European journal of orthodontics最新文献

Background and objective: The genetic basis of dentoalveolar characteristics has been investigated by several studies, however, the findings are equivocal. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the heritability of dental arches and occlusal parameters in different stages of human dentition.

Search methods: Electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Dentistry and Oral Science Source were searched up to August 2023 without the restriction of language or publication date.

Selection criteria: Empirical studies investigating the heritability of dentoalveolar parameters among twins and siblings were included in the review.

Data collection and analysis: Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed independently and in duplicate by two authors and a third author resolved conflicts if needed. Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias among studies and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria.

Results: Twenty-eight studies were included in the systematic review, of which 15 studies reporting heritability coefficients in the permanent dentition stages were deemed suitable for the meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses showed high heritability estimates for maxillary intermolar width (0.52), maxillary intercanine width (0.54), mandibular intermolar width (0.55), mandibular intercanine width (0.55), maxillary arch length (0.76), mandibular arch length (0.57), and palatal depth (0.56). The heritability estimates for the occlusal parameters varied considerably, with relatively moderate values for crossbite (0.46) and overbite (0.44) and low values for buccal segment relationship (0.32), overjet (0.22), and rotation and displacement of teeth (0.16). However, the certainty of evidence for most of the outcomes was low according to the GRADE criteria.

Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, it can be concluded that the dental arch dimensions have a high heritability while the occlusal parameters demonstrate a moderate to low heritability.

Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42022358442).

Objectives: To compare the reliability, reproducibility, and time-based efficiency of automatic digital (AD) and manual digital (MD) model analyses using intraoral scan models.

Material and methods: Two examiners analysed 26 intraoral scanner records using MD and AD methods for orthodontic modelling. Tooth size reproducibility was confirmed using a Bland-Altman plot. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to compare the model analysis parameters (tooth size, sum of 12-teeth, Bolton analysis, arch width, arch perimeter, arch length discrepancy, and overjet/overbite) for each method, including the time taken for model analysis.

Results: The MD group exhibited a relatively larger spread of 95% agreement limits when compared with AD group. The standard deviations of repeated tooth measurements were 0.15 mm (MD group) and 0.08 mm (AD group). The mean difference values of the 12-tooth (1.80-2.38 mm) and arch perimeter (1.42-3.23 mm) for AD group was significantly (P < 0.001) larger than that for the MD group. The arch width, Bolton, and overjet/overbite were clinically insignificant. The overall mean time required for the measurements was 8.62 min and 0.56 min for the MD and AD groups, respectively.

Limitations: Validation results may vary in different clinical cases because our evaluation was limited to mild-to-moderate crowding in the complete dentition.

Conclusions: Significant differences were observed between AD and MD groups. The AD method demonstrated reproducible analysis in a considerably reduced timeframe, along with a significant difference in measurements compared to the MD method. Therefore, AD analysis should not be interchanged with MD, and vice versa.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mandibular second premolar (MnP2) distoangulation among orthodontic patients and the angular changes after a longitudinal follow-up.

Methods: The sample was collected from the orthodontic records of 865 patients. The distoangulation group was composed of 42 patients (mean age 9.29 ± 1.24 years, 16 male, 26 female) with distoangulation of MnP2. The control group was composed of 32 patients (mean age 9.38 ± 1.10 years, 15 male, and 17 female) without distoangulation of MnP2. Panoramic radiographs taken in the mixed (T1) and the early permanent dentition (T2) were analyzed in both groups. Longitudinal angular changes (distal angle θ and premolar-molar angle γ), degree of root formation, second premolar depth, and prevalence of associated dental anomalies were analyzed. Intergroup comparison was performed with Mann-Whitney, t-tests, and chi-square tests (P < 0.05).

Results: The prevalence of MnP2 distoangulation in the mixed dentition was 4.85%. The distoangulation group showed a smaller initial distal angle (59.34o ± 8.41) when compared to control group (79.88o ± 7.60). The spontaneous eruption of the MnP2 with distoangulation was observed in 76.57% of the sample. MnP2 distoangulation was significantly associated with agenesis of its antimere, small maxillary lateral incisors, and deciduous molar infraocclusion.

Limitations: Severe cases of MnP2 distoangulation were absent in this study.

Conclusions: The frequency of MnP2 distoangulation among orthodontic patients was 4.85%. Mild to moderate distoangulated Mnp2 spontaneously uprighted from the mixed to the permanent dentition. Small lateral incisors, second premolar agenesis, and infraocclusion of deciduous molar were frequently found in cases with MnP2 distoangulation.

