Federica Guerra, J. Ranieri, E. Cilli, D. Di Giacomo, Claudