Most NPOs in Kenya have not fully embraced the use of strategic plans due to the difficulties involved in development implementing of strategic plans. There are many factors that hamper implementation of strategic planning an organisation including inadequate financial resources, human resources, technological competences and organisational culture. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of organizational resources on Strategy Implementationin Non-Profit Organizations with a key focus on The Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme based in Kilifi County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine influence of financial resources on strategic plan implementation, influence of human resources, and influence of technological competences on strategic plan implementation. The study was guided two theories, Resource Based View theory and Learning organisation theory. The research employed a descriptive survey research design. The study’s population was the management staff at KWTRP who were 60 according to the KWTRP (2018). Since the population was small, a census was adopted. The primary data was collected by use of self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean scores and standard deviation with the aid of SPSS and presented through tables, charts, graphs, frequencies and percentages. The study established that human resources, financial resources and technology competence had a positive and significant influence on the implementation of strategy at KWTRP. The study concluded that an organization’s workers important assets as they consistently contribute to an organization’s efficient functioning. That proper allocation of financial resources allows managers to put together more productive and efficient workplace teams and enables them to assess their schedules and predict the availability of resources in real time effectively and that technology competence lies in its ability to streamline interaction both internally and externally. One of the essential benefits of software expertise is its potential by promoting strategic thinking and knowledge transfer to improve the competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. The study recommends that the organisation incorporate top-down and bottom-up plan development on human resources in order to gain input from the lower management tier and involve workers in formulating strategies in order to significantly increase their contribution to executing a strategy. The study advises that the leadership of the institute should provide enough financial resources to execute strategies effectively. For each assignment within the plan, periodic cost estimates are important so that the use of financial resources can be made as efficiently as possible. On technology competence, the study suggests that management should seek more support for technical way
{"title":"Organizational Resources and Strategy Implementation in Non-Profit Organizations; A Case of Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya","authors":"David Lavu Ngui, J. Maina","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.77","url":null,"abstract":"Most NPOs in Kenya have not fully embraced the use of strategic plans due to the difficulties involved in development implementing of strategic plans. There are many factors that hamper implementation of strategic planning an organisation including inadequate financial resources, human resources, technological competences and organisational culture. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of organizational resources on Strategy Implementationin Non-Profit Organizations with a key focus on The Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Research Programme based in Kilifi County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to examine influence of financial resources on strategic plan implementation, influence of human resources, and influence of technological competences on strategic plan implementation. The study was guided two theories, Resource Based View theory and Learning organisation theory. The research employed a descriptive survey research design. The study’s population was the management staff at KWTRP who were 60 according to the KWTRP (2018). Since the population was small, a census was adopted. The primary data was collected by use of self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean scores and standard deviation with the aid of SPSS and presented through tables, charts, graphs, frequencies and percentages. The study established that human resources, financial resources and technology competence had a positive and significant influence on the implementation of strategy at KWTRP. The study concluded that an organization’s workers important assets as they consistently contribute to an organization’s efficient functioning. That proper allocation of financial resources allows managers to put together more productive and efficient workplace teams and enables them to assess their schedules and predict the availability of resources in real time effectively and that technology competence lies in its ability to streamline interaction both internally and externally. One of the essential benefits of software expertise is its potential by promoting strategic thinking and knowledge transfer to improve the competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. The study recommends that the organisation incorporate top-down and bottom-up plan development on human resources in order to gain input from the lower management tier and involve workers in formulating strategies in order to significantly increase their contribution to executing a strategy. The study advises that the leadership of the institute should provide enough financial resources to execute strategies effectively. For each assignment within the plan, periodic cost estimates are important so that the use of financial resources can be made as efficiently as possible. On technology competence, the study suggests that management should seek more support for technical way","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126830060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial performance is important among banking institutions. The ability to reinvest earnings and aggressively compete for the market share in the business environment is determined by the level of profits. In recent past, Kenyan commercial banks financial performance has declined due to a number of factors ranging from decline in PAT, interest capping, increased competition and rise in non-performing loans. This has created a need for income diversification where commercial banks are diversifying into shariah banking so as to attract investors with an interest in shariah compliant products and services. The main research objective was to investigate shariah compliant banking effects on the selected Kenyan commercial banks in terms of financial performance. The independent variables employed in the study were liquidity, efficiency and asset quality as determinants of financial performance of commercial bank. There are major gaps in the financial performance literature regarding shariah compliant banking. Minimal research studies have been carried on financial performance comparison between commercial and shariah compliant banks in Kenya. In order to achieve the research objectives, descriptive research approach was employed in the study. A census study was carried out; secondary data from relevant central bank data will be used. The population was the four commercial banks operating shariah banking in Kenya. Secondary data from 2013 to 2017 was obtained from the central bank website and the audited financial statements