Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238588
Raad Mohammed Abed, A. Khenyab, H. J. Alalkawi
Aluminum is expected to remain the core material for many critical applications such as aircraft and automobiles. This is due to the high resistance to different environmental conditions, desired and manageable mechanical properties, as well as high fatigue resistance. Aluminum nanocomposites such as AA6061/Al2O3 can be made in many ways using a liquid metallurgy method. The main challenges for this method in the production of nanocomposites are the difficulties of achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcing materials and possible chemical reactions between the reinforcing material and the matrix. For structural applications exclusive to aerospace sectors. The growing cost-effective nanocomposites mass production technology with essential operational and geometric flexibility is a big challenge all the time. Each method of preparing AA6061/Al2O3 nanocomposites can provide different mechanical properties. In the present study, nine nanocomposites were prepared at three stirring temperatures (800, 850, and 900 °C) with the level of Al2O3 addition of 0, 5, 7, and 9 wt %. The results of tensile, hardness and fatigue tests revealed that the composite including 9 wt % Al2O3 with 850 °C stirring temperatures has the best properties. It was also revealed that the 850 °C stirring temperature (ST) with 9 wt % Al2O3 composite provide an increase in tensile strength, VHN and reduction in ductility by 20 %, 16 % and 36.8 % respectively, compared to zero-nano. Also, the fatigue life at the 90 MPa stress level increased by 17.4 % in comparison with 9 wt % nanocomposite at 800 °C (ST). Uniform distributions were observed for all nine microstructure compositions.
{"title":"Development in Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of AA6061/AL2O3 Nanocomposites Under Stirring Temperature (ST)","authors":"Raad Mohammed Abed, A. Khenyab, H. J. Alalkawi","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238588","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum is expected to remain the core material for many critical applications such as aircraft and automobiles. This is due to the high resistance to different environmental conditions, desired and manageable mechanical properties, as well as high fatigue resistance. Aluminum nanocomposites such as AA6061/Al2O3 can be made in many ways using a liquid metallurgy method. The main challenges for this method in the production of nanocomposites are the difficulties of achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcing materials and possible chemical reactions between the reinforcing material and the matrix. For structural applications exclusive to aerospace sectors. The growing cost-effective nanocomposites mass production technology with essential operational and geometric flexibility is a big challenge all the time. Each method of preparing AA6061/Al2O3 nanocomposites can provide different mechanical properties. In the present study, nine nanocomposites were prepared at three stirring temperatures (800, 850, and 900 °C) with the level of Al2O3 addition of 0, 5, 7, and 9 wt %. The results of tensile, hardness and fatigue tests revealed that the composite including 9 wt % Al2O3 with 850 °C stirring temperatures has the best properties. It was also revealed that the 850 °C stirring temperature (ST) with 9 wt % Al2O3 composite provide an increase in tensile strength, VHN and reduction in ductility by 20 %, 16 % and 36.8 % respectively, compared to zero-nano. Also, the fatigue life at the 90 MPa stress level increased by 17.4 % in comparison with 9 wt % nanocomposite at 800 °C (ST). Uniform distributions were observed for all nine microstructure compositions.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84321806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237539
I. Kazak
The article highlights one of the ways to improve the design of the extruder body in order to increase the reliability and, at the same time, the quality of extrusion. The object of research is a single-worm extruder. One of the most problematic areas of the extruder is the body. The main disadvantage of the extruder is the wear of the body surfaces due to corrosion or abrasion and requires regular replacement. This is due to the abrasive properties of the polymers and, accordingly, due to the friction of the polymer material against the body and the worm, especially due to contamination in the recycled material. In various sources, the replacement of the extruder worm with a more advanced design is widely covered. And scientists do not pay enough attention to improving the body of the extruder, which indicates the relevance of this study. That is why the problem of increasing the reliability of the extruder body is completely unsolved and urgent. In the course of the study, we used an analysis of the structural features of the extruder body, a literature-patent review of existing methods for improving the body of a single-worm extruder to increase the reliability and, at the same time, the quality of extrusion. As a result of the literature and patent review, the option of improving the extruder body based on the prototype of the split body, which additionally contains an inner surface of steel ribbed plates, was selected. It was found that the ribbing of the plates on the inner surface of the body increases the wear resistance of the body and promotes more intensive advancement of the polymer used material to the extruder head. This is due to the fact that the proposed improved body of the extruder has a number of features: steel ribbed plates rigidly fixed inside it are installed with overlap of the parting line of the extruder body. This makes it possible to increase the wear resistance and, accordingly, the reliability of the extruder body and, additionally, the extrusion quality. Compared with the known one-piece structures of the extruder body, the design of the body is detachable with steel rigidly mounted ribbed plates on the inner surface, which will simplify maintenance during repairs and, at the same time, improve the quality of extrusion.
{"title":"Improvement of the Extruder Body Design in Order To Increase Reliability and Quality of Extrusion","authors":"I. Kazak","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237539","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights one of the ways to improve the design of the extruder body in order to increase the reliability and, at the same time, the quality of extrusion. The object of research is a single-worm extruder. One of the most problematic areas of the extruder is the body. The main disadvantage of the extruder is the wear of the body surfaces due to corrosion or abrasion and requires regular replacement. This is due to the abrasive properties of the polymers and, accordingly, due to the friction of the polymer material against the body and the worm, especially due to contamination in the recycled material. In various sources, the replacement of the extruder worm with a more advanced design is widely covered. And scientists do not pay enough attention to improving the body of the extruder, which indicates the relevance of this study. That is why the problem of increasing the reliability of the extruder body is completely unsolved and urgent. In the course of the study, we used an analysis of the structural features of the extruder body, a literature-patent review of existing methods for improving the body of a single-worm extruder to increase the reliability and, at the same time, the quality of extrusion. As a result of the literature and patent review, the option of improving the extruder body based on the prototype of the split body, which additionally contains an inner surface of steel ribbed plates, was selected. It was found that the ribbing of the plates on the inner surface of the body increases the wear resistance of the body and promotes more intensive advancement of the polymer used material to the extruder head. This is due to the fact that the proposed improved body of the extruder has a number of features: steel ribbed plates rigidly fixed inside it are installed with overlap of the parting line of the extruder body. This makes it possible to increase the wear resistance and, accordingly, the reliability of the extruder body and, additionally, the extrusion quality. Compared with the known one-piece structures of the extruder body, the design of the body is detachable with steel rigidly mounted ribbed plates on the inner surface, which will simplify maintenance during repairs and, at the same time, improve the quality of extrusion.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89889715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237296
Y. Horobets
The study is aimed at assessing the size of the error that arises when processing the results of examining the geometric characteristics of the bearing structures of rolling stock units using an algorithm without using trigonometric functions. The object of the research is a method of simplified alignment of the deflection function of body frame beams to the horizontal plane. One of the biggest problem areas is the lack of understanding by some customers of the work of the possibility of using this algorithm due to the lack of information about the errors that arise in the simplified calculation. The study was carried out by comparing the results of processing the initial data by two methods, obtained during the work on the inspection of the state of the supporting structures of the unit of the shunting diesel locomotive TGM6. One method, the algorithm of which is the subject of this study, assumes that no complex calculations are used during data processing. The second method involves the use of an algorithm for aligning the deflection functions of the body frame beams of a rolling stock unit of railways in the horizontal plane, taking into account all trigonometry tools, which will exclude the accompanying calculation errors of the simplified method. After processing the initial data, two sets of results were obtained – with the desired calculation error and without. Comparison of these datasets yielded an error value for frame tilt of 5.7. For clarity, the size of the error was compared with the expanded uncertainty values of the main sources of uncertainty in the methodology for examining the bearing structures of rolling stock. On the basis of the analysis of two methods of leveling the inclination to the horizontal plane of the deformed rolling stock body frame, the expediency of such an approach has been proved. The results obtained make it possible to reasonably use the Simplified approach to processing the data obtained during the survey of the geometric characteristics of the rolling stock. If necessary, the developed mathematical model can be used to improve the accuracy of calculating the uncertainty of measurements of geometric characteristics, as well as for use in the study of modification of existing or development of new measurement techniques.
