas A. gibbifrons used only a single species, Demobotys pervulgalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Prey species were exclusive to each wasp species, indicating no competition for this resource. Three parasitoid species, Macrosiagon nasutum (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae), Amobia distorta (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), attacked both Anterhynchium species. The percentage parasitism by Amobia distorta was higher for the native A. fl avomarginatum. Anterhynchium gibbifrons may indirectly affect A. fl avomarginatum via shared parasitoids.
{"title":"Indirect interactions between a native and a supposedly non-native wasp species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae: Anterhynchium)","authors":"Misaki Tsujii, T. Endo, Yuki Matsui, Shinji Sugiura","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.013","url":null,"abstract":"Non-native species pose a threat to native organisms. When non-native and native species are closely related, the former can often competitively exclude the latter. Many studies have focused on competitive exclusion of native insect species by non-native eusocial hymenopterans, including ants, hornets, paper wasps and bees. Although solitary species of wasps have been introduced in many regions, few studies have investigated the effects of these insects on their native congeners. We investigated competitive interactions between native and non-native solitary wasps belonging to the same genus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae: Anterhynchium). Specifi cally, we compared resource use and natural enemies of the native Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum and supposedly non-native A. gibbifrons at a forest edge in Takasago, Hyogo, Japan, in June–October 2019, using trap nests (bamboo canes). Of 950 bamboo canes, 70 (7.4%) and 50 (5.3%) were used as nests by A. fl avomarginatum and A. gibbifrons, respectively. Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum produced two generations over the period studied, whereas A. gibbifrons produced only one. Although A. gibbifrons began nesting two weeks after A. fl avomarginatum, the nesting period of A. gibbifrons overlapped that of the fi rst nesting period of A. fl avomarginatum. Nest architecture and the inner diameter of the canes used by both species were similar, suggesting potential competition for nesting resources. Anterhynchium fl avomarginatum used larvae of 14 species of moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae) as food for their larval offspring, whereas A. gibbifrons used only a single species, Demobotys pervulgalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Prey species were exclusive to each wasp species, indicating no competition for this resource. Three parasitoid species, Macrosiagon nasutum (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae), Amobia distorta (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), attacked both Anterhynchium species. The percentage parasitism by Amobia distorta was higher for the native A. fl avomarginatum. Anterhynchium gibbifrons may indirectly affect A. fl avomarginatum via shared parasitoids.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Insects are solely dependent on an innate immune system. Antimicrobial peptide production is the main immune response of insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reaction in Drosophila melanogaster involves the induction of antimicrobial peptide genes, which is regulated by the Toll and IMD pathways. The Toll pathway is mainly activated by fungi or Gram-positive bacteria and the IMD pathway by Gram-negative bacteria. In terms of comparative immunology, we investigated the antimicrobial peptide production system in the beetle, Tribolium castaneum, which differs from that in D. melanogaster. To obtain a more detailed understanding, we examined whether Pelle and Tube, orthologues of which in D. melanogaster are the Toll pathway components, contributed to antimicrobial peptide production and immune reactions. These two genes were not induced by challenges from any type of microbe, which in this case were Gram-positive bacteria, -negative bacteria and an eukaryote. Using Pelle and Tube knockdown pupae, it was demonstrated that Pelle and Tube are involved in the induction of Cec2 as a representative Toll pathway-dependent gene in T. castaneum by Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and eukaryote challenges. Furthermore, neither Pelle nor Tube contributed to immune defences against two entomopathogenic bacteria. These results, taken together with our previous fi ndings, led to the conclusion that the Toll pathway immune signaling reported in D. melanogaster indeed occurs in T. castaneum, and the gene sets involved in Toll signal transduction in T. castaneum did not differ signifi cantly from those in D. melanogaster, but transduced immune signals to challenges from Gram-positive bacteria, -negative bacteria and an eukaryote, which differed from those in D. melanogaster.
