European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Factors affecting flash nanoprecipitation of Pharmaceuticals: Principles and applications.","authors":"Wisdom Awuku, Bi-Botti Celestin Youan","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) has emerged as a transformative technique in the preparation of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Traditional drug delivery systems often struggle with challenges such as poor solubility, limited bioavailability, and suboptimal targeting. FNP addresses these limitations through a one-step, scalable process that produces nanoparticles with tunable size, composition, morphology, and surface characteristics. This review explores the principles of FNP, focusing on its application in encapsulating bioactive agents, achieving controlled release, and enhancing bioavailability. Unlike conventional emulsification or antisolvent precipitation methods, FNP utilizes rapid mixing under kinetically controlled conditions to achieve high reproducibility and uniform particle distribution. The technique has been successfully employed for various pharmaceutical applications, including the delivery of small molecules, biologics, and nucleic acids. Beyond laboratory research, FNP has been adopted in industrial and clinical settings-for instance, in the scalable production of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for mRNA-based vaccines and other nucleic acid therapeutics-demonstrating its translational potential. Furthermore, its adaptability extends to theranostic and imaging applications. The review highlights critical formulation variables and process parameters, such as polymer type and its glass transition temperature, solvent selection, and Reynolds number, which influence key characteristics such as nanoparticle stability and performance. By synthesizing recent advances, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of how FNP is already transforming drug delivery, highlighting its current impact, and future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":"114984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145942989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning the in vivo transfection efficiency of mRNA-Loaded lipoplexes by PEG-Lipid structure and ratio","authors":"O.V. Markov ,&nbsp;D.N. Antropov ,&nbsp;E.V. Shmendel ,&nbsp;P.A. Puchkov ,&nbsp;O.A. Yakovlev ,&nbsp;M.D. Kerbitskaya ,&nbsp;E.S. Zhuravlev ,&nbsp;A.S. Dome ,&nbsp;E.P. Goncharova ,&nbsp;D.N. Shcherbakov ,&nbsp;M.A. Zenkova ,&nbsp;M.A. Maslov ,&nbsp;G.A. Stepanov","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of mRNA-based antiviral and antitumor therapeutics is progressing rapidly and shows considerable promise. Optimizing the composition of liposomal delivery vehicles is critical for enhancing mRNA vaccine efficacy. Among their components, PEG-lipids require careful optimization to improve the colloidal stability of mRNA-liposome complexes, prolong their <em>in vivo</em> circulation time, and enhance mRNA delivery efficiency, thereby eliciting a robust immune response. Here, we report a structure-functional analysis of PEG-lipids incorporated into cationic liposomes based on the cationic lipid 2X3 and the helper lipid DOPE. The following parameters of PEG-lipids were varied: PEG chain length (800–2000 Da), PEG-lipid architecture (classical head-to-tail vs. gemini-like structures), hydrophobic anchor chain length (C14 octadecyl and C18 tetradecyl residues) and molar amount of PEG-lipid in formulations (0.5–4 mol%). We demonstrated that optimized liposomes contained 4 mol% of a PEG-lipid composed of linear PEG2000 conjugated to a C14-dialkylglycerol anchor via a carbamate linker. This formulation enabled efficient <em>in vivo</em> expression of luciferase-encoding mRNA and, upon delivery of influenza A/California//07/09 (H1N1pdm09) hemagglutinin-encoding mRNA, induced robust antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Our findings underscore the critical importance of PEG-lipid optimization for advancing potent mRNA delivery platforms for antiviral and antitumor vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114981"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145905642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humectant-plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol)-sericin hydrogels with improved dimensional stability and moisture retention for wound dressing applications","authors":"Thunyaluk Meetam ,&nbsp;Rungnapha Yamdech ,&nbsp;Pithi Chanvorachote ,&nbsp;Pornanong Aramwit","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2026.114982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the development of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sericin hydrogels incorporating humectant-plasticizers glycerin, propylene glycol, and mannitol for wound dressing applications. Although PVA/sericin hydrogels exhibit excellent cytocompatibility and promote fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, making them promising candidates for wound care, they suffer from rapid moisture loss and dimensional instability. To address these limitations, glycerin, propylene