{"title":"Estimation of the Error of the Simplified Algorithm of Processing of Functions of Deflations of Deformed Frames of Bodies of Rolling Stock","authors":"Y. Horobets","doi":"10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237296","url":null,"abstract":"The study is aimed at assessing the size of the error that arises when processing the results of examining the geometric characteristics of the bearing structures of rolling stock units using an algorithm without using trigonometric functions. The object of the research is a method of simplified alignment of the deflection function of body frame beams to the horizontal plane. One of the biggest problem areas is the lack of understanding by some customers of the work of the possibility of using this algorithm due to the lack of information about the errors that arise in the simplified calculation. The study was carried out by comparing the results of processing the initial data by two methods, obtained during the work on the inspection of the state of the supporting structures of the unit of the shunting diesel locomotive TGM6. One method, the algorithm of which is the subject of this study, assumes that no complex calculations are used during data processing. The second method involves the use of an algorithm for aligning the deflection functions of the body frame beams of a rolling stock unit of railways in the horizontal plane, taking into account all trigonometry tools, which will exclude the accompanying calculation errors of the simplified method. After processing the initial data, two sets of results were obtained – with the desired calculation error and without. Comparison of these datasets yielded an error value for frame tilt of 5.7. For clarity, the size of the error was compared with the expanded uncertainty values of the main sources of uncertainty in the methodology for examining the bearing structures of rolling stock. On the basis of the analysis of two methods of leveling the inclination to the horizontal plane of the deformed rolling stock body frame, the expediency of such an approach has been proved. The results obtained make it possible to reasonably use the Simplified approach to processing the data obtained during the survey of the geometric characteristics of the rolling stock. If necessary, the developed mathematical model can be used to improve the accuracy of calculating the uncertainty of measurements of geometric characteristics, as well as for use in the study of modification of existing or development of new measurement techniques.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001929
B. Murashevych, V. Toropin, D. Stepanskyi, H. Maslak, K. Burmistrov, V. Kotok, V. Kovalenko
A method has been developed for the synthesis of granular polymeric materials with immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamide groups. Commercially available resin polymers widely applied for the preparation of ion exchangers have been used as polymer carriers. The elaborated technological conditions make it possible to modify these resins with a high conversion degree, without deteriorating the strength characteristics, and with the possibility of regulating the concentration of active chlorine over a wide range (up to 11 % w/w). The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy data. To determine the concentration of functional groups, a special method of iodometric titration has been developed. The processes of emission of active chlorine from synthesized polymers into aqueous solutions have been studied. It has been shown that this process significantly depends on the composition of the solution: no release of active chlorine into distilled water is observed, and when using tap water, its concentration is reached 5–8 mg/dm3 and remains up to 30 days when the granules are in water. The processes of activation of active chlorine emission by compounds of amine nature have been studied, the corresponding kinetic curves of the dependence between change in the concentration of active chlorine in solution and the used activator are presented. It has been found that the nature of the used activator strongly affects, among other things, the stability of the obtained chlorine-active solutions. Taurine and sulfamic acid are found to be the optimal activators for obtaining stable solutions of active chlorine of high concentration. The composition of the N-chloro-taurin solution obtained in this way has been additionally analyzed by UV spectroscopy. Thus, the synthesized polymers make it possible to quickly in situ obtain high-purity solutions of active chlorine without the use of special electrochemical equipment. The polymers themselves are compact, stable, and can be repeatedly regenerated