{"title":"Pelle and Tube contribute to the Toll pathway-dependent antimicrobial peptide production in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"K. Yokoi, Daiki Kato, K. Miura","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.012","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are solely dependent on an innate immune system. Antimicrobial peptide production is the main immune response of insects. The molecular mechanisms underlying this reaction in Drosophila melanogaster involves the induction of antimicrobial peptide genes, which is regulated by the Toll and IMD pathways. The Toll pathway is mainly activated by fungi or Gram-positive bacteria and the IMD pathway by Gram-negative bacteria. In terms of comparative immunology, we investigated the antimicrobial peptide production system in the beetle, Tribolium castaneum, which differs from that in D. melanogaster. To obtain a more detailed understanding, we examined whether Pelle and Tube, orthologues of which in D. melanogaster are the Toll pathway components, contributed to antimicrobial peptide production and immune reactions. These two genes were not induced by challenges from any type of microbe, which in this case were Gram-positive bacteria, -negative bacteria and an eukaryote. Using Pelle and Tube knockdown pupae, it was demonstrated that Pelle and Tube are involved in the induction of Cec2 as a representative Toll pathway-dependent gene in T. castaneum by Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and eukaryote challenges. Furthermore, neither Pelle nor Tube contributed to immune defences against two entomopathogenic bacteria. These results, taken together with our previous fi ndings, led to the conclusion that the Toll pathway immune signaling reported in D. melanogaster indeed occurs in T. castaneum, and the gene sets involved in Toll signal transduction in T. castaneum did not differ signifi cantly from those in D. melanogaster, but transduced immune signals to challenges from Gram-positive bacteria, -negative bacteria and an eukaryote, which differed from those in D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46533061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavle Erić, M. Stamenković-Radak, Milan B Dragićević, M. Kankare, M. Wallace, Marija Savić Veselinović, Mihailo Jelić
Drosophila obscura is a common fruit fl y that inhabits the temperate forests of Europe. While it is abundant in the north compared to other Drosophila, its density decreases southwards, where it is gradually replaced by other Drosophila species. This study describes variation in the mitochondrial Cyt b gene of D. obscura from several European populations. We observed a large number of haplotypes, together with the structuring of genetic variation. Genetic variation is higher in the west where O1 and related divergent haplotypes dominate. In the east, the O2 haplotype is most frequent, together with haplotypes that recently arose from it. In the central part of the species range, both O1 and O2 are equally present, along with many others. These data reveal signs of population expansions that probably happened earlier in the west, and more recently in the east. Though our conclusions are based on only one genetic marker, limiting the power of the analysis, the results imply either postglacial expansion from two unique sources or, more likely, eastwards stepping-stone expansion. This study adds important information on genetic variation and phylogeography to the obscure biology of D. obscura, a species that has the potential to become an interesting model in evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. * Current address: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; email: M.A.Wallace@exeter.ac.uk INTRODUCTION Drosophila obscura, the nominate species of the obscura group, is a Palearctic fruit fl y whose distribution extends from Southern Europe to the central Fennoscandia, and from Western Europe to central Asia (Lakovaara & Saura, 1971; Brehm & Krimbas, 1991). In Europe, its relative abundance decreases from north to south (Brehm & Krimbas, 1991). In southern Finland, it is the most abundant Drosophila species (Lakovaara & Saura, 1971). Along with D. subobscura, D. obscura is the one of the two most common Drosophila species in Great Britain, although D. subobscura outnumbers it during most months (Shorrocks, 1975; Begon, 1978). In the Central Balkans, among obscura group species, it is much less abundant than D. subobscura (Stanić et al., 2002; Pavković-Lučić et al., 2012), but is readily collected at higher altitudes (long-term observaEur. J. Entomol. 119: 99–110, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.011
{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA variation of Drosophila obscura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) across Europe","authors":"Pavle Erić, M. Stamenković-Radak, Milan B Dragićević, M. Kankare, M. Wallace, Marija Savić Veselinović, Mihailo Jelić","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.011","url":null,"abstract":"Drosophila obscura is a common fruit fl y that inhabits the temperate forests of Europe. While it is abundant in the north compared to other Drosophila, its density decreases southwards, where it is gradually replaced by other Drosophila species. This study describes variation in the mitochondrial Cyt b gene of D. obscura from several European populations. We observed a large number of haplotypes, together with the structuring of genetic variation. Genetic variation is higher in the west where O1 and related divergent haplotypes dominate. In the east, the O2 haplotype is most frequent, together with haplotypes that recently arose from it. In the central part of the species range, both O1 and O2 are equally present, along with many others. These data reveal signs of population expansions that probably happened earlier in the west, and more recently in the east. Though our conclusions are based on only one genetic marker, limiting the power of the analysis, the results imply either postglacial expansion from two unique sources or, more likely, eastwards stepping-stone expansion. This study adds important information on genetic variation and phylogeography to the obscure biology of D. obscura, a species that has the potential to become an interesting model in evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. * Current address: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK; email: M.A.Wallace@exeter.ac.uk INTRODUCTION Drosophila obscura, the nominate species of the obscura group, is a Palearctic fruit fl y whose distribution extends from Southern Europe to the central Fennoscandia, and from Western Europe to central Asia (Lakovaara & Saura, 1971; Brehm & Krimbas, 1991). In Europe, its relative abundance decreases from north to south (Brehm & Krimbas, 1991). In southern Finland, it is the most abundant Drosophila species (Lakovaara & Saura, 1971). Along with D. subobscura, D. obscura is the one of the two most common Drosophila species in Great Britain, although D. subobscura outnumbers it during most months (Shorrocks, 1975; Begon, 1978). In the Central Balkans, among obscura group species, it is much less abundant than D. subobscura (Stanić et al., 2002; Pavković-Lučić et al., 2012), but is readily collected at higher altitudes (long-term observaEur. J. Entomol. 119: 99–110, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.011","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43746994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Red wood ants (RWA) of the Formica rufa group are ecosystem engineers and important species in boreal and temperate forests. However, the permanent and temporal loss of forest habitats is a serious threat to their existence and is likely to increase with climate change. Due to the current threat of losing species, quick actions are needed. Reported here is the biogeography, relative abundance and habitat preferences of fi ve species of RWA in Finland based on citizen science data. Species that occur in the lowlands of the Alps also occur throughout the southern parts of Finland. Only two of the fi ve species, F. aquilonia Yarrow, 1955 and F. lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838, were common throughout the country, including northern Lapland. As their name suggests, RWAs occur mostly in forests and forest edges, but they also sometimes inhabit open or semi-open yards, mires and meadows. The most forest-specialist species is F. aquilonia and the least F. rufa Linnaeus, 1761. Surprisingly, the meadow wood ant F. pratensis Retzius, 1783 is the second most forest dwelling species, however, its preference for forest edges is clearly higher than for forest interiors. Based on current data, F. rufa may be the most tolerant of living close to buildings as its relative abundance in yards was much higher than that of the other species. The data obtained on distributions and relative abundances could be compared in the future with the results of similar surveys to detect changes in species distributions, relative abundances and habitat preferences.
{"title":"Biogeography and habitat preferences of red wood ants of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Finland, based on citizen science data","authors":"J. Sorvari","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.010","url":null,"abstract":"Red wood ants (RWA) of the Formica rufa group are ecosystem engineers and important species in boreal and temperate forests. However, the permanent and temporal loss of forest habitats is a serious threat to their existence and is likely to increase with climate change. Due to the current threat of losing species, quick actions are needed. Reported here is the biogeography, relative abundance and habitat preferences of fi ve species of RWA in Finland based on citizen science data. Species that occur in the lowlands of the Alps also occur throughout the southern parts of Finland. Only two of the fi ve species, F. aquilonia Yarrow, 1955 and F. lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838, were common throughout the country, including northern Lapland. As their name suggests, RWAs occur mostly in forests and forest edges, but they also sometimes inhabit open or semi-open yards, mires and meadows. The most forest-specialist species is F. aquilonia and the least F. rufa Linnaeus, 1761. Surprisingly, the meadow wood ant F. pratensis Retzius, 1783 is the second most forest dwelling species, however, its preference for forest edges is clearly higher than for forest interiors. Based on current data, F. rufa may be the most tolerant of living close to buildings as its relative abundance in yards was much higher than that of the other species. The data obtained on distributions and relative abundances could be compared in the future with the results of similar surveys to detect changes in species distributions, relative abundances and habitat preferences.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43321460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conducting a repeat study of the presence of mound-building red wood ants (Formica rufa group) after a period of 30 years has rarely been done in Europe. From 1990 to 2020 such a study was done in an intensively used agricultural landscape with fragments of forest in the South-Eastern part of The Netherlands. In 1990, 280 nest mounds of three species of red wood ants and a hybrid were found in the forests and along forest edges. The highest occupancy was in forests of > 25 ha. The connectivity between the forest fragments mainly determined their presence. In 2020, only 160 nest mounds were found. The development of the colonies differed for Formica polyctena Förster, 1850 (slight decrease), F. rufa Linnaeus, 1761 (substantial increase) and F. pratensis Retzius, 1783 (strong decrease). The differences between the species in this highly fragmented landscape may be due to differences in their colonization strategies of either nest splitting or producing swarms of young queens. Furthermore, the analyses show that the type of environment (in a forest or along a forest edge) determines the probability of extinction or settlement. There is a need to undertake management measures to prevent the extinction of species of red wood ants in the area studied. These measures include creating small clearings in dense forests, reducing shading due to overgrowing shrubs or herbaceous plants, and creating buffer zones around intensively manured fi elds. More long-term monitoring is needed in Europe to compare the circumstances in different regions, detect trends and evaluate the effects of protection measures.