glycol, and/or mannitol were incorporated to enhance the properties of the hydrogels. The physicochemical and mechanical properties, together with the in vitro cytocompatibility of L929 fibroblasts, were evaluated. The results demonstrated that incorporating propylene glycol and/or mannitol improved dimensional stability, skin adhesion, moisture retention, exudate absorption, flexibility, and softness. Among all the formulations, the hydrogel containing 1 % v/v propylene glycol and 1 % w/v mannitol exhibited the most balanced performance, combining superior physicochemical and mechanical properties (time to initial upward bending: 2.83 h; time for complete upward bending of all four edges: 10.50 h; gel fraction: 60 %, highest absorption at 3 h: 34.41 %; tensile strength: 46.93 kPa, elastic modulus: 33.53 kPa, compressive strength: 19.94 kPa; compressive modulus: 15.58 kPa) with enhanced fibroblast viability (102 % cell viability) and sustained sericin release (∼90 % cumulative release at 168 h). In vitro assays confirmed the cytocompatibility of the optimized hydrogel. Taken together, these findings indicate its potential for effective management of moderately exudating wounds. This study introduces a simple and practical plasticization approach for PVA/sericin hydrogels, offering a promising candidate for wound dressing applications. Further clinical studies are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145905599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Nanogel therapy for chronic and post-surgical wounds: a bioengineered Lactoferrin-Acacia-Alginate system enhancing tissue regeneration and inflammatory resolution\" [Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 219 (2026) 114952].","authors":"Samaa Abdullah, Samar Thiab, Abeer A Altamimi, Alaa A Al-Masud, Meshal Marzoog Al-Sharafa, Hatim S AlKhatib, Imad Hamadneh","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114969","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":"114969"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145849568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-administering clofazimine with infant formula enhances its oral bioavailability in rats and pigs","authors":"Thomas Eason ,&nbsp;Ellie Ponsonby-Thomas ,&nbsp;Anna C. Pham ,&nbsp;Shouyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Simone Margaard Offersen ,&nbsp;Thomas Thymann ,&nbsp;Vanessa Zann ,&nbsp;Malinda Salim ,&nbsp;Ben J. Boyd","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk-based formulations have been proposed as enabling formulations for the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs to children due to their safety, dose versatility and ability to improve drug solubilisation through the digestion process. In this study the feasibility of using commercially available infant formula as an enabling formulation to enhance the solubilisation and oral bioavailability of clofazimine, a poorly soluble lipophilic drug, following oral administration was investigated. The solubilisation of crystalline clofazimine in digesting infant formula was assessed <em>in vitro</em> using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. An <em>in vivo</em> pharmacokinetic study was then conducted to determine the oral bioavailability of a suspension of clofazimine in infant formula compared to a lipid-free aqueous suspension in both a rat and piglet animal model. Clofazimine administered in infant formula produced significantly higher plasma concentrations than the aqueous vehicle and resulted in comparable enhancements in relative oral bioavailability in both the piglet (235%) and rat animal models (256%). Results from this study demonstrated that infant formula was an effective enabling formulation, with a positive correlation between improved drug solubilisation during <em>in vitro</em> digestion of infant formula and enhanced <em>in vivo</em> drug exposure following oral administration. Infant formula therefore offers an inexpensive and scalable formulation approach for improving the bioavailability of paediatric drugs, like clofazimine, and enabling the treatment of infections in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145833583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfasalazine–quercetin co-amorphous systems: Sustained release behaviors and enhanced pharmacokinetics","authors":"Jia Deng ,&nbsp;Jiangying Li ,&nbsp;Yangwen Peng ,&nbsp;Qian Dai ,&nbsp;Ningbo Pang ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Hailu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfasalazine (SULF) is a well-established therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its oral absorption is limited by efflux transporters, particularly MRP2 and BCRP. Consequently, high daily doses (1–3 g) and frequent administration (three to four times daily) are required, increasing the risk of adverse effects during long-term therapy. To overcome these limitations, co-amorphous systems (CASs) of SULF with quercetin (QUE) were developed in this study. The CASs were systematically characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). The molecular-level formation mechanism