of the selected licensed commercial banks operating shariah banking in Kenya. Data analysis was achieved through use of descriptive, correlation and regression methods. Data was processed through Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis and presented using charts and tables. Ratio analysis and trend analysis was used in the study. The study aimed at using the framework of innovation diffusion theory to suggest a model for adoption of shariah banking in the Kenyan banking industry, modern portfolio theory to explain the importance of diversified portfolio in the Banking Sector and Agency Theory. The study found commercial banks’ performance was as a result of that Shariah banking ratio then by liquidity ratio, efficiency ratio, asset ratio, and finally bank size. Bank size had a ratio of 0.0128, expense management ratio 0.0131, efficiency ratio 0.0024, Asset quality 0.0006, liquidity ratio 0.0120 and sharia banking ratio was 0.0025. It was revealed by the research that commercial banks’ adoption of shariah banking positively influenced their financial performance. This research recommends that same studies to be carried out in Africa’s Eastern part to compare since shariah banking’ concentration is on the Asian and West Africa countries. The research recommends that commercial banks management take advantage of its existing branch networks to open shariah
{"title":"Shariah Banking and Financial Performance of Selected Commercial Banks in Kenya","authors":"Faith Kwamboka Ongera, Fredrick W. S. Ndede","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.78","url":null,"abstract":"Financial performance is important among banking institutions. The ability to reinvest earnings and aggressively compete for the market share in the business environment is determined by the level of profits. In recent past, Kenyan commercial banks financial performance has declined due to a number of factors ranging from decline in PAT, interest capping, increased competition and rise in non-performing loans. This has created a need for income diversification where commercial banks are diversifying into shariah banking so as to attract investors with an interest in shariah compliant products and services. The main research objective was to investigate shariah compliant banking effects on the selected Kenyan commercial banks in terms of financial performance. The independent variables employed in the study were liquidity, efficiency and asset quality as determinants of financial performance of commercial bank. There are major gaps in the financial performance literature regarding shariah compliant banking. Minimal research studies have been carried on financial performance comparison between commercial and shariah compliant banks in Kenya. In order to achieve the research objectives, descriptive research approach was employed in the study. A census study was carried out; secondary data from relevant central bank data will be used. The population was the four commercial banks operating shariah banking in Kenya. Secondary data from 2013 to 2017 was obtained from the central bank website and the audited financial statements of the selected licensed commercial banks operating shariah banking in Kenya. Data analysis was achieved through use of descriptive, correlation and regression methods. Data was processed through Statistical Package for Social Science software (SPSS). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis and presented using charts and tables. Ratio analysis and trend analysis was used in the study. The study aimed at using the framework of innovation diffusion theory to suggest a model for adoption of shariah banking in the Kenyan banking industry, modern portfolio theory to explain the importance of diversified portfolio in the Banking Sector and Agency Theory. The study found commercial banks’ performance was as a result of that Shariah banking ratio then by liquidity ratio, efficiency ratio, asset ratio, and finally bank size. Bank size had a ratio of 0.0128, expense management ratio 0.0131, efficiency ratio 0.0024, Asset quality 0.0006, liquidity ratio 0.0120 and sharia banking ratio was 0.0025. It was revealed by the research that commercial banks’ adoption of shariah banking positively influenced their financial performance. This research recommends that same studies to be carried out in Africa’s Eastern part to compare since shariah banking’ concentration is on the Asian and West Africa countries. The research recommends that commercial banks management take advantage of its existing branch networks to open shariah","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127997450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The banking sector in Kenya suffered increased non-performing credits which prompted collapse of certain banks with an upsurge of loan defaulters. This was mainly attributed to the continued information asymmetry in the industry because of absence of a credit data sharing component. Commercial banks in Kenya have continued to encounter a number of challenges in obtaining information on customers’ payment history that helps guide on determining their ability to access and re-pay loan advancements. This has made more commercial banks to subscribe to credit reference bureaus since its establishment in 2008. As a result, commercial banks in Kenya have been experiencing high rates of Non-Performing Loans advanced to customers. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of credit information sharing practices on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study specific objectives were to determine the effect of information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study was anchored by adverse selection theory, moral hazard theory and asymmetry theory. The researcher used a descriptive research design. The target population was five banks within Nairobi County including KCB, Equity Bank, Family Bank, Cooperative Bank and Barclays Bank. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and secondary data using financial statements of the commercial banks performance for the past 5 years. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study found that information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports were positively and significantly related to the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study concludes that information accuracy increases the banks ' understanding of the applicants’ features and allows a more precise forecast of their probabilities of repayment, it decreases the information rents that banks could otherwise obtain from their clients and it can function as a borrower discipline tool. Lending volume enhances business banks ' enhanced operations, which in turn leads to banks’ enhanced economic results. Sharing of credit information has made commercial banks grant more loans on the basis of their reputation to deserving clients, thereby improving their profitability. When extensive consumer credit history information are easily accessible, it considerably decreases the cost of entering loan markets for fresh lenders, enhances competition and lowers credit rates. The research recommends that for enhanced results, all financial institutions in Kenya need to protect the precision of their platforms for data sharing. Regular site visits should offer credibility to the precision of the borrowers’ data. The data supplied by CRB should be used efficiently by commercial banks to lend to prospective borrowers. Only borrowers with a strong history of credit should be permitted access to the l