{"title":"Synthesis of New Immobilized N-Chloro-Sulfonamides and Release of Active Chlorine From Them","authors":"B. Murashevych, V. Toropin, D. Stepanskyi, H. Maslak, K. Burmistrov, V. Kotok, V. Kovalenko","doi":"10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001929","url":null,"abstract":"A method has been developed for the synthesis of granular polymeric materials with immobilized N-chloro-sulfonamide groups. Commercially available resin polymers widely applied for the preparation of ion exchangers have been used as polymer carriers. The elaborated technological conditions make it possible to modify these resins with a high conversion degree, without deteriorating the strength characteristics, and with the possibility of regulating the concentration of active chlorine over a wide range (up to 11 % w/w). The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy data. To determine the concentration of functional groups, a special method of iodometric titration has been developed. The processes of emission of active chlorine from synthesized polymers into aqueous solutions have been studied. It has been shown that this process significantly depends on the composition of the solution: no release of active chlorine into distilled water is observed, and when using tap water, its concentration is reached 5–8 mg/dm3 and remains up to 30 days when the granules are in water. The processes of activation of active chlorine emission by compounds of amine nature have been studied, the corresponding kinetic curves of the dependence between change in the concentration of active chlorine in solution and the used activator are presented. It has been found that the nature of the used activator strongly affects, among other things, the stability of the obtained chlorine-active solutions. Taurine and sulfamic acid are found to be the optimal activators for obtaining stable solutions of active chlorine of high concentration. The composition of the N-chloro-taurin solution obtained in this way has been additionally analyzed by UV spectroscopy. Thus, the synthesized polymers make it possible to quickly in situ obtain high-purity solutions of active chlorine without the use of special electrochemical equipment. The polymers themselves are compact, stable, and can be repeatedly regenerated","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83551127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.231730
K. Kasabova, A. Zagorulko, Andreii Zahorulko, N. Shmatchenko, Olga Simakova, I. Goriainova, O. Volodko, D. Mironov
A method for manufacturing multicomponent fruit and berry paste based on apples, cranberries, hawthorn with a high content of pectin substances has been improved. A special feature of the technique is the concentration in a rotary film apparatus until a dry matter content of 28... 30 % under a mild mode during 25...50 s provided that the puree is preheated to 50 °C. The limiting shear stress for each type of raw material and the effective viscosity index for the samples of the formulations of the studied pastes have been established. It was found that the best properties are demonstrated by composition with the following formulation ratio of components: apple – 50 %; cranberries – 40 %; hawthorn – 10 %. That makes it possible to obtain pastes with the best chemical composition (the higher content of pectin substances, organic acids, ascorbic acid, etc.). The rational amount of adding 75 % of fruit and berry paste to replace apple puree has been determined and substantiated. That makes it possible to manufacture pastille with a high degree of structure formation, which is confirmed by the viscosity index of 616 Pa∙s, compared with control – 354 Pa∙s. A decrease in the mass fraction of dry substances by 5.0 %, an increase in acidity and reducing substances are ensured, which meets the requirements set by regulatory documents. This amount of paste provides for excellent organoleptic properties, i.e. it gives the products an even red color, pleasant taste, and smell. The developed technology expands the range of "healthy food" by partially replacing raw materials with a low content of physiologically functional components with a multicomponent composition, as well as provides for an increase in the pastille nutritional value. The use of sparing modes of concentration makes it possible to intensify the process of manufacturing a multicomponent paste, which indicates energy and resource-saving technology.