was further elucidated via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. All SULF–QUE CASs exhibited glass transition temperatures around 113 °C and demonstrated sustained-release behavior, with markedly lower SULF dissolution (24.5–42.9 %) compared to the crystalline form (89.8 %) after 6 h. This reduction was attributed to the in situ formation of a dense “shell-like” recrystallized QUE surface structure resulting from its incongruent dissolution. Importantly, co-amorphous forms demonstrated enhanced oral bioavailability (1.52–2.80-fold) and prolonged <em>T</em>_max (1.84–5.52-fold) compared to crystalline SULF, fulfilling the original goal of their development. Moreover, these systems exhibited satisfactory physical stability over time. Overall, the SULF–QUE CASs present a promising strategy to optimize the clinical dosage of SULF, reduce side effects, and offer a synergistic therapeutic approach for RA and IBD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145827148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflection paper on the APV workshop on in vitro performance testing of topically applied and topically acting substances","authors":"Dominique Lunter ,&nbsp;Sascha Gorissen ,&nbsp;Michael Herbig ,&nbsp;Martin Hukauf ,&nbsp;Adina Eichner","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With great anticipation, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline titled <em>“Quality and Equivalence of Locally Applied, Locally Acting Cutaneous Products”</em> officially came into effect on April 2, 2025. This regulatory document establishes the legal and scientific framework for the evaluation of generic topical medicinal products, particularly those for which systemic bioavailability is not a relevant endpoint. The guideline is designed to replace conventional clinical trials with scientifically justified alternative methodologies for demonstrating therapeutic equivalence to reference products in the context of generic marketing authorization. These methodologies include, most notably, <em>in vitro</em> release testing (IVRT), <em>in vitro</em> permeation testing (IVPT), stratum corneum sampling via tape stripping (TS), and the vasoconstriction assay for corticosteroids. Based on the draft guideline version released in 2018, preliminary experience has been gathered in recent years regarding the implementation and practical applicability of some testing parameters proposed. However, this early engagement also exposed several ambiguities and limitations in the draft guidance, prompting expectations that the finalized version would address these deficiencies and offer more comprehensive direction on the use of these methods. The present paper is intended to summarize these known limitations and critically examine selected aspects of the guideline. Thereby, it seeks to provide an informed perspective on the scope, robustness, and regulatory utility of the final guideline, and to facilitate a dialogue on its practical implementation in regulatory and industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114971"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145818632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of a dual-mimetic mucus inert nanocomplex for enhanced oral insulin delivery","authors":"Qiyao Zhai ,&nbsp;Shuang Guo ,&nbsp;Zhixiang Cui ,&nbsp;Lu Qin ,&nbsp;Jian Guan ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shirui Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of oral insulin delivery systems has advanced significantly, with polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes (PEC) showing promise due to their solvent-free synthesis. However, their efficacy is limited by poor mucus penetration and intestinal absorption. Inspired by the nature of mucin, chitosan (CS) modified with proline, threonine and serine to mimic the mucin’s PTS sequence were synthesized to enhance mucus permeability of the PEC. To further improve the mucus permeability and the <em>trans</em>-epithelial transport of the PEC, muco-penetrating nanocomplexes were fabricated by utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA), thus forming a surface with high-density positive and negative charges to mimic the surface charge properties of viruses. The nanocomplexes were self-assembled using modified CS and insulin, followed by HA coating. It was demonstrated that the nanocomplexes exhibited good physical stability, enhanced protection against enzymatic degradation, and increased penetration efficiency across the mucus layer and small intestine compared to unmodified counterparts. Furthermore, the <em>in vivo</em> hypoglycemic study further revealed a 2.16-fold increase in relative pharmacological availability for the nanocomplexes over the CS/Ins PEC Collectively, these findings reveal the potential of (PTS-CS/Ins)/HA, a dual-mimicking muco-penetrating nanocomplex based on the nature of mucin and virus, as a promising platform for oral insulin delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114970"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel PLA-based shape-memory formulation: Design, preparation, and evaluation for