J. A. Pinedo‐Escatel, C. Dietrich, J. Zahniser, G. Moya‐Raygoza, L. Portillo
Most Neotropical forest-dwelling leafhopper species are rare and exhibit limited distributions. The Mexican leafhopper fauna is known to be highly diverse and identification of genera and species is difficult because no attempts have been made to provide comprehensive identification tools for the fauna. Here, a dichotomous key to all genera recognized within Mexico of the diverse but little studied leafhopper tribe Athysanini is provided. Spinulana josefinae Pinedo-Escatel sp. n. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the dry tropical forest of Oaxacan mountains. A total of 46 genera and 146 species are now recognized in the checklist of Athysanini of Mexico. Notes on type repositories, distributional data and maps, and selected references are provided.
{"title":"A dichotomous key and checklist for Mexican Athysanini leafhopper genera (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with a new species from the Oaxacan dry tropical forest","authors":"J. A. Pinedo‐Escatel, C. Dietrich, J. Zahniser, G. Moya‐Raygoza, L. Portillo","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.027","url":null,"abstract":"Most Neotropical forest-dwelling leafhopper species are rare and exhibit limited distributions. The Mexican leafhopper fauna is known to be highly diverse and identification of genera and species is difficult because no attempts have been made to provide comprehensive identification tools for the fauna. Here, a dichotomous key to all genera recognized within Mexico of the diverse but little studied leafhopper tribe Athysanini is provided. Spinulana josefinae Pinedo-Escatel sp. n. is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the dry tropical forest of Oaxacan mountains. A total of 46 genera and 146 species are now recognized in the checklist of Athysanini of Mexico. Notes on type repositories, distributional data and maps, and selected references are provided.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the progress of the spread of invasive species of insects in new geographical areas are usually intensively monitored, the decline of these species often escape attention and is poorly documented. In this study, we record the decline in abundance of Gastrophysa viridula (DeGeer), an invasive oligophagous consumer of dock (Rumex spp.). This species originally inhabited Alpine regions. In the late 1800s, G. viridula was recorded in montane areas in the Czech Republic and then throughout this country. Gastrophysa viridula was very abundant in 1995–1999, when we found it in all of the 177 stands of R. obtusifolius inspected in western Czech Republic. In a repeated study of its occurrence in the same area from 2019–2020, this species was present in < 30% of 434 of the stands inspected and was only abundant (≥ 55% of plants in the stand infested by G. viridula) in < 4% of these stands. Thus the local occurrence and abundance of G. viridula had decreased signifi cantly. Of the possible reasons for this decline the most probable are the effect of climate warming on host plant seasonality, changes in agricultural use of grasslands and fragmentation of large stands of dock.
{"title":"Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Czech Republic: Decline in a once abundant invasive oligophagous consumer of Rumex","authors":"Z. Martinková, A. Honěk, P. Saska","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.026","url":null,"abstract":"While the progress of the spread of invasive species of insects in new geographical areas are usually intensively monitored, the decline of these species often escape attention and is poorly documented. In this study, we record the decline in abundance of Gastrophysa viridula (DeGeer), an invasive oligophagous consumer of dock (Rumex spp.). This species originally inhabited Alpine regions. In the late 1800s, G. viridula was recorded in montane areas in the Czech Republic and then throughout this country. Gastrophysa viridula was very abundant in 1995–1999, when we found it in all of the 177 stands of R. obtusifolius inspected in western Czech Republic. In a repeated study of its occurrence in the same area from 2019–2020, this species was present in < 30% of 434 of the stands inspected and was only abundant (≥ 55% of plants in the stand infested by G. viridula) in < 4% of these stands. Thus the local occurrence and abundance of G. viridula had decreased signifi cantly. Of the possible reasons for this decline the most probable are the effect of climate warming on host plant seasonality, changes in agricultural use of grasslands and fragmentation of large stands of dock.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48787054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. A. Solonkin, A. O. Shkurikhin, T. S. Oslina, E. Zakharova
Changes in body size in response to environmental factors (especially temperature) is one of the crucial traits studied in connection with insect adaptation to climate change. However, current data on the strength and direction of temperature-size responses in Lepidoptera are inconsistent and the reasons for this are unclear. This study investigates the relationship between the adult size of Aporia crataegi L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and spring weather conditions (temperature and rainfall) at different phases in its outbreak cycle (low population density or high abundance). The forewing area of A. crataegi, a univoltine and irruptive Lepidopteran species, was used as a proxy for overall body size. It was found that temperature in the last month before imago emergence (May) and temperature in the larval growth period following overwintering (April) had differing effects on imago size. The fact that the wing size of both male and female A. crataegi increased following higher temperatures in May corresponds with the converse temperature-size rule and is consistent with the predictions of life history theory for univoltine species. Conversely, while imago size decreased following higher temperatures in April, increased rainfall had a slightly positive effect on imago size. The wings of A. crataegi at the peak of abundance were larger than when sampled during periods of low population density, contradicting available data on changes in the body weight of A. crataegi recorded during outbreaks.