Objectives: Positive effects of irisin on osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells have been identified previously, this study aims to examine its effect on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in vivo.

Materials and methods: The maxillary right first molars of male Wistar rats (n = 21) were moved mesially for 14 days, with submucosal injection of two dosages of irisin (0.1 or 1 μg) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) every third day. OTM was recorded by feeler gauge and micro-computed tomography (μCT). Alveolar bone and root volume were analysed using μCT, and plasma irisin levels by ELISA. Histological characteristics of PDL tissues were examined, and the expression of collagen type I, periostin, osteocalcin (OCN), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in PDL was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining.

Results: Repeated 1 μg irisin injections suppressed OTM on days 6, 9, and 12. No significant differences were observed in OTM in the 0.1 μg irisin group, or in bone morphometric parameters, root volume or plasma irisin, compared to control. Resorption lacunae and hyalinization were found at the PDL-bone interface on the compression side in the control, whereas they were scarce after irisin administration. The expression of collagen type I, periostin, OCN, vWF, and FNDC5 in PDL was enhanced by irisin administration.

Limitations: The feeler gauge method may overestimate OTM.

Conclusions: Submucosal irisin injection reduced OTM by enhancing osteogenic potential of PDL, and this effect was more significant on the compression side.

Objectives: To systematically assess the scientific literature for the prevalence of failure rate of fixed orthodontic bonded retainer (FOBR).

Method: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and prospective non-RCTs involving participants who had FOBR fitted were included. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of science, MEDLINE, and EMBASE via OVID were searched from inception to January 2023. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 and Newcastle-Ottawa tools. The main outcome was the failure rate of FOBRs. The secondary outcome was to identify factors that can influence the failure of FOBR. Meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses were undertaken using Revman, version5.4. A random-effects model was used. Quality assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.

Results: Thirty-four studies (25 RCTs and 9 prospective clinical studies) (3484 participants) were included in this review. The overall failure rate of bonded retainers, after excluding high-risk studies, was 35.22% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.46-42.98). The failure rate is increased with the duration of follow up; with short-term follow-up rate 24.18% (95% CI 20.16-28.21), medium-term follow up 40.09% (95% CI 30.92-49.26), and long-term follow up 53.85% (95% CI 40.31-67.39). There is a low level of evidence to suggest there is no statistically significant difference in the failure rate of fixed retainers using direct versus indirect bonding methods, using liquid resin versus without liquid resin, and fibre-reinforced composite retainers compared to multi-stranded stainless steel retainers.

Discussion: There is low-quality evidence to suggest that the failure rate of FOBR is relatively high. There is a need for high-quality, well-reported clinical studies to assess factors that can influence the failure rate of FOBR.

Registration: CRD42021190910.

Background/objectives: The aim of this research was to determine the reliability of a novel index for the assessment of smile esthetics in patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL ± P) at the end of their multidisciplinary treatment, for use in clinical and academic settings.

Materials and methods: Five orthodontists, five periodontologists, five general practitioners, five dental students, and five laypeople rated the smiles of 10 patients with CL ± P twice at a 2 weeks interval. The rating scale consisted of four main categories: 1. nasolabial esthetics, 2. gingival esthetics, 3. dental esthetics, and 4. overall esthetics. A total of 15 parameters were rated. Intra- and inter-rater agreements were calculated using SPSS.

Results: The inter-rater agreement varied between good and excellent whereby the orthodontists, periodontists, general practitioners, dental students, and laypeople obtained agreement scores of 0.86, 0.92, 0.84, 0.90, and 0.89, respectively. The intra-rater agreement was good with agreement scores of 0.78, 0.84, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.79, respectively.

Limitations: Smile esthetics were rated on static pictures, not in real life or by video recordings in a young adult population.

Conclusions/implications: The cleft lip and palate smile esthetic index is a reliable tool for the assessment of smile esthetics in patients with CL ± P.

Background: The application of orthodontic forces causes root resorption of variable severity with potentially severe clinical ramifications.

Objective: To systematically review reports on the pathophysiological mechanisms of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and the associated risk factors based on in vitro, experimental, and in vivo studies.

Search methods: We undertook an electronic search of four databases and a separate hand-search.

Selection criteria: Studies reporting on the effect of orthodontic forces with/without the addition of potential risk factors on OIIRR, including (1) gene expression in in-vitro studies, the incidence root resorption in (2) animal studies, and (3) human studies.