{"title":"Credit Information Sharing Practices and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya","authors":"F. O. Odhiambo, Fredrick W. S. Ndede","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.79","url":null,"abstract":"The banking sector in Kenya suffered increased non-performing credits which prompted collapse of certain banks with an upsurge of loan defaulters. This was mainly attributed to the continued information asymmetry in the industry because of absence of a credit data sharing component. Commercial banks in Kenya have continued to encounter a number of challenges in obtaining information on customers’ payment history that helps guide on determining their ability to access and re-pay loan advancements. This has made more commercial banks to subscribe to credit reference bureaus since its establishment in 2008. As a result, commercial banks in Kenya have been experiencing high rates of Non-Performing Loans advanced to customers. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of credit information sharing practices on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study specific objectives were to determine the effect of information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports on financial performance of commercial bank in Kenya. The study was anchored by adverse selection theory, moral hazard theory and asymmetry theory. The researcher used a descriptive research design. The target population was five banks within Nairobi County including KCB, Equity Bank, Family Bank, Cooperative Bank and Barclays Bank. Primary data was collected using questionnaires and secondary data using financial statements of the commercial banks performance for the past 5 years. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study found that information accuracy, volume of lending and customer credit reports were positively and significantly related to the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study concludes that information accuracy increases the banks ' understanding of the applicants’ features and allows a more precise forecast of their probabilities of repayment, it decreases the information rents that banks could otherwise obtain from their clients and it can function as a borrower discipline tool. Lending volume enhances business banks ' enhanced operations, which in turn leads to banks’ enhanced economic results. Sharing of credit information has made commercial banks grant more loans on the basis of their reputation to deserving clients, thereby improving their profitability. When extensive consumer credit history information are easily accessible, it considerably decreases the cost of entering loan markets for fresh lenders, enhances competition and lowers credit rates. The research recommends that for enhanced results, all financial institutions in Kenya need to protect the precision of their platforms for data sharing. Regular site visits should offer credibility to the precision of the borrowers’ data. The data supplied by CRB should be used efficiently by commercial banks to lend to prospective borrowers. Only borrowers with a strong history of credit should be permitted access to the l","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115562061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Any business entity aims at attaining high level of customer satisfaction. The entity always does this by providing quality goods and services. It is crucial that within a firm, all of its internal clients are fulfilled in ensuring that effective satisfaction of external clients is attained. TQM has been presently presented as the means of management that focus in improving an organization’s financial performance by attaining customer needs and quality of product provision. The research primary focused on examining the key impacts of TQM on management and financial performance of Kenya’s banks in Kilifi Town. The study’s objectives were based on establishing the impact of staff involvement, the management commitment, regular improvements and customer focus of the bank’s performance. The entire research was based on Deming’s theory of TQM and Porter’s theory of competitive advantage. In attaining the research objectives, the research utilized descriptive research technique and a population of 195 participants from 13 commercial banks in operation within the Town of Kilifi. A 30 percent sample was considered reflections of 59 participants. In getting information from the respondents the study utilized both structures and unstructured questionnaires that consisted of both open and closed ended questions. However, respondents had varying questions and had the opportunity to answer appropriately. SPSS (Version 22) stands out as one of the key analysis tool to be used in examine the quantitative data collected, and then the information was presented by the use of means, frequencies, percentages, standard deviations an means. The research utilized multiple regressions analysis in estimating the study model. The study’s gathered and analyzed data was presented by the use of tables, charts, graphs and frequencies meant to enhance the process of interoperations, provision of conclusions and recommendations. Theoretically, the research is expected to be of importance both to firms expected to use the information in enhancing quality products provisions and academicians expected to do researches on a similar or related topic.It was established that the selected TQM practices which included customer focus, top management commitment, continuous improvement and employee involvement significantly and positively influence the performance of commercial banks in Kilifi Town. The study concluded that the banks to a great extent embrace the four TQM practices in a bid to improve service provision, client attraction and retention and also improve organizational performance. It was further concluded that the banks embrace continuous process, procedures and system improvement to enhance operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The study also concluded that the banks valued customers in a bid to enhance market share and customer base and also stay competitive in the market. The study further concluded that the top management was committed to enhancing service qu
{"title":"Total Quality Management Practices and Performance of Commercial Banks in Kilifi Town, Kenya","authors":"Dorotia Wandoe Waduu, Maina Rugami","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.75","url":null,"abstract":"Any business entity aims at attaining high level of customer satisfaction. The entity always does this by providing quality goods and services. It is crucial that within a firm, all of its internal clients are fulfilled in ensuring that effective satisfaction of external clients is attained. TQM has been presently presented as the means of management that focus in improving an organization’s financial performance by attaining customer needs and quality of product provision. The research primary focused on examining the key impacts of TQM on management and financial performance of Kenya’s banks in Kilifi Town. The study’s objectives were based on establishing the impact of staff involvement, the management commitment, regular improvements and customer focus of the bank’s performance. The entire research was based on Deming’s theory of TQM and Porter’s theory of competitive advantage. In attaining the research objectives, the research utilized descriptive research technique and a population of 195 participants from 13 commercial banks in operation within the Town of Kilifi. A 30 percent sample was considered reflections of 59 participants. In getting information from the respondents the study utilized both structures and unstructured questionnaires that consisted of both open and closed ended