{"title":"Changes in the body size of black-veined white, Aporia crataegi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), recorded in a natural population in response to different spring weather conditions and at different phases of an outbreak","authors":"I. A. Solonkin, A. O. Shkurikhin, T. S. Oslina, E. Zakharova","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.023","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in body size in response to environmental factors (especially temperature) is one of the crucial traits studied in connection with insect adaptation to climate change. However, current data on the strength and direction of temperature-size responses in Lepidoptera are inconsistent and the reasons for this are unclear. This study investigates the relationship between the adult size of Aporia crataegi L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and spring weather conditions (temperature and rainfall) at different phases in its outbreak cycle (low population density or high abundance). The forewing area of A. crataegi, a univoltine and irruptive Lepidopteran species, was used as a proxy for overall body size. It was found that temperature in the last month before imago emergence (May) and temperature in the larval growth period following overwintering (April) had differing effects on imago size. The fact that the wing size of both male and female A. crataegi increased following higher temperatures in May corresponds with the converse temperature-size rule and is consistent with the predictions of life history theory for univoltine species. Conversely, while imago size decreased following higher temperatures in April, increased rainfall had a slightly positive effect on imago size. The wings of A. crataegi at the peak of abundance were larger than when sampled during periods of low population density, contradicting available data on changes in the body weight of A. crataegi recorded during outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43885898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immature individuals of Afrotridactylus cf. usambaricus (Sjostedt, 1910) were recorded on a marine sandy beach probably feeding on bacteria, microalgae and mesopsammic organisms. The larvae of this pygmy mole cricket probably obtain these organisms by manipulating grains of sand with their buccal apparatus during the excavation of tunnels close to the surface of the sand. This occurs in daytime during the ebb tide while direct migration to the sea is in progress. Therefore, the migration occurs according to a diurnal-tidal rhythm having been detected only in correspondence with the low diurnal tides. This rhythmic activity remains in phase with the diurnal-tidal periodicity even far from the sea, in a confined environment. Individuals tested in a transparent Plexiglas bowl are able to assume and maintain the sea-land direction of the beach constant throughout the day in the absence of the landscape vision.
{"title":"Notes on feeding, locomotor activity rhythms and orientation in the pygmy mole cricket Afrotridactylus cf. usambaricus in Kenya (Orthoptera: Tridactyloidea)","authors":"A. Ugolini","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.022","url":null,"abstract":"Immature individuals of Afrotridactylus cf. usambaricus (Sjostedt, 1910) were recorded on a marine sandy beach probably feeding on bacteria, microalgae and mesopsammic organisms. The larvae of this pygmy mole cricket probably obtain these organisms by manipulating grains of sand with their buccal apparatus during the excavation of tunnels close to the surface of the sand. This occurs in daytime during the ebb tide while direct migration to the sea is in progress. Therefore, the migration occurs according to a diurnal-tidal rhythm having been detected only in correspondence with the low diurnal tides. This rhythmic activity remains in phase with the diurnal-tidal periodicity even far from the sea, in a confined environment. Individuals tested in a transparent Plexiglas bowl are able to assume and maintain the sea-land direction of the beach constant throughout the day in the absence of the landscape vision.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48625190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A chamber, named SOIL-INSECT toolbox, was developed to analyse the effect of various factors on the behaviour of soil-dwelling insects. It is equipped with sensors that continuously monitor the concentration of CO2 in the different compartments of the chamber without disturbing the air balance in the soil. The chamber can be adapted to study different stimuli, including volatile compounds, both in the presence and absence of plants. The chamber was tested using the larvae of Melolontha spp., which confirmed its suitability for carrying out complex studies on insect-insect and insect-plant-microbiome interactions in a complex environment such as soil. The results of behavioural experiments using L3 larvae of Melolontha spp. in sterilized and natural soils revealed that the soil condition affected the behaviour of the larvae, likely due to its effect on the soil microbiome and physico-chemical characteristics.