gastro-retentive delivery of 5-fluorouracil to enhance oral bioavailability","authors":"Fengxue Liu ,&nbsp;Xuefei Yu ,&nbsp;Yanmei Wu ,&nbsp;Ting Zhu ,&nbsp;Ning Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Shen ,&nbsp;Wei Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs for various solid tumors. However, its low water solubility and limited absorption rates in the stomach are crucial limitations that prevent it from being effectively applied in clinical practice. To address these issues, we first encapsulated 5-FU in β-cyclodextrin (5-FU–β-CD) to enhance its solubility, and the resulting 5-FU–β-CD was then loaded into a PLA film to prepare a novel gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) based on shape-memory properties. The excipients, such as tributyl citrate (TBC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), citric acid (CA), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), were incorporated into the PLA matrix at an optimized ratio. This was done to enhance the performance of PLA as an ideal matrix material in GRDDS, including improvements in drug release, floating behavior, shape recovery, gastric retention, and in vivo anti-tumor activity. The results suggested that the solubility of the 5-FU–β-CD inclusion complex was significantly enhanced, which was 1.88-fold higher than that of pure 5-FU. The optimal shape-memory drug delivery formulation, 5-FU–β-CD–PLA/TBC (86/14), prepared in this study consists of PLA/TBC (86/14) incorporating 3 % HEC, 3 % NaHCO₃, 1 % CA, and 3 % 5-FU. Its gastric retention time was notably prolonged to approximately 8 h following oral administration in mice, whereas the residual amount of 5-FU–β-CD at this time point was much lower than the initial loading. The oral bioavailability of the 5-FU–β-CD–PLA/TBC (86/14) was 269 % higher than that of pure 5-FU. Additionally, the mean tumor size and weight in the mouse model of gastric carcinoma administered with 5-FU–β-CD–PLA/TBC (86/14) were 215.3 mm³ and 241.4 mg respectively, significantly smaller than those in the 5-FU group. This indicates that the novel PLA-based drug delivery system has significantly enhanced anti-tumor effects. Its excellent therapeutic effects were further confirmed through HE, Ki67, and TUNEL staining. Taken together, 5-FU–β-CD–PLA/TBC (86/14) can be retained in the stomach to improve relative bioavailability. This system represents a promising carrier not only for 5-FU but also for other poorly soluble drugs that require prolonged retention in the stomach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 114968"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145803457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biomimetic nano-suspension based on orthoester designed for the inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence","authors":"Rongjian Hu ,&nbsp;Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;Weibin Shao ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Li Kang ,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor recurrence after surgery remains a major challenge. Herein, an orthoester (OE) compound was synthesized as a liquid pharmaceutical excipient. Next, an injectable suspension loaded with biomimetic nanoparticles and photothermal agents was constructed based on OE to inhibit tumor recurrence. The synthesized OE has the characteristics of simple structure, acid-sensitivity, clear degradation mechanism <em>in vivo</em>. More importantly, as a liquid excipient, OE can dissolve or disperse a variety of drugs, biomacromolecules or nanoparticles to form a stable suspension at extremely high concentrations. Thus, dasatinib (DAS) and sunitinib (SUN) were self-assembled to form nanoparticles, and cancer cell membrane vesicles were coated to obtain biomimetic nanoparticles (HCM@NPs). The self-assembly of DAS and SUN induces molecular aggregation, resulting in an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect, which facilitates the tracking of intracellular drug delivery. HCM@NPs and photothermal agent IR820 were co-dispersed in OE to obtain a synergistic therapeutic suspension (OE/IR/HCM@NPs). The suspension can be injected around the tumor or applied directly to the surgical bed to cover any suspicious areas. OE significantly improves the photothermal conversion efficiency of IR820 through its exceptionally low specific heat capacity (1.8 J/(g·℃)), which is markedly lower than that of water (4.2 J/(g·℃)<em>. In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> data demonstrated that the OE-based suspension directly inhibited tumor growth and prevented tumor recurrence. All mice receiving chemotherapy alone succumbed within 26 days due to tumor recurrence, whereas 66 % of those treated with the OE nano-suspension exhibited complete suppression of tumor recurrence over the observation period. This paper provides a new idea for the development of suspensions based on OE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12024,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 114967"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145773995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}