questions. However, respondents had varying questions and had the opportunity to answer appropriately. SPSS (Version 22) stands out as one of the key analysis tool to be used in examine the quantitative data collected, and then the information was presented by the use of means, frequencies, percentages, standard deviations an means. The research utilized multiple regressions analysis in estimating the study model. The study’s gathered and analyzed data was presented by the use of tables, charts, graphs and frequencies meant to enhance the process of interoperations, provision of conclusions and recommendations. Theoretically, the research is expected to be of importance both to firms expected to use the information in enhancing quality products provisions and academicians expected to do researches on a similar or related topic.It was established that the selected TQM practices which included customer focus, top management commitment, continuous improvement and employee involvement significantly and positively influence the performance of commercial banks in Kilifi Town. The study concluded that the banks to a great extent embrace the four TQM practices in a bid to improve service provision, client attraction and retention and also improve organizational performance. It was further concluded that the banks embrace continuous process, procedures and system improvement to enhance operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The study also concluded that the banks valued customers in a bid to enhance market share and customer base and also stay competitive in the market. The study further concluded that the top management was committed to enhancing service qu","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129997177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Kenya, the challenges of sales performance are prevalent amongst the supermarkets. A declining sales performance was noted for Uchumi supermarket in its 2016 financial year leading to its poor financial performance. Nakumatt supermarket has also had poor sales performance in the recent years leading to its struggling financial position. Merchandizing is one of the aspects that can be utilized for the purposes of improving on sales performance. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of merchandizing practices and sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study seeks to examine the diverse aspects of merchandizing on sales performance and try to establish why the supermarkets are making losses and not profits on sales. The study specifically seek to determine the effect of customer attraction, product differentiation, product access and staff attributes on sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru town. This study used The Product Marketing Mix Theory, Customer Behaviour Theory and Impulse Buying Behaviour Theory. This study utilized descriptive research design to guide the study on data collection, analysis and presentation of findings. To obtain its data, the study will target the eight main supermarkets in Nakuru Town. The target population for the study was 590 staff comprising of management and supermarket line attendants. Nassiuma formula was used to determine the desired sample size for the study. A sample size of 86 respondents was selected. The study then use stratified sampling to select the supermarket line attendants into the study sample. This study used structured questionnaires to obtain its data from supermarket line attendants. Validity and reliability of research questionnaire was tested by conducting a pilot study. This study used Content validity to ascertain the validity of the research questionnaires. The study used Cronbach’s Alpha test of internal consistency to test the reliability of the study questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. This study used both descriptive and inferential statistics. The entire study used tables to present the findings. The study further concluded that there was a positive relationship between product differentiation aspects and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The item that had the highest mean score was that supermarket stocks products based on customer specification. It was also concluded that there was a positive relationship between product access and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The metric that had the highest mean score was that supermarket has presence of reliable product distribution channels throughout the year. In the context of staff attributes, the study concluded that there was a positive relationship between staff attributes and sales performance fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The statement tha
{"title":"Merchandizing Practices and Sales Performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru County, Kenya","authors":"Lilian Ndinda Mua, A. Anyieni","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.76","url":null,"abstract":"In Kenya, the challenges of sales performance are prevalent amongst the supermarkets. A declining sales performance was noted for Uchumi supermarket in its 2016 financial year leading to its poor financial performance. Nakumatt supermarket has also had poor sales performance in the recent years leading to its struggling financial position. Merchandizing is one of the aspects that can be utilized for the purposes of improving on sales performance. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of merchandizing practices and sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study seeks to examine the diverse aspects of merchandizing on sales performance and try to establish why the supermarkets are making losses and not profits on sales. The study specifically seek to determine the effect of customer attraction, product differentiation, product access and staff attributes on sales performance of Supermarkets in Nakuru town. This study used The Product Marketing Mix Theory, Customer Behaviour Theory and Impulse Buying Behaviour Theory. This study utilized descriptive research design to guide the study on data collection, analysis and presentation of findings. To obtain its data, the study will target the eight main supermarkets in Nakuru Town. The target population for the study was 590 staff comprising of management and supermarket line attendants. Nassiuma formula was used to determine the desired sample size for the study. A sample size of 86 respondents was selected. The study then use stratified sampling to select the supermarket line attendants into the study sample. This study used structured questionnaires to obtain its data from supermarket line attendants. Validity and reliability of research questionnaire was tested by conducting a pilot study. This study used Content validity to ascertain the validity of the research questionnaires. The study used Cronbach’s Alpha test of internal consistency to test the reliability of the study questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. This study used both descriptive and inferential statistics. The entire study used tables to present the findings. The study further concluded that there was a positive relationship between product differentiation aspects and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The item that had the highest mean score was that supermarket stocks products based on customer specification. It was also concluded that there was a positive relationship between product access and sales performance of fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The metric that had the highest mean score was that supermarket has presence of reliable product distribution channels throughout the year. In the context of staff