{"title":"Improving Pastille Manufacturing Technology Using the Developed Multicomponent Fruit and Berry Paste","authors":"K. Kasabova, A. Zagorulko, Andreii Zahorulko, N. Shmatchenko, Olga Simakova, I. Goriainova, O. Volodko, D. Mironov","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2021.231730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.231730","url":null,"abstract":"A method for manufacturing multicomponent fruit and berry paste based on apples, cranberries, hawthorn with a high content of pectin substances has been improved. A special feature of the technique is the concentration in a rotary film apparatus until a dry matter content of 28... 30 % under a mild mode during 25...50 s provided that the puree is preheated to 50 °C. The limiting shear stress for each type of raw material and the effective viscosity index for the samples of the formulations of the studied pastes have been established. It was found that the best properties are demonstrated by composition with the following formulation ratio of components: apple – 50 %; cranberries – 40 %; hawthorn – 10 %. That makes it possible to obtain pastes with the best chemical composition (the higher content of pectin substances, organic acids, ascorbic acid, etc.). The rational amount of adding 75 % of fruit and berry paste to replace apple puree has been determined and substantiated. That makes it possible to manufacture pastille with a high degree of structure formation, which is confirmed by the viscosity index of 616 Pa∙s, compared with control – 354 Pa∙s. A decrease in the mass fraction of dry substances by 5.0 %, an increase in acidity and reducing substances are ensured, which meets the requirements set by regulatory documents. This amount of paste provides for excellent organoleptic properties, i.e. it gives the products an even red color, pleasant taste, and smell. The developed technology expands the range of \"healthy food\" by partially replacing raw materials with a low content of physiologically functional components with a multicomponent composition, as well as provides for an increase in the pastille nutritional value. The use of sparing modes of concentration makes it possible to intensify the process of manufacturing a multicomponent paste, which indicates energy and resource-saving technology.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84187639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234987
Y. Biletska, T. Ryzhkova, V. Novikova, R. Plotnikova, I. Hnoievyі, I. Yatsenko, Katerina Silchenko, T. Danilova, R. Severin, Lyudmila Karpenko
This paper reports a study into the use of germinated mungbean as a promising raw material influencing the structure-forming indicators of meat systems during the production of meat-vegetable sausages. The content of iodine in the germinated mungbean and its anatomical parts has been examined using solutions of potassium iodide. A change in the phytic acid content and size of phytin globoloids has been established in mungbean malt depending on germination conditions. The influence of flour from germinated mungbean on the moisture-binding, moisture-retaining, fat-retaining abilities, as well as on the pH of meat systems based on veal meat, pork, chicken has been investigated. The reported set of studies is important as the defined patterns could make it possible to devise technologies for meat-vegetable sausages, to expand the range of enriched meat products. The result of this study has established that the degree of biotransformation of iodine into beans is influenced by the protein content in the native beans. Almost 90...95 % of iodine is accumulated in the cotyledons of beans in the protein fraction, 5...10 % ‒ in sprouts and roots. The rational range of potassium iodide concentrations in the germination solution is 76.5 g per 1,000 cm3, over 48 hours. Prolonging the germination time leads to microbiological damage to the bean mass. The germination process affects the reduction of phytic acid content, which is confirmed by a decrease in the diameter of phytin globoloids. It is rational to use in meat systems based on pork meat and veal meat 10 % of the developed flour by reducing meat raw materials. With this ratio of formulation ingredients, the maximum increase in the moisture-binding, moisture-retaining, and fat-retaining capacities of these meat systems is achieved. In the meat systems based on chicken meat, it is possible to increase a replacement part of up to 15 %. The reported set of studies is useful and important because it could form the basis for devising the technologies of meat-vegetable sausages to meet the needs of different segments of consumers
本文报道了利用发芽绿豆作为一种有前途的原料，在肉-蔬菜香肠生产过程中影响肉类体系结构形成指标的研究。用碘化钾溶液测定了发芽绿豆及其解剖部位的碘含量。绿豆麦芽中植酸含量和植素球状体大小的变化取决于发芽条件。研究了发芽绿豆粉对小牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉等肉质体系的保湿、保湿、保脂性能及pH值的影响。报道的这组研究很重要，因为确定的模式可以使设计肉-蔬菜香肠的技术成为可能，以扩大强化肉制品的范围。本研究的结果表明，碘在豆类中的生物转化程度受原生豆类中蛋白质含量的影响。近90…在大豆的蛋白质部分中，95%的碘积累在子叶中。10% -在芽和根中。48小时内，萌发液中碘化钾的合理浓度范围为76.5 g / 1,000 cm3。延长发芽时间会对豆块造成微生物损害。发芽过程影响植酸含量的降低，这一点可以通过植酸球状体直径的减小来证实。通过减少肉类原料，在以猪肉和小牛肉为基础的肉类体系中使用10%的发达面粉是合理的。有了这个配方成分的比例，最大限度地增加了这些肉类系统的防潮、保湿和保脂能力。在以鸡肉为基础的肉类系统中，可以增加高达15%的替换部分。报告的一系列研究是有用和重要的，因为它可以形成设计肉-蔬菜香肠技术的基础，以满足不同消费者群体的需求