{"title":"SOIL-INSECT toolbox: A new chamber for analysing the behaviour of herbivorous insects and tri-trophic interactions in soil","authors":"E. Furmanczyk, M. Tartanus, Z. Jóźwiak, E. Malusá","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.021","url":null,"abstract":"A chamber, named SOIL-INSECT toolbox, was developed to analyse the effect of various factors on the behaviour of soil-dwelling insects. It is equipped with sensors that continuously monitor the concentration of CO2 in the different compartments of the chamber without disturbing the air balance in the soil. The chamber can be adapted to study different stimuli, including volatile compounds, both in the presence and absence of plants. The chamber was tested using the larvae of Melolontha spp., which confirmed its suitability for carrying out complex studies on insect-insect and insect-plant-microbiome interactions in a complex environment such as soil. The results of behavioural experiments using L3 larvae of Melolontha spp. in sterilized and natural soils revealed that the soil condition affected the behaviour of the larvae, likely due to its effect on the soil microbiome and physico-chemical characteristics.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47492599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marek Jankásek, Z. Kotyková Varadínová, F. Šťáhlavský
We present an open (publicly available) and updatable database of the karyotypes of Blattodea which is available at http://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/arthropods/blattodeadatabase/index.html. This database currently contains data on chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems for 355 (209 cockroaches and 146 termites) cytogenetically and/or geographically distinct populations of 229 species (138 cockroaches and 91 termites). When available, data on chromosome morphology and fundamental number are also included. As this summary of the data on Blattodea cytogenetics follows current taxonomy and phylogeny it enabled us to discuss hypotheses on karyotype evolution. We also point out some cytogenetically interesting phenomena such as extensive karyotype differentiation at low taxonomic levels in some lineages and the change from the X0 sex chromosome system, which is present in cockroaches, to systems with multiple neo-sex chromosomes, present in termites. We encourage the use of modern cytogenetic methods in research on Blattodea cytogenetics to uncover more detailed mechanisms of karyotype evolution in this insect order. We also provide a brief summary of the history of cytogenetic research in Blattodea.
{"title":"Blattodea Karyotype Database","authors":"Marek Jankásek, Z. Kotyková Varadínová, F. Šťáhlavský","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.020","url":null,"abstract":"We present an open (publicly available) and updatable database of the karyotypes of Blattodea which is available at http://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/arthropods/blattodeadatabase/index.html. This database currently contains data on chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems for 355 (209 cockroaches and 146 termites) cytogenetically and/or geographically distinct populations of 229 species (138 cockroaches and 91 termites). When available, data on chromosome morphology and fundamental number are also included. As this summary of the data on Blattodea cytogenetics follows current taxonomy and phylogeny it enabled us to discuss hypotheses on karyotype evolution. We also point out some cytogenetically interesting phenomena such as extensive karyotype differentiation at low taxonomic levels in some lineages and the change from the X0 sex chromosome system, which is present in cockroaches, to systems with multiple neo-sex chromosomes, present in termites. We encourage the use of modern cytogenetic methods in research on Blattodea cytogenetics to uncover more detailed mechanisms of karyotype evolution in this insect order. We also provide a brief summary of the history of cytogenetic research in Blattodea.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41546035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clear-cuts in production forests provide an open, sunny environment, with an abundance of nectar, as well as exposed soil and woody debris. This makes them a potential habitat for several groups of insects that typically use open habitats like grassland, including those species that visit flowers. In the current study, we used colour pan traps to catch flower-visiting species. Study sites were selected according to age (2-8 yrs since clear-cut) and land-use history (forest or meadow 150 yrs ago). We caught and identified solitary bees (395 specimens belonging to 59 species), social bees (831/16), other Hymenoptera (367/66), Syrphidae (256/31), and beetles (Lepturinae & Cetoniinae; 11,409/12). Age of the clear-cut strongly affected species composition as well as several groups and species, with most species caught mainly in the younger clear-cuts. Flower abundance statistically affected several groups and species, but inferring causation is difficult due to the flower-richness bias in pan trap catches. Bare soil and woody debris were important for the insect assemblage sampled, while bare rock was not. Although the majority of the insects caught were forest species, about one third of the species were associated with open, agricultural sites and hence seem to be able to locate and exploit resources in clear-cuts.