attributes, the study concluded that there was a positive relationship between staff attributes and sales performance fast moving consumer goods in Nakuru town supermarkets. The statement tha","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127010939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diversification plays a vital role in risk management and consequently financial performance of commercial banks. Diversification mitigates systemic risk facing a commercial bank and thus reduces the probability of bank failure. In Kenya, commercial banks have been diversifying their business by increasingly offering new services such as mobile banking, agency banking, bank-assurance, faceless banking and integrating microfinance in their banking system. Diversification by the commercial banks is premised on the need to enhance financial performance. This has mainly emanated from banking industry having undergone numerous regulations regimes which over the years have affected financial performance of these entities. Empirical literature shows that diversification may not always lead to higher financial performance due to increased overheads and exhausted economies of scale. The study sought to determine the effect of diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of income diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, to examine the effect of geographical diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to examine the effect of product diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data used by the study was collected for five years period (2013-2017 on annual basis). All the commercial banks were studied. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and figures. The study found that Income Source Diversification and Geographical Diversification had a positive effect on the financial performance of the commercial banks while the Product Diversification had a negative impact the financial performance the commercial banks. The findings from the OLS regression analysis revealed that the diversification components studied namely product diversification, geographical diversification and income diversification explain up to 13.3% of the variations in return on assets (R2=0.133) and 18.7% of the variations in return on equity (R2=0.187). The study concluded that financial performance of the commercial banks in Kenya can be accounted for by the diversification strategies that have been implemented. It was further concluded that increased formulation and implementation of additional diversification strategies resulted in significant improvement in the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study recommended that managers at the commercial banks to make formulation and implementation of diversifications as a key organizational priority. Before the adoption of any particular diversification, the management of the commercial banks are econcouraged to first determine the suitability of that particular diversification strategies based on the organization structure, culture and policies and the overall intended outcomes. The study recom
{"title":"Effect of Diversification on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya","authors":"J. Ndungu, W. Muturi","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.67","url":null,"abstract":"Diversification plays a vital role in risk management and consequently financial performance of commercial banks. Diversification mitigates systemic risk facing a commercial bank and thus reduces the probability of bank failure. In Kenya, commercial banks have been diversifying their business by increasingly offering new services such as mobile banking, agency banking, bank-assurance, faceless banking and integrating microfinance in their banking system. Diversification by the commercial banks is premised on the need to enhance financial performance. This has mainly emanated from banking industry having undergone numerous regulations regimes which over the years have affected financial performance of these entities. Empirical literature shows that diversification may not always lead to higher financial performance due to increased overheads and exhausted economies of scale. The study sought to determine the effect of diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of income diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, to examine the effect of geographical diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to examine the effect of product diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data used by the study was collected for five years period (2013-2017 on annual basis). All the commercial banks were studied. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and figures. The study found that Income Source Diversification and Geographical Diversification had a positive effect on the financial performance of the commercial banks while the Product Diversification had a negative impact the financial performance the commercial banks. The findings from the OLS regression analysis revealed that the diversification components studied namely product diversification, geographical diversification and income diversification explain up to 13.3% of the variations in return on assets (R2=0.133) and 18.7% of the variations in return on equity (R2=0.187). The study concluded that financial performance of the commercial banks in Kenya can be accounted for by the diversification strategies that have been implemented. It was further concluded that increased formulation and implementation of additional diversification strategies resulted in significant improvement in the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study recommended that managers at the commercial banks to make formulation and implementation of diversifications as a key organizational priority. Before the adoption of any particular diversification, the management of the commercial banks are econcouraged to first determine the suitability of that particular diversification strategies based on the organization structure, culture and policies and the overall intended outcomes. The study recom","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125019019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an attempt to bridge the gap between the budgetary allocations and actual expenditures most universities have started income generating units with the aim of boosting their operational expenses. Whereas there is the potential of the use of Income Generating Units (IGUs) to generate additional funds, most universities still experience challenges in full implementation and realization of the revenue goal. This study therefore sought to determine the financial control mechanisms affecting performance of income generating units among selected public universities. The study sought to determine the effect of internal controls, credit policies, financial risk management and internal audit on performance of income generating units in selected universities. Targeted population was all the 290 employees in the IGU departments of selected public universities. The respondents were sampled using simple random sampling so as to enable equal representation of the target population without any biasness. Data collection was done using the questionnaire to ensure sufficient data was collected from the respondents. Descriptive statistics assisted in the determination of respondent’s views and opinions on every variable. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis into meaningful, precise and comprehensive statements and presented in quotations. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 and data presented in form of figures and tables. The study ensured that all ethical considerations were considered by the study. The findings were that most employed Income Generating Units in Public Universities were Collection of rental fees, Evening and executive programs and Trainings of both short and long courses while the least was established to be Sales of memorabilia and books. All the financial control mechanism investigated namely internal audit, internal control measures, risk management strategies and credit policies had large extents of adoption in the selected universities. The results of the regression analysis showed that the financial control mechanisms investigated had a significant positive relationship on performance of the IGUs. Specifically, 47% of the variation of the performance of IGUs was established to be explained by the studied factors. The study concluded that the performance of the IGUs among the selected public universities was largely accounted for by the implemented financial control measures. Therefore effective financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to better IGU performance whereas shortcomings in the financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to diminished returns in the IGUs. The study recommended that the management in charge of the IGU department in the public universities to prioritize the formulation, implementation and monitoring of financial control mechanisms in the IGUs. To facilitate effective financial controls, the study recommended that the management especially those in the audit section to conduc
{"title":"Effect of Financial Control Mechanisms on Performance of Income Generating Units in Selected Public Universities in Kenya","authors":"Shadrack Musunkui Towett, I. Naibei, Williter Rop","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.66","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to bridge the gap between the budgetary allocations and actual expenditures most universities have started income generating units with the aim of boosting their operational expenses. Whereas there is the potential of the use of Income Generating Units (IGUs) to generate additional funds, most universities still experience challenges in full implementation and realization of the revenue goal. This study therefore sought to determine the financial control mechanisms affecting performance of income generating units among selected public universities. The study sought to determine the effect of internal controls, credit policies, financial risk management and internal audit on performance of income generating units in selected universities. Targeted population was all the 290 employees in the IGU departments of selected public universities. The respondents were sampled using simple random sampling so as to enable equal representation of the target population without any biasness. Data collection was done using the questionnaire to ensure sufficient data was collected from the respondents. Descriptive statistics assisted in the determination of respondent’s views and opinions on every variable. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis into meaningful, precise and comprehensive statements and presented in quotations. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 and data presented in form of figures and tables. The study ensured that all ethical considerations were considered by the study. The findings were that most employed Income Generating Units in Public Universities were Collection of rental fees, Evening and executive programs and Trainings of both short and long courses while the least was established to be Sales of memorabilia and books. All the financial control mechanism investigated namely internal audit, internal control measures, risk management strategies and credit policies had large extents of adoption in the selected universities. The results of the regression analysis showed that the financial control mechanisms investigated had a significant positive relationship on performance of the IGUs. Specifically, 47% of the variation of the performance of IGUs was established to be explained by the studied factors. The study concluded that the performance of the IGUs among the selected public universities was largely accounted for by the implemented financial control measures. Therefore effective financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to better IGU performance whereas shortcomings in the financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to diminished returns in the IGUs. The study recommended that the management in charge of the IGU department in the public universities to prioritize the formulation, implementation and monitoring of financial control mechanisms in the IGUs. To facilitate effective financial controls, the study recommended that the management especially those in the audit section to conduc","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125518442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public participation plays an important role in the democratization of countries globally. The accomplishment of public participation process is determined by how well it is organized. This study sought to examine the effects of public participation on local legislation in Banadir region of Somalia. The study was guided by the following objectives, to investigate factors that led to public participation, examine the design of public participation mechanism; investigate the process of public participation and analyze the consequences of public participation. The research will employ a descriptive research design. The study population comprised all the stakeholders including the youth, elders, staff employed by the regional government, the clergy, politicians and the non-governmental organizations involved in public participation in Banadir region. Purposive sampling was done to come up with the sample size of the study. Regarding the variance among the target population, where a number of target population involved, the sample size of this study was 130 respondents. Eighty (80) of the respondents were community members including local politicians, clergies, traders, university lecturers, university students, farmers, chiefs and opinion leaders. Twenty (20) of the participants were management staff and heads of national civil labor departments. Thirty (30) respondents were also from the Local community elders who are engaged in public participation programs in Banadir Region. Both secondary and primary data was accessed for the study. Primary data was collected from the identified stakeholders using the questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from books and journals from Kenyatta University Post Modern Library. The study used two theories: New public management theory and Cornwall’s Theory of Participation that describe the relevance of public participation public development. Data processing and cleaning was done; the descriptive statistics was utilized quantitative data. Statistical tables and graphs was present the result. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study found out that the citizen’s attitude has an impact on public participation. When citizens have a positive attitude towards the local legislation services, there are high chances they will participate. The study also found out that public participation design and process have an influence on local legislation. Therefore, the study recommends that the government and other stakeholders should come up with various ways of ensuring that all citizens are informed about public participation. The study also recommended that public participation design and process should be improved with the aim of improving public participation.