{"title":"Studying the Influence of Mungbean Use on the Structure-Forming Indicators of Meat-Plant Systems Based on Veal, Pork, Chicken Meat","authors":"Y. Biletska, T. Ryzhkova, V. Novikova, R. Plotnikova, I. Hnoievyі, I. Yatsenko, Katerina Silchenko, T. Danilova, R. Severin, Lyudmila Karpenko","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.234987","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a study into the use of germinated mungbean as a promising raw material influencing the structure-forming indicators of meat systems during the production of meat-vegetable sausages. The content of iodine in the germinated mungbean and its anatomical parts has been examined using solutions of potassium iodide. A change in the phytic acid content and size of phytin globoloids has been established in mungbean malt depending on germination conditions. The influence of flour from germinated mungbean on the moisture-binding, moisture-retaining, fat-retaining abilities, as well as on the pH of meat systems based on veal meat, pork, chicken has been investigated.\u0000The reported set of studies is important as the defined patterns could make it possible to devise technologies for meat-vegetable sausages, to expand the range of enriched meat products.\u0000The result of this study has established that the degree of biotransformation of iodine into beans is influenced by the protein content in the native beans. Almost 90...95 % of iodine is accumulated in the cotyledons of beans in the protein fraction, 5...10 % ‒ in sprouts and roots. The rational range of potassium iodide concentrations in the germination solution is 76.5 g per 1,000 cm3, over 48 hours. Prolonging the germination time leads to microbiological damage to the bean mass.\u0000The germination process affects the reduction of phytic acid content, which is confirmed by a decrease in the diameter of phytin globoloids.\u0000It is rational to use in meat systems based on pork meat and veal meat 10 % of the developed flour by reducing meat raw materials. With this ratio of formulation ingredients, the maximum increase in the moisture-binding, moisture-retaining, and fat-retaining capacities of these meat systems is achieved. In the meat systems based on chicken meat, it is possible to increase a replacement part of up to 15 %.\u0000The reported set of studies is useful and important because it could form the basis for devising the technologies of meat-vegetable sausages to meet the needs of different segments of consumers","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76165028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.232822
L. Vakhitova, Kostyantyn Kalafat, V. Plavan, V. Bessarabov, Nadezhda Тaran, G. Zagoriy
This paper reports a study into the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of the intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol/titanium dioxide/polymer (ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or styrene acrylate (SA). It has been established that adding nanoclay to a coating based on ethylene vinyl acetate increases the fire resistance limit of a metal plate by 30 %, and to a coating based on styrene acrylate – by 50 %. At the same time, coatings that include the EVA polymer are characterized by greater fire-retardant efficiency and less water resistance than coatings containing the SA polymer. It has been shown that intumescent coatings, regardless of the nature of the polymer, under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days their reduce fire-protective properties by an average of 10 %. The loss of coating fire resistance occurs due to the leaching of pentaerythritol, ammonium polyphosphate, and polymer degradation by hydrolysis. The admixtures of nanoclays with a high degree of exfoliation to the studied system create a barrier effect and maximize the chemical formulation of the intumescent coating. The fireproof properties of coatings with organically-modified montmorillonite admixtures are maintained or reduced to 5 % under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days. It has been determined that the direct effect of water on the coating over a period of more than 2 days leads to a significant decrease in the swelling coefficient of intumescent coatings, regardless of the content of a nanoclay admixture in their composition. At the same time, the half-decay period of coatings without nanoclay, calculated on the basis of solubility constant in water, is 0.5 days. For coatings, which include the admixtures of organically-modified nanoclays, the half-decay period increases to 2 days. The results reported in this paper could be recommended for designing water-proof fire-resistant reactive-type nano-coatings with prolonged service life.