{"title":"Presence after three decades of red wood ants (Formica rufa group; Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in forests in an agricultural landscape","authors":"Harry J.M. VAN BUGGENUM","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.009","url":null,"abstract":"Conducting a repeat study of the presence of mound-building red wood ants (Formica rufa group) after a period of 30 years has rarely been done in Europe. From 1990 to 2020 such a study was done in an intensively used agricultural landscape with fragments of forest in the South-Eastern part of The Netherlands. In 1990, 280 nest mounds of three species of red wood ants and a hybrid were found in the forests and along forest edges. The highest occupancy was in forests of > 25 ha. The connectivity between the forest fragments mainly determined their presence. In 2020, only 160 nest mounds were found. The development of the colonies differed for Formica polyctena Förster, 1850 (slight decrease), F. rufa Linnaeus, 1761 (substantial increase) and F. pratensis Retzius, 1783 (strong decrease). The differences between the species in this highly fragmented landscape may be due to differences in their colonization strategies of either nest splitting or producing swarms of young queens. Furthermore, the analyses show that the type of environment (in a forest or along a forest edge) determines the probability of extinction or settlement. There is a need to undertake management measures to prevent the extinction of species of red wood ants in the area studied. These measures include creating small clearings in dense forests, reducing shading due to overgrowing shrubs or herbaceous plants, and creating buffer zones around intensively manured fi elds. More long-term monitoring is needed in Europe to compare the circumstances in different regions, detect trends and evaluate the effects of protection measures.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43353062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kyeongrin Bang, Jiae Lee, Sejung Hwang, Youngwoo Cho, Jang-Kyung Park, Saeyoull Cho
We cloned and sequenced full-length peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-like cDNAs, named PS PGRP-SA(a)like, PS PGRP-SA(b)-like, PS PGRP-SB1-like and PS PGRP-SC-like, from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. The amino acid sequences of PS PGRPs share 32.03−47.93% homology with those of PGRP family members in insects and mammals, including humans. We identified a conserved consensus sequence for amidase activity (His; H-Tyr; Y-His; H-Thr; T-Cys; C) and residues for binding peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the major bacterial cell wall components, including Asp (D) and Phe (F) for Lys-type PGN; and Gly(G), Trp (W) and Arg (R) for DAP-type PGN. The topological structures of PS PGRP-SA(a)-like, PS PGRP-SA(b)-like and PS PGRP-SC-like proteins are structurally similar to those of Drosophila melanogaster PGRP-SA, which has three α-helices and six β-strands. The β-strands are located in a central region and helix α1 on the back and peripheral α2 and α3 helices are on the front. The three α-helices and six β-strands are also present in PS PGRP-SB1-like, but the topological structure differs from that of typical PGRP. Significantly increased levels of PS PGRP-SA (a)-like and PS PGRP-SA (b)-like mRNA were recorded when Gram-positive bacteria or yeast cells were injected into larvae. PS PGRP-SB1-like mRNA levels were up-regulated by infection by all three pathogens; however, expression of PS PGRP-SC-like mRNA was increased 20or 30-fold only shortly after injection with Gram-negative bacteria. * Corresponding author; e-mail: saeyoullcho@kangwon.ac.kr InTroDUCTIon Micro-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), β-glucans, lipoproteins, CpG dinucleotides and flagellin, are molecular markers recognized by the insect innate immune system. There are various cellular immune responses of insect blood cells (haemocytes) and humoral immune responses mediated by various effector molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the phenol oxidase (PO) cascade is part of the insect immune system (Janeway et al., 2002; Hoffmann, 2003; Cho & Cho, 2019). Humoral immune responses involving Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways are mainly activated by insect pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (Wang et al., 2019). Therefore, humoral immune responses are activated when MAMPs are recognized by insect PRRs. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), thioester-containing proEur. J. Entomol. 119: 77–84, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.008
{"title":"Infection-induced molecular pattern recognition proteins in larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae)","authors":"Kyeongrin Bang, Jiae Lee, Sejung Hwang, Youngwoo Cho, Jang-Kyung Park, Saeyoull Cho","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.008","url":null,"abstract":"We cloned and sequenced full-length peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-like cDNAs, named PS PGRP-SA(a)like, PS PGRP-SA(b)-like, PS PGRP-SB1-like and PS PGRP-SC-like, from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. The amino acid sequences of PS PGRPs share 32.03−47.93% homology with those of PGRP family members in insects and mammals, including humans. We identified a conserved consensus sequence for amidase activity (His; H-Tyr; Y-His; H-Thr; T-Cys; C) and residues for binding peptidoglycan (PGN), one of the major bacterial cell wall components, including Asp (D) and Phe (F) for Lys-type PGN; and Gly(G), Trp (W) and Arg (R) for DAP-type PGN. The topological structures of PS PGRP-SA(a)-like, PS PGRP-SA(b)-like and PS PGRP-SC-like proteins are structurally similar to those of Drosophila melanogaster PGRP-SA, which has three α-helices and six β-strands. The β-strands are located in a central region and helix α1 on the back and peripheral α2 and α3 helices are on the front. The three α-helices and six β-strands are also present in PS PGRP-SB1-like, but the topological structure differs from that of typical PGRP. Significantly