{"title":"Effect of Public Participation on Local Legislation in Banadir Region, Somalia","authors":"A. Mohamed, F. Kiruthu","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.74","url":null,"abstract":"Public participation plays an important role in the democratization of countries globally. The accomplishment of public participation process is determined by how well it is organized. This study sought to examine the effects of public participation on local legislation in Banadir region of Somalia. The study was guided by the following objectives, to investigate factors that led to public participation, examine the design of public participation mechanism; investigate the process of public participation and analyze the consequences of public participation. The research will employ a descriptive research design. The study population comprised all the stakeholders including the youth, elders, staff employed by the regional government, the clergy, politicians and the non-governmental organizations involved in public participation in Banadir region. Purposive sampling was done to come up with the sample size of the study. Regarding the variance among the target population, where a number of target population involved, the sample size of this study was 130 respondents. Eighty (80) of the respondents were community members including local politicians, clergies, traders, university lecturers, university students, farmers, chiefs and opinion leaders. Twenty (20) of the participants were management staff and heads of national civil labor departments. Thirty (30) respondents were also from the Local community elders who are engaged in public participation programs in Banadir Region. Both secondary and primary data was accessed for the study. Primary data was collected from the identified stakeholders using the questionnaires, while secondary data was obtained from books and journals from Kenyatta University Post Modern Library. The study used two theories: New public management theory and Cornwall’s Theory of Participation that describe the relevance of public participation public development. Data processing and cleaning was done; the descriptive statistics was utilized quantitative data. Statistical tables and graphs was present the result. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The study found out that the citizen’s attitude has an impact on public participation. When citizens have a positive attitude towards the local legislation services, there are high chances they will participate. The study also found out that public participation design and process have an influence on local legislation. Therefore, the study recommends that the government and other stakeholders should come up with various ways of ensuring that all citizens are informed about public participation. The study also recommended that public participation design and process should be improved with the aim of improving public participation.","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130038350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Embracing and managing diversity in today’s business world is an essential part of successful business practices as it brings various voices to a team, improves morale and increases overall productivity. However, manager face difficulties in understanding the value of each person’s unique abilities or voice, there may arise some instances where certain employees still have conflicts. Ineffective communication of key objectives results in confusion, lack of teamwork, and low morale. In the office of the attorney general and department of justice now going through a massive influx of young workforce in both gender with diverse educational background and from different ethnic groups have brought a challenge of having different sets of values, expectations, and work styles in the work place and also understanding the other’s culture has been a heavy task on managing work force in the organization. It is due to this regard that this study sought to investigate the influence of workforce diversity on employee performance in the office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study specific objectives were to examine the influence of educational background diversity, ethnicity diversity, age diversity and gender diversity on employee performance. The theories guiding the study were the human capital theory, social identity theory, social exchange theory and social categorization theory. This study will use descriptive survey research design. The unit of observation was office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice in Nairobi City County, Kenya and the unit of observation was 5 Human Resource Managers and 50 Support Staff from HRM department. A census of 55 respondents was carried out. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Quantitative data was analysed with the use of descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviations and presented using tables, graphs, charts and figures. Content analysis was used to test data that was qualitative in nature or aspect of the data collected from the open ended questions. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the extent to which the variables relate to each other. The study examined that educational background diversity, ethnicity diversity, age diversity and gender had a positive and significant relationship on employee performance. The study concluded that employees with diverse educational background promote higher levels of consistency, creativity because of their unique perspectives. Ethnicity diversity management improve gains in worker welfare and efficiency, leads to reduced turnover costs, fewer internal disputes and grievances, prevention of marginalization and exclusion of categories of workers, improved social cohesion and so on. Age diversity in the workplace provides a larger spectrum of knowledge, values, and preferences. Having a diverse gender within the organization leads to a wider talent pool, encourages different points
{"title":"Workforce Diversity on Employee Performance in the Office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice, Kenya","authors":"Hellen Kanaiza Barang’a, Chrispen Maende","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.73","url":null,"abstract":"Embracing and managing diversity in today’s business world is an essential part of successful business practices as it brings various voices to a team, improves morale and increases overall productivity. However, manager face difficulties in understanding the value of each person’s unique abilities or voice, there may arise some instances where certain employees still have conflicts. Ineffective communication of key objectives results in confusion, lack of teamwork, and low morale. In the office of the attorney general and department of justice now going through a massive influx of young workforce in both gender with diverse educational background and from different ethnic groups have brought a challenge of having different sets of values, expectations, and work styles in the work place and also understanding the other’s culture has been a heavy task on managing work force in the organization. It is due to this regard that this study sought to investigate the influence of workforce diversity on employee performance in the office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study specific objectives were to examine the influence of educational background diversity, ethnicity diversity, age diversity and gender diversity on employee performance. The theories guiding the study were the human capital theory, social identity theory, social exchange theory and social categorization theory. This study will use descriptive survey research design. The unit of observation was office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice in Nairobi City County, Kenya and the unit of observation was 5 Human Resource Managers and 50 Support Staff from HRM department. A census of 55 respondents was carried out. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Quantitative data was analysed with the use of descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviations and presented using tables, graphs, charts and figures. Content analysis was used to test data that was qualitative in nature or aspect of the data collected from the open ended questions. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the extent to which the variables relate to each other. The study examined that educational background diversity, ethnicity diversity, age diversity and gender had a positive and significant relationship on employee performance. The study concluded that employees with diverse educational background promote higher levels of consistency, creativity because of their unique perspectives. Ethnicity diversity management improve gains in worker welfare and efficiency, leads to reduced turnover costs, fewer internal disputes and grievances, prevention of marginalization and exclusion of categories of workers, improved social cohesion and so on. Age diversity in the workplace provides a larger spectrum of knowledge, values, and preferences. Having a diverse gender within the organization leads to a wider talent pool, encourages different points","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131061518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The milk processing firms in Nyeri County are in different stages of development but undertaking diverse strategic initiatives aimed at developing and improving their performance across the convoluted value chain ranging from milk collection, processing, and marketing. However, the firms are still experiencing challenges in performance mostly as a result of poor response to market changes, lack of innovations and inefficiencies. The study sought to find out the role of strategic thinking on performance by investigating the effects of strategic thinking on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study targeted the milk processing firms that collect, process and market various milk products in Nyeri County and exclude those that just collect milk and processed elsewhere. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of various aspects of strategic thinking on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The specific objectives of the study were; to investigate how refining of competitive strategies affect the performance of the milk processing firms, effect of environmental scanning on the performance of the milk processing firms, how stakeholders’ engagement affected the performance of the milk processing firms and the effects of business process redesigning on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The study targeted all five milk processing firms that collect process and market milk products in Nyeri County. The respondents of the study were the entire top management of the milk processing firms that comprised of some 76 officers. Questionnaires were the data collection tools used in the study. The questionnaires were administered using drop and pick method. The data was coded and entered into Statistical Software for Social Science (SPSS) where both descriptive analysis and inferential analysis of multiple regression analysis was done. The study found that strategic thinking had a positive and significant effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. Refinement of competitive strategies had the largest positive effect on performance while re-designing of business processes had the least but positive effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The study concluded that strategic thinking had significant and positive effects on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. As found out in the multiple regression analysis, all the combined strategic thinking activities of refinement of competitive strategies, environmental scanning, stakeholders’ engagement and business process re-designing had an effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri. The study recommended that strategic thinking among milk processing firms should be data-driven. Geared towards adjusting to market needs and supported by regular market surveys.
{"title":"Strategic Thinking and Performance of Milk Processing Firms In Nyeri County, Kenya","authors":"Peter Kamau Mathinji, P. Waithaka","doi":"10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.72","url":null,"abstract":"The milk processing firms in Nyeri County are in different stages of development but undertaking diverse strategic initiatives aimed at developing and improving their performance across the convoluted value chain ranging from milk collection, processing, and marketing. However, the firms are still experiencing challenges in performance mostly as a result of poor response to market changes, lack of innovations and inefficiencies. The study sought to find out the role of strategic thinking on performance by investigating the effects of strategic thinking on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study targeted the milk processing firms that collect, process and market various milk products in Nyeri County and exclude those that just collect milk and processed elsewhere. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effect of various aspects of strategic thinking on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The specific objectives of the study were; to investigate how refining of competitive strategies affect the performance of the milk processing firms, effect of environmental scanning on the performance of the milk processing firms, how stakeholders’ engagement affected the performance of the milk processing firms and the effects of business process redesigning on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The study targeted all five milk processing firms that collect process and market milk products in Nyeri County. The respondents of the study were the entire top management of the milk processing firms that comprised of some 76 officers. Questionnaires were the data collection tools used in the study. The questionnaires were administered using drop and pick method. The data was coded and entered into Statistical Software for Social Science (SPSS) where both descriptive analysis and inferential analysis of multiple regression analysis was done. The study found that strategic thinking had a positive and significant effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. Refinement of competitive strategies had the largest positive effect on performance while re-designing of business processes had the least but positive effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. The study concluded that strategic thinking had significant and positive effects on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri County. As found out in the multiple regression analysis, all the combined strategic thinking activities of refinement of competitive strategies, environmental scanning, stakeholders’ engagement and business process re-designing had an effect on the performance of milk processing firms in Nyeri. The study recommended that strategic thinking among milk processing firms should be data-driven. Geared towards adjusting to market needs and supported by regular market surveys.","PeriodicalId":119984,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Current Aspects","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132705917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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