{"title":"Assemblages of flower-visiting insects in clear-cuts are rich and dynamic","authors":"P. Milberg, V. Eriksson, Karl-Olof Bergman","doi":"10.14411/eje.2021.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2021.019","url":null,"abstract":"Clear-cuts in production forests provide an open, sunny environment, with an abundance of nectar, as well as exposed soil and woody debris. This makes them a potential habitat for several groups of insects that typically use open habitats like grassland, including those species that visit flowers. In the current study, we used colour pan traps to catch flower-visiting species. Study sites were selected according to age (2-8 yrs since clear-cut) and land-use history (forest or meadow 150 yrs ago). We caught and identified solitary bees (395 specimens belonging to 59 species), social bees (831/16), other Hymenoptera (367/66), Syrphidae (256/31), and beetles (Lepturinae & Cetoniinae; 11,409/12). Age of the clear-cut strongly affected species composition as well as several groups and species, with most species caught mainly in the younger clear-cuts. Flower abundance statistically affected several groups and species, but inferring causation is difficult due to the flower-richness bias in pan trap catches. Bare soil and woody debris were important for the insect assemblage sampled, while bare rock was not. Although the majority of the insects caught were forest species, about one third of the species were associated with open, agricultural sites and hence seem to be able to locate and exploit resources in clear-cuts.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49554138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Invasive mosquitoes are vectors of important human and animal pathogens and a serious threat to public health. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) are good examples because of their wide occurrence, host range and vector competence. An understanding of the responsiveness of mosquitoes to olfactory stimuli is essential for implementing effective surveillance and developing repellents. The present study evaluated the behavioural responses of A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus to CO2 and human skin odour in an olfactometer. In addition, CO2 synergistic effect was assessed in association with human skin odour. Mosquitoes of different ages (3–5 and 10–15 day old) were included in the study in order to determine changes in responsiveness to attractants during an insects’ lifetime. The highest numbers of mosquitoes captured associated with CO2 were (A. albopictus, 48/77, 62.34%; C. quinquefasciatus, 117/126, 92.86%) and hand odour (A. albopictus, 211/232, 90.95%; C. quinquefasciatus, 320/374, 85.56%) in the “CO2 vs blank” and “hand vs blank” treatments. Skin odour was the most attractive for both species (A. albopictus, 279/309, 90.29%; C. quinquefasciatus, 292/306, 95.42%) in “CO2 vs hand” experiment. The highest mosquito responsiveness was recorded in the “CO2 + hand vs hand” bioassay (A. albopictus, 174/265, 65.66%; C. quinquefasciatus, 231/425, 54.35%). Similar trends were recorded for 10–15 and 3–5 day old mosquitoes of both species in all the experiments. In addition, a linear mixed model was used to evaluate the interactions between species, age and attractants. Human skin odour and CO2 were effective attractants for both A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus (attractantspecies interaction, p-value < 0.05). CO2 synergistic effect was recorded for both species (species-attractant interaction, p-value < 0.05) even when CO2 was not directly combined with skin odour (p-value < 0.05). The interaction between attractant and age revealed (p-value < 0.05) that in both species, 10–15 day old mosquitoes were more responsive to CO2 and human skin odour, than younger (3–5 days) adults. The species-age interaction (p-value < 0.05) showed that 3–5 and 10–15 day old C. quinquefasciatus were more receptive to CO2 and skin odour, especially when used in combination, than A. albopictus. * Corresponding author; e-mail: elisa.massella88@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Invasive mosquitoes (IMSs) are important vectors of public health pathogens. Their incidence and geographical distribution in Europe have increased since the 1990s (ECDC, 2012), as a consequence of globalization (international trade and tourism), anthropogenic environmental and climatic changes (Medlock et al., 2012). IMSs have colonized new territories (Schaffner et al., 2013). Their spread is often associated with biotic homogenisation and reduction in biodiversity (Wilke et al., 2020) and putative vectorial competence for native viruses, bact