increased levels of PS PGRP-SA (a)-like and PS PGRP-SA (b)-like mRNA were recorded when Gram-positive bacteria or yeast cells were injected into larvae. PS PGRP-SB1-like mRNA levels were up-regulated by infection by all three pathogens; however, expression of PS PGRP-SC-like mRNA was increased 20or 30-fold only shortly after injection with Gram-negative bacteria. * Corresponding author; e-mail: saeyoullcho@kangwon.ac.kr InTroDUCTIon Micro-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), β-glucans, lipoproteins, CpG dinucleotides and flagellin, are molecular markers recognized by the insect innate immune system. There are various cellular immune responses of insect blood cells (haemocytes) and humoral immune responses mediated by various effector molecules, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the phenol oxidase (PO) cascade is part of the insect immune system (Janeway et al., 2002; Hoffmann, 2003; Cho & Cho, 2019). Humoral immune responses involving Toll and immune deficiency (IMD) pathways are mainly activated by insect pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (Wang et al., 2019). Therefore, humoral immune responses are activated when MAMPs are recognized by insect PRRs. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs), thioester-containing proEur. J. Entomol. 119: 77–84, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.008","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42560431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present review discusses the molecular mechanisms of injury caused by low temperatures and/or freezing. The review is intended mainly for insect environmental physiologists who focus on the effects of low temperatures. The review successively discusses (1) the effects of low temperatures on the structure and function of macromolecules; (2) the effects of freezing on cells and macromolecules and (3) the mechanisms of damage during thawing and post-thaw. The review shows that injury primarily occurs at the molecular level in terms of damage to proteins, nucleic acids and biological membranes. The damage to macromolecular structures occurs as a result of the interaction between the effects of temperature, ice formation and resulting secondary effects such as osmotic stress, increased concentration of solutes, cellular freeze dehydration, disruption of ionic balance and oxidative stress. The present review attempts to identify gaps in our knowledge on the mechanisms of cold injury in organisms and proposes possible future directions that could contribute to fi lling the gaps. * This paper was contributed to a virtual special issue in memory of Ivo Hodek, a long-time editor of the European Journal of Entomology, who died on June 11, 2021, shortly after his ninetieth birthday.
{"title":"Cold and freezing injury in insects: An overview of molecular mechanisms","authors":"J. Rozsypal","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.005","url":null,"abstract":"The present review discusses the molecular mechanisms of injury caused by low temperatures and/or freezing. The review is intended mainly for insect environmental physiologists who focus on the effects of low temperatures. The review successively discusses (1) the effects of low temperatures on the structure and function of macromolecules; (2) the effects of freezing on cells and macromolecules and (3) the mechanisms of damage during thawing and post-thaw. The review shows that injury primarily occurs at the molecular level in terms of damage to proteins, nucleic acids and biological membranes. The damage to macromolecular structures occurs as a result of the interaction between the effects of temperature, ice formation and resulting secondary effects such as osmotic stress, increased concentration of solutes, cellular freeze dehydration, disruption of ionic balance and oxidative stress. The present review attempts to identify gaps in our knowledge on the mechanisms of cold injury in organisms and proposes possible future directions that could contribute to fi lling the gaps. * This paper was contributed to a virtual special issue in memory of Ivo Hodek, a long-time editor of the European Journal of Entomology, who died on June 11, 2021, shortly after his ninetieth birthday.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43486687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We compared the performance of three entomological LED lamps that differed in intensity and wavelength composition by using them to catch 2257 individuals of 161 species and 11 families of nocturnal Lepidoptera in two grassland habitats (dry grassland and orchard meadow). The study was carried out in June and July 2020 in the Jenzig conservation area (Jena, Germany, 50°56 ́12 ̋N, 11°37 ́37 ̋E). In each habitat, we sampled three microhabitats that were either exposed, moderately sheltered or sheltered. Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. A lamp with high radiant fl ux (LepiLED maxi: 1.34 W mixed radiation) attracted 37% more moths and 5% more species than a lamp with a lower radiant fl ux (LepiLED mini: 0.55 W mixed radiation). The maxi lamp also attracted 17% more moths and 6% more species than the same lamp with UV radiation only (LepiLED maxi switch UV mode: 0.59 W). However, the maxi lamp only performed signifi cantly better in exposed microhabitats, whereas the UV lamp performed similarly in the sheltered and moderately sheltered sites. The number of individuals caught in the dry grassland habitat was greater than in the orchard meadow (1288 vs. 969), whereas the number of species was similar in both habitats (120 vs. 128). Higher numbers of individuals were caught in the moderately sheltered sites than in the sheltered and exposed sites (935 vs. 773 vs. 549). The same trend was seen in the number of species (119 vs. 113 vs. 110). The communities of moths caught by traps with different lamps were similar. We conclude that light-trapping is a robust method that delivers comparable results even when different lamps are used. The use of several weak lamps is more effi cient and results in larger catches than the use of a single strong lamp.