Data collection and analysis: Potential hits underwent a two-step selection, data extraction, quality assessment, and systematic appraisal performed by duplicate examiners.

Results: One hundred and eighteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Studies varied considerably in methodology, reporting of results, and variable risk of bias judgements.In summary, the variable evidence identified supports the notion that the application of orthodontic forces leads to (1) characteristic alterations of molecular expression profiles in vitro, (2) an increased rate of OIIRR in animal models, as well as (3) in human studies. Importantly, the additional presence of risk factors such as malocclusion, previous trauma, and medications like corticosteroids increased the severity of OIIRR, whilst other factors decreased its severity, including oral contraceptives, baicalin, and high caffeine.

Conclusions: Based on the systematically reviewed evidence, OIIRR seems to be an inevitable consequence of the application of orthodontic forces-with different risk factors modifying its severity. Our review has identified several molecular mechanisms that can help explain this link between orthodontic forces and OIIRR. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the available eligible literature was in part significantly confounded by bias and was characterized by substantial methodological heterogeneity, suggesting that the results of this systematic review should be interpreted with caution.

Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42021243431).

Background: Dental arch effects after cervical headgear (CHG) treatment have been researched from several different perspectives. However, the long-term effects of CHG timing are still unknown.

Objectives: To analyse the long-term effects of CHG timing on dental arches.

Material and methods: A total of 67 children with Angle Class II malocclusion comprised the study group in this trial. The participants were randomized into two equal-sized groups. In the early group (EG, n = 33), treatment was started after the eruption of the first upper molars. In the later-timed group (LG, n = 34), treatment was started 18 months later compared with the early group. Long-term effects were measured from dental casts taken at five time points between 7 and 18 years of age.

Results: The total maxillary dental arch length was achieved earlier, the gained length persisted better in the long term, and significantly more space was achieved in EG compared with LG (P = .048). The intermolar width in the maxillary dental arch was more stable and was reached earlier in EG compared with LG (P = .002). The results showed that in terms of total mandibular arch length increases, EG males benefited the most and LG females the least from CHG treatment (P = .031).

Conclusions: Both genders benefited from earlier CHG treatment. The maxillary dental arches remained longer, and the final width was gained earlier in EG compared with LG.

Objective: To assess trends in gender representation within editorial boards of European and North American orthodontic journals from 2000 to 2023.

Materials and methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of editorial boards of orthodontic journals. The first issue of volumes of identified journals from the years 2000, 2010 and 2023 were investigated to demonstrate trends over time.

Results: Eight journals were included. Across the period investigated, a total of 810 editorial board positions were identified with most positions held by men (657/810; 81.1%). The proportion of female editorial board members increased from 14.7% (36/245) in 2000 to 24.5% (73/298) in 2023. The number of female Editor-in-Chief increased from zero in 2000 to two in 2023. Three journals demonstrated a reduction in female representation from 2000 to 2023.

Conclusion: Females remain underrepresented within editorial boards of orthodontic journals which is a key metric of presence and leadership in orthodontic academia.

Background: Orthodontic treatment is a long process that requires patient cooperation. Risks of side effects such as caries formation, periodontal problems, and root resorption increases as well as problems in patient cooperation arises with longer treatments. Several different techniques were developed that may shorten the treatment time.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) performed during the alignment stage.

Trial design: Randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Twenty-eight subjects who had crowding in the mandibular arch were included in the study. The first group (4 boys and 10 girls, mean age = 17.21 ± 3.76 years) was treated with MOP (MOP) and the second group (8 boys and 6 girls, mean age = 15.29 ± 1.77 years) was treated without MOP (control). Cephalometric variables, periodontal parameters, Little irregularity index, alignment duration, patient satisfaction, and ease of operation were evaluated. The level of statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05.

Results: Alignment duration was shorter (P = 0.000) in the MOP group (105.57 ± 18.34 days) compared to control group (135.86 ± 15.12 days). Alleviating of the crowding was more in the MOP group, compared to the control group in all time points. The pain level in the MOP group in the first appointment was higher compared to control group (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the groups in cephalometric parameters. Higher increases were found for gingival index (P = 0.008) and bleeding index (P = 0.039) in the control group compared to MOP group at the end of treatment.

Limitations: The study was a single-centre study.

Conclusion: Alignment stage was shortened with MOP application. There was no difference between groups for patient satisfaction and pain level except for the first appointment. No difference was observed between the groups regarding cephalometric values. Clinically insignificant inflammation was observed in periodontal tissues for both groups.

Registration: This study was registered at the Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03652454).