{"title":"Comparing the Effect of Nanoclays on the Water-Resistance of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings","authors":"L. Vakhitova, Kostyantyn Kalafat, V. Plavan, V. Bessarabov, Nadezhda Тaran, G. Zagoriy","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2021.232822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.232822","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports a study into the effect of nanoclays on the water-resistance of the intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/melamine/pentaerythritol/titanium dioxide/polymer (ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or styrene acrylate (SA). It has been established that adding nanoclay to a coating based on ethylene vinyl acetate increases the fire resistance limit of a metal plate by 30 %, and to a coating based on styrene acrylate – by 50 %. At the same time, coatings that include the EVA polymer are characterized by greater fire-retardant efficiency and less water resistance than coatings containing the SA polymer. It has been shown that intumescent coatings, regardless of the nature of the polymer, under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days their reduce fire-protective properties by an average of 10 %. The loss of coating fire resistance occurs due to the leaching of pentaerythritol, ammonium polyphosphate, and polymer degradation by hydrolysis. The admixtures of nanoclays with a high degree of exfoliation to the studied system create a barrier effect and maximize the chemical formulation of the intumescent coating. The fireproof properties of coatings with organically-modified montmorillonite admixtures are maintained or reduced to 5 % under the conditions of 80 % humidity over 800 days. It has been determined that the direct effect of water on the coating over a period of more than 2 days leads to a significant decrease in the swelling coefficient of intumescent coatings, regardless of the content of a nanoclay admixture in their composition. At the same time, the half-decay period of coatings without nanoclay, calculated on the basis of solubility constant in water, is 0.5 days. For coatings, which include the admixtures of organically-modified nanoclays, the half-decay period increases to 2 days. The results reported in this paper could be recommended for designing water-proof fire-resistant reactive-type nano-coatings with prolonged service life.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74936551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Wu, F. Xia, W. Gridin, S. Leuders, F. Brenne, T. Niendorf
H13, a multifunctional chromium-molybdenum carbon steel, is widely used in hot work applications. Based on previous experimental evidence, H13 can be processed by additive manufacturing at elevated temperatures by applying appropriate laser parameters. The current investigation focuses on the evaluation of the microstructure in different heat treatment conditions, in particular evaluation of phases and defects from macro- to microscale, and on the corresponding mechanical properties. Furthermore, the mutual relations of composition, process conditions and resulting microstructures are studied. The experimentally confirmed parameters seem to be promising for both manufacturing of high-demanding components and for implementation within a mechanism-based simulation model for prediction of laser parameters for new alloys and other laser beam melting systems.
{"title":"Laser Beam Melting of H13 Tool Steel: From the Evolution of Microstructure to Process Simulation","authors":"L. Wu, F. Xia, W. Gridin, S. Leuders, F. Brenne, T. Niendorf","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3860221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3860221","url":null,"abstract":"H13, a multifunctional chromium-molybdenum carbon steel, is widely used in hot work applications. Based on previous experimental evidence, H13 can be processed by additive manufacturing at elevated temperatures by applying appropriate laser parameters. The current investigation focuses on the evaluation of the microstructure in different heat treatment conditions, in particular evaluation of phases and defects from macro- to microscale, and on the corresponding mechanical properties. Furthermore, the mutual relations of composition, process conditions and resulting microstructures are studied. The experimentally confirmed parameters seem to be promising for both manufacturing of high-demanding components and for implementation within a mechanism-based simulation model for prediction of laser parameters for new alloys and other laser beam melting systems.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84615030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon foams have been prepared using Kraft lignin as the solely resource. No catalysts, foaming/blowing agents, surfactants, and/or crosslinking agents are used for the foam preparation. The process includes pressing carbon foam precursors into molds followed by formation of lignin foam through heating and carbonization/graphitization of the lignin derived foams. The resultant lignin carbon foam (LCF) has an open-cell structure with densities ranging from about 0.18 g/cm3 to 0.68 g/cm3. The compressive strengths of LCFs increase with increasing of bulk density, from 7.03 ± 1.25 MPa of LCF1 to 30.16 ± 2.41 MPa of LCF7, and thermal conductivity is strongly influenced by the bulk density with increase from 0.21±0.02 W/(m·K) to 0.75±0.01 W/(m·K). The bulk electrical conductivities of LCF samples increase with increasing of bulk densities from 701 S/m to 2031 S/m. The LCF samples were evaluated for resistance to fire and native subterranean termites. LCF samples exhibit excellent fire resistance, no damage occurred when the LCF sample was exposed to an oxyacetylenic flame in air over 1050 °C for more than 3 minutes. Termite testing showed no degradation to the LCF samples after the evaluation.