在旱地和果园草甸两种草地生境中，利用不同强度和波长组成的三种昆虫学LED灯对夜间鳞翅目11科161种2257只进行了捕获，比较了它们的性能。该研究于2020年6月和7月在Jenzig保护区(德国耶拿，50°56°12ºN, 11°37º37ºE)进行。在每个栖息地中，我们采样了三个微栖息地，这些微栖息地要么是暴露的，要么是适度遮蔽的，要么是遮蔽的。数据分析采用广义线性混合模型。高辐射通量灯(lepile max: 1.34 W混合辐射)比低辐射通量灯(lepile mini: 0.55 W混合辐射)多吸引37%的飞蛾和5%的物种。与仅使用紫外线照射的灯相比(le堆最大开关紫外线模式:0.59 W)，最大灯吸引的飞蛾数增加17%，物种数量增加6%。然而，最大灯仅在暴露的微生境中表现明显更好，而紫外线灯在遮蔽和适度遮蔽的生境中表现相似。干草地生境的捕获个体数大于果园草甸(1288对969)，而两种生境的捕获物种数相似(120对128)。中等遮蔽点捕获的个体数量高于遮蔽和暴露点(935 vs. 773 vs. 549)。在物种数量上也出现了同样的趋势(119 vs 113 vs 110)。不同灯诱捕器捕获的飞蛾群落相似。我们得出结论，即使使用不同的灯，光捕获也是一种可靠的方法，可以提供可比较的结果。使用几盏弱灯比使用一盏强灯更有效，捕获量也更大。
{"title":"The number of moths caught by light traps is affected more by microhabitat than the type of UV lamp used in a grassland habitat","authors":"J. Niermann, G. Brehm","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"We compared the performance of three entomological LED lamps that differed in intensity and wavelength composition by using them to catch 2257 individuals of 161 species and 11 families of nocturnal Lepidoptera in two grassland habitats (dry grassland and orchard meadow). The study was carried out in June and July 2020 in the Jenzig conservation area (Jena, Germany, 50°56 ́12 ̋N, 11°37 ́37 ̋E). In each habitat, we sampled three microhabitats that were either exposed, moderately sheltered or sheltered. Data were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. A lamp with high radiant fl ux (LepiLED maxi: 1.34 W mixed radiation) attracted 37% more moths and 5% more species than a lamp with a lower radiant fl ux (LepiLED mini: 0.55 W mixed radiation). The maxi lamp also attracted 17% more moths and 6% more species than the same lamp with UV radiation only (LepiLED maxi switch UV mode: 0.59 W). However, the maxi lamp only performed signifi cantly better in exposed microhabitats, whereas the UV lamp performed similarly in the sheltered and moderately sheltered sites. The number of individuals caught in the dry grassland habitat was greater than in the orchard meadow (1288 vs. 969), whereas the number of species was similar in both habitats (120 vs. 128). Higher numbers of individuals were caught in the moderately sheltered sites than in the sheltered and exposed sites (935 vs. 773 vs. 549). The same trend was seen in the number of species (119 vs. 113 vs. 110). The communities of moths caught by traps with different lamps were similar. We conclude that light-trapping is a robust method that delivers comparable results even when different lamps are used. The use of several weak lamps is more effi cient and results in larger catches than the use of a single strong lamp.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44813279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We previously demonstrated that two immune signaling pathways, Toll and IMD, were concomitantly activated in the model beetle Tribolium castaneum by challenges to their immune system by several species of microbes, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as yeast. This contrasts with the Drosophila immune system in which more specifi c pathway activation depending on the type of microbe is well established. We suggest that the activation of an indiscriminate immune pathway in T. castaneum is due in part to an unselective recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the extracellular sensing modules of the two pathways. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding of the T. castaneum immune pathway, we investigated whether potential components of the T. castaneum IMD pathway, Caspar, DREDD and FADD, are involved in immune reactions triggered by microbial challenges. A sequence analysis of these three genes with the orthologues of other species, including insects, mouse and human, indicated that T. castaneum Caspar, DREDD and FADD functioned as immune signal transducers, which are usually induced by microbial challenges. However, these genes were not induced by microbial challenges. To establish whether these genes are involved in immune reactions, we used RNA interference-mediated knockdown of these genes to assess the microbial induction levels of the representative read-out antimicrobial peptide genes of the respective classes. The results indicated that these genes encode the canonical constituents of the IMD pathway of this beetle. DREDD and FADD infl uenced the induction of Toll-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes, providing novel crosstalk points between the two immune pathways, which appears to support indiscriminate pathway activation in T. castaneum. Furthermore, the phenotypes of DREDD or FADD knockdown pupae challenged by the two model bacterial pathogens correlated with AMP gene induction in the respective knockdowns, indicating that these intracellular factors contributed to antibacterial host defenses. * These authors equally contributed. INTRODUCTION The insect immune system is solely composed of innate immune reactions that utilize germ line-encoded receptors to detect the invasion of several distinct pathogens (Hultmark, 2003; Ferrandon et al., 2007; Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007). When recognized, invading pathogens are attacked by a battery of innate immune responses. Insect immune responses as well as vertebrate immune responses may be conveniently divided into cellular and humoral immunities, the latter of which involves the systemic and robust production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as a major and well-characterized response. Intensive studies on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) over the past two decades have delineated the paths and facEur. J. Entomol. 119: 23–35, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.003
{"title":"RNA interference-based characterization of Caspar, DREDD and FADD genes in immune signaling pathways of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","authors":"K. Yokoi, Wataru Ito, Daiki Kato, K. Miura","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"We previously demonstrated that two immune signaling pathways, Toll and IMD, were concomitantly activated in the model beetle Tribolium castaneum by challenges to their immune system by several species of microbes, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as yeast. This contrasts with the Drosophila immune system in which more specifi c pathway activation depending on the type of microbe is well established. We suggest that the activation of an indiscriminate immune pathway in T. castaneum is due in part to an unselective recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the extracellular sensing modules of the two pathways. In order to obtain a more detailed understanding of the T. castaneum immune pathway, we investigated whether potential components of the T. castaneum IMD pathway, Caspar, DREDD and FADD, are involved in immune reactions triggered by microbial challenges. A sequence analysis of these three genes with the orthologues of other species, including insects, mouse and human, indicated that T. castaneum Caspar, DREDD and FADD functioned as immune signal transducers, which are usually induced by microbial challenges. However, these genes were not induced by microbial challenges. To establish whether these genes are involved in immune reactions, we used RNA interference-mediated knockdown of these genes to assess the microbial induction levels of the representative read-out antimicrobial peptide genes of the respective classes. The results indicated that these genes encode the canonical constituents of the IMD pathway of this beetle. DREDD and FADD infl uenced the induction of Toll-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes, providing novel crosstalk points between the two immune pathways, which appears to support indiscriminate pathway activation in T. castaneum. Furthermore, the phenotypes of DREDD or FADD knockdown pupae challenged by the two model bacterial pathogens correlated with AMP gene induction in the respective knockdowns, indicating that these intracellular factors contributed to antibacterial host defenses. * These authors equally contributed. INTRODUCTION The insect immune system is solely composed of innate immune reactions that utilize germ line-encoded receptors to detect the invasion of several distinct pathogens (Hultmark, 2003; Ferrandon et al., 2007; Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007). When recognized, invading pathogens are attacked by a battery of innate immune responses. Insect immune responses as well as vertebrate immune responses may be conveniently divided into cellular and humoral immunities, the latter of which involves the systemic and robust production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as a major and well-characterized response. Intensive studies on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) over the past two decades have delineated the paths and facEur. J. Entomol. 119: 23–35, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.003","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42825821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Mojtaba Esmaeily, K. Talebi, H. Allahyari, S. Reitz, J. Michaud
The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) can colonize plants endophytically and stimulate the production of secondary plant metabolites with anti-herbivore activities. We assayed the topical virulence of B. bassiana to Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the effects of cucumber inoculation with this fungus on plant metabolites, and the physiological consequences for aphids that fed on these plants. Assays were conducted with both the commercial formulation of B. bassiana, ‘Naturalis®-L’, at the recommended concentration of 1.5 ml / L (yielding a spore concentration of 2.3 × 107 CFU per ml), and with a similar concentration of the isolated fungal strain. Topical application of 0.03 ml of solution per cm2, or 1 × 103 CFU, caused 100% mortality to A. gossypii adults after seven days, whether Naturalis®-L or the isolate alone was used. The fungus grew endophytically into foliage when sprayed on cucumbers at the 2-leaf stage and concentrations of alkaloids, fl avonoids, phenols, hydrogen peroxide, and total chlorophyll were higher than in control plants 28 