{"title":"Olfactory responsiveness of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): Interactions between species, age and attractants","authors":"A. Drago, G. Spanò, G. Faccioni, Elisa Massella","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.018","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive mosquitoes are vectors of important human and animal pathogens and a serious threat to public health. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) are good examples because of their wide occurrence, host range and vector competence. An understanding of the responsiveness of mosquitoes to olfactory stimuli is essential for implementing effective surveillance and developing repellents. The present study evaluated the behavioural responses of A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus to CO2 and human skin odour in an olfactometer. In addition, CO2 synergistic effect was assessed in association with human skin odour. Mosquitoes of different ages (3–5 and 10–15 day old) were included in the study in order to determine changes in responsiveness to attractants during an insects’ lifetime. The highest numbers of mosquitoes captured associated with CO2 were (A. albopictus, 48/77, 62.34%; C. quinquefasciatus, 117/126, 92.86%) and hand odour (A. albopictus, 211/232, 90.95%; C. quinquefasciatus, 320/374, 85.56%) in the “CO2 vs blank” and “hand vs blank” treatments. Skin odour was the most attractive for both species (A. albopictus, 279/309, 90.29%; C. quinquefasciatus, 292/306, 95.42%) in “CO2 vs hand” experiment. The highest mosquito responsiveness was recorded in the “CO2 + hand vs hand” bioassay (A. albopictus, 174/265, 65.66%; C. quinquefasciatus, 231/425, 54.35%). Similar trends were recorded for 10–15 and 3–5 day old mosquitoes of both species in all the experiments. In addition, a linear mixed model was used to evaluate the interactions between species, age and attractants. Human skin odour and CO2 were effective attractants for both A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus (attractantspecies interaction, p-value < 0.05). CO2 synergistic effect was recorded for both species (species-attractant interaction, p-value < 0.05) even when CO2 was not directly combined with skin odour (p-value < 0.05). The interaction between attractant and age revealed (p-value < 0.05) that in both species, 10–15 day old mosquitoes were more responsive to CO2 and human skin odour, than younger (3–5 days) adults. The species-age interaction (p-value < 0.05) showed that 3–5 and 10–15 day old C. quinquefasciatus were more receptive to CO2 and skin odour, especially when used in combination, than A. albopictus. * Corresponding author; e-mail: elisa.massella88@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Invasive mosquitoes (IMSs) are important vectors of public health pathogens. Their incidence and geographical distribution in Europe have increased since the 1990s (ECDC, 2012), as a consequence of globalization (international trade and tourism), anthropogenic environmental and climatic changes (Medlock et al., 2012). IMSs have colonized new territories (Schaffner et al., 2013). Their spread is often associated with biotic homogenisation and reduction in biodiversity (Wilke et al., 2020) and putative vectorial competence for native viruses, bact","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":"118 1","pages":"171-181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48647941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intensification of agriculture in olive groves, especially the modification or elimination of spontaneous vegetation, alters the relationships in arthropod communities and reduces their interactions and ecosystem services. This study was carried out in nine olive groves in which there was either a planted cover crop, spontaneous cover crop or bare ground. The interactions of ground-dwelling, canopy and flying arthropods in trophic webs were calculated for each olive grove soil management regime at the family level taking into consideration their different functional traits: feeding guilds, specific agricultural traits and trophic level. Olive groves with spontaneous cover had trophic webs with a higher number of plausible links between arthropod families and a more balanced distribution of specimens among trophic levels compared to those with planted cover and bare ground. There was a similar number of arthropod families consisting of both pests and their natural enemies in the planted cover regime, while olive groves with bare ground had simpler trophic webs. The complexity of plausible trophic links was greater in olive groves with spontaneous plant cover despite the similar values for family richness in the three-olive grove soil management regimes. Qualitative values (such as functional traits) were more diverse in agroecosystems with spontaneous plant cover in which there were more sources of food.
{"title":"Structure of canopy and ground-dwelling arthropod communities in olive orchards is determined by the type of soil cover","authors":"Jesús Castro, F. S. Tortosa, A. Carpio","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.017","url":null,"abstract":"The intensification of agriculture in olive groves, especially the modification or elimination of spontaneous vegetation, alters the relationships in arthropod communities and reduces their interactions and ecosystem services. This study was carried out in nine olive groves in which there was either a planted cover crop, spontaneous cover crop or bare ground. The interactions of ground-dwelling, canopy and flying arthropods in trophic webs were calculated for each olive grove soil management regime at the family level taking into consideration their different functional traits: feeding guilds, specific agricultural traits and trophic level. Olive groves with spontaneous cover had trophic webs with a higher number of plausible links between arthropod families and a more balanced distribution of specimens among trophic levels compared to those with planted cover and bare ground. There was a similar number of arthropod families consisting of both pests and their natural enemies in the planted cover regime, while olive groves with bare ground had simpler trophic webs. The complexity of plausible trophic links was greater in olive groves with spontaneous plant cover despite the similar values for family richness in the three-olive grove soil management regimes. Qualitative values (such as functional traits) were more diverse in agroecosystems with spontaneous plant cover in which there were more sources of food.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":"118 1","pages":"159-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49489460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Katono, S. Macfadyen, C. Omongo, J. Colvin, J. Karungi, M. Otim
Natural death is a key determinant of a species population dynamics. Thus, a clear understanding of natural mortality factors aids the development of appropriate management strategies for insect pests. Cohort-based life tables were constructed to determine the sources and rates of mortality of fi eld populations of the pest, Bemisia tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) on cassava in Uganda. Monthly cohorts (10 in total) were established separately for eggs and nymphs on two cassava genotypes with known levels of resistance to B. tabaci infestation (Alado alado and NAROCASS 1). Mortality was recorded using daily observations for the eggs and the different nymphal instars. The recorded mortality sources were disappearance (total removal of egg or nymph from the leaf), predation, parasitism (nymphs only), unknown death and inviability (eggs only). Median marginal mortality rate was highest for disappearance (0.355) followed by parasitism (0.058). The highest level of mortality occurred during the third nymph stage (55% on Alado alado) and only 12% of nymphs reached the adult stage. Irreplaceable mortality (Ic) was highest for disappearance followed by third instar parasitism. Key-factor analysis revealed a close resemblance of the curve for disappearance to that of total mortality coupled with the highest regression slopes: 0.896 for eggs and 0.725 for nymphs on NAROCASS 1. From these results, we conclude that disappearance and parasitism are the major mortality factors controlling B. tabaci SSA1 populations. Therefore, the development of interventions that focus on enhancing the levels of disappearance and third instar parasitism may lead to population-level reductions in B. tabaci SSA1. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the factors that contribute to the high mortality associated with disappearance.
{"title":"Mortality factors acting on field populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) SSA1 on cassava in Uganda","authors":"K. Katono, S. Macfadyen, C. Omongo, J. Colvin, J. Karungi, M. Otim","doi":"10.14411/EJE.2021.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/EJE.2021.016","url":null,"abstract":"Natural death is a key determinant of a species population dynamics. Thus, a clear understanding of natural mortality factors aids the development of appropriate management strategies for insect pests. Cohort-based life tables were constructed to determine the sources and rates of mortality of fi eld populations of the pest, Bemisia tabaci Sub-Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1) on cassava in Uganda. Monthly cohorts (10 in total) were established separately for eggs and nymphs on two cassava genotypes with known levels of resistance to B. tabaci infestation (Alado alado and NAROCASS 1). Mortality was recorded using daily observations for the eggs and the different nymphal instars. The recorded mortality sources were disappearance (total removal of egg or nymph from the leaf), predation, parasitism (nymphs only), unknown death and inviability (eggs only). Median marginal mortality rate was highest for disappearance (0.355) followed by parasitism (0.058). The highest level of mortality occurred during the third nymph stage (55% on Alado alado) and only 12% of nymphs reached the adult stage. Irreplaceable mortality (Ic) was highest for disappearance followed by third instar parasitism. Key-factor analysis revealed a close resemblance of the curve for disappearance to that of total mortality coupled with the highest regression slopes: 0.896 for eggs and 0.725 for nymphs on NAROCASS 1. From these results, we conclude that disappearance and parasitism are the major mortality factors controlling B. tabaci SSA1 populations. Therefore, the development of interventions that focus on enhancing the levels of disappearance and third instar parasitism may lead to population-level reductions in B. tabaci SSA1. Further studies need to be conducted to understand the factors that contribute to the high mortality associated with disappearance.","PeriodicalId":11940,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Entomology","volume":"118 1","pages":"148-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44298306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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