{"title":"Fabrication and Testing of Carbon Foams by Kraft Lignin","authors":"Q. Yan, R. Arango, Jinghao Li, Z. Cai","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3805250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3805250","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon foams have been prepared using Kraft lignin as the solely resource. No catalysts, foaming/blowing agents, surfactants, and/or crosslinking agents are used for the foam preparation. The process includes pressing carbon foam precursors into molds followed by formation of lignin foam through heating and carbonization/graphitization of the lignin derived foams. The resultant lignin carbon foam (LCF) has an open-cell structure with densities ranging from about 0.18 g/cm3 to 0.68 g/cm3. The compressive strengths of LCFs increase with increasing of bulk density, from 7.03 ± 1.25 MPa of LCF1 to 30.16 ± 2.41 MPa of LCF7, and thermal conductivity is strongly influenced by the bulk density with increase from 0.21±0.02 W/(m·K) to 0.75±0.01 W/(m·K). The bulk electrical conductivities of LCF samples increase with increasing of bulk densities from 701 S/m to 2031 S/m. The LCF samples were evaluated for resistance to fire and native subterranean termites. LCF samples exhibit excellent fire resistance, no damage occurred when the LCF sample was exposed to an oxyacetylenic flame in air over 1050 °C for more than 3 minutes. Termite testing showed no degradation to the LCF samples after the evaluation.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73504550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bold, J. Zielinski, S. Ziegler, J. Schleifenbaum
Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) as a repair technology has been established in recent times. A commonly used material for repairs of turbines are nickel-base alloys, such as Inconel 718 (IN718), which presents good mechanical properties at temperatures up to 650 °C and good corrosive resistance. Inclined or curved surfaces pose a challenge in repairing parts with LMD due to the dependence of height and width of deposited tracks on the local inclination angle. An extensive preparation on path planning is needed to prevent bond defects and to achieve good mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the influence of the local angle between laser beam and component surface on the track geometry. In a first step, single tracks are deposited at various inclinations and process strategies. The track geometries are then evaluated by optical profilometry and metallographic analyses. In a second step, single layers consisting of overlapping tracks are deposited onto different inclined plates, and the welding strategy is varied as follows: a) horizontal overlapping tracks starting from the top going down, b) horizontal overlapping tracks starting from the bottom going up, c) overlapping tracks going up and down. The single layers are analysed metallographically to determine the influence of inclination angle and deposition strategy on the layer height. Furthermore, the influence of inclination on dilution of the base material and on defects such as pores and bonding defects is investigated. By studying the basis of LMD on inclined surfaces, the results presented in this paper help to improve and accelerate path planning for repairs by LMD on freeform surfaces and to design tool paths for the deposition of layers with uniform thickness.
{"title":"Study of LMD of Inconel 718 on Inclined Planes: Influence of Inclination on Width and Height of Deposited Material","authors":"M. Bold, J. Zielinski, S. Ziegler, J. Schleifenbaum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3785875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3785875","url":null,"abstract":"Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) as a repair technology has been established in recent times. A commonly used material for repairs of turbines are nickel-base alloys, such as Inconel 718 (IN718), which presents good mechanical properties at temperatures up to 650 °C and good corrosive resistance. Inclined or curved surfaces pose a challenge in repairing parts with LMD due to the dependence of height and width of deposited tracks on the local inclination angle. An extensive preparation on path planning is needed to prevent bond defects and to achieve good mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the influence of the local angle between laser beam and component surface on the track geometry. In a first step, single tracks are deposited at various inclinations and process strategies. The track geometries are then evaluated by optical profilometry and metallographic analyses. In a second step, single layers consisting of overlapping tracks are deposited onto different inclined plates, and the welding strategy is varied as follows: a) horizontal overlapping tracks starting from the top going down, b) horizontal overlapping tracks starting from the bottom going up, c) overlapping tracks going up and down. The single layers are analysed metallographically to determine the influence of inclination angle and deposition strategy on the layer height. Furthermore, the influence of inclination on dilution of the base material and on defects such as pores and bonding defects is investigated. By studying the basis of LMD on inclined surfaces, the results presented in this paper help to improve and accelerate path planning for repairs by LMD on freeform surfaces and to design tool paths for the deposition of layers with uniform thickness.","PeriodicalId":11974,"journal":{"name":"EngRN: Engineering Design Process (Topic)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76107688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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