days after inoculation. Malondialdehyde content, plant growth, and total yield were unaffected by B. bassiana inoculation. Aphids fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants for 24 h had reduced activities of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase) compared to controls. Activities of digestive enzymes, (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase) were reduced in aphids from inoculated plants, which exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidase, but lower catalase activity. Energy reserves (lipids, protein, and glycogen) were lower in aphids from inoculated plants, and they exhibited reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods, and a 50% reduction in the LC50 of pirimicarb. Thus, in addition to causing direct pathogenicity, inoculation of plants with B. bassiana negatively impacted A. gossypii physiology and reproductive performance and could usefully complement other strategies for managing cotton aphids on greenhouse cucumber. * Corresponding author; e-mail: jpmi@ksu.edu INTRODUCTION The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous cosmopolitan pest of numerous fi eld and greenhouse crops (Ebert & Cartwright, 1997). It has the capacity for rapid population growth, causing direct feeding damage to host plants and transmitting various plant viruses (Deguine et al., 2017). Management of cotton aphids has conventionally relied on the use of synthetic insecticides (Kandil et al., 2017), which has resulted in the aphids evolving resistance to various insecticidal modes of action, and generated a need for alternative management tactics (Wang et al., 2007; Carletto et al., 2010). Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 1–11, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.001
{"title":"Inoculation of cucumber plants with Beauveria bassiana enhances resistance to Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and increases aphid susceptibility to pirimicarb","authors":"Mohammad Homayoonzadeh, Mojtaba Esmaeily, K. Talebi, H. Allahyari, S. Reitz, J. Michaud","doi":"10.14411/eje.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) can colonize plants endophytically and stimulate the production of secondary plant metabolites with anti-herbivore activities. We assayed the topical virulence of B. bassiana to Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the effects of cucumber inoculation with this fungus on plant metabolites, and the physiological consequences for aphids that fed on these plants. Assays were conducted with both the commercial formulation of B. bassiana, ‘Naturalis®-L’, at the recommended concentration of 1.5 ml / L (yielding a spore concentration of 2.3 × 107 CFU per ml), and with a similar concentration of the isolated fungal strain. Topical application of 0.03 ml of solution per cm2, or 1 × 103 CFU, caused 100% mortality to A. gossypii adults after seven days, whether Naturalis®-L or the isolate alone was used. The fungus grew endophytically into foliage when sprayed on cucumbers at the 2-leaf stage and concentrations of alkaloids, fl avonoids, phenols, hydrogen peroxide, and total chlorophyll were higher than in control plants 28 days after inoculation. Malondialdehyde content, plant growth, and total yield were unaffected by B. bassiana inoculation. Aphids fed on B. bassiana-inoculated plants for 24 h had reduced activities of detoxifying enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and acetylcholinesterase) compared to controls. Activities of digestive enzymes, (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and aminopeptidase) were reduced in aphids from inoculated plants, which exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenoloxidase, but lower catalase activity. Energy reserves (lipids, protein, and glycogen) were lower in aphids from inoculated plants, and they exhibited reduced fecundity, longevity, and reproductive periods, and a 50% reduction in the LC50 of pirimicarb. Thus, in addition to causing direct pathogenicity, inoculation of plants with B. bassiana negatively impacted A. gossypii physiology and reproductive performance and could usefully complement other strategies for managing cotton aphids on greenhouse cucumber. * Corresponding author; e-mail: jpmi@ksu.edu INTRODUCTION The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous cosmopolitan pest of numerous fi eld and greenhouse crops (Ebert & Cartwright, 1997). It has the capacity for rapid population growth, causing direct feeding damage to host plants and transmitting various plant viruses (Deguine et al., 2017). Management of cotton aphids has conventionally relied on the use of synthetic insecticides (Kandil et al., 2017), which has resulted in the aphids evolving resistance to various insecticidal modes of action, and generated a need for alternative management tactics (Wang et al., 2007; Carletto et al., 2010). Eur. J. Entomol. 119: 1–11, 2022 doi: 10.14411/eje.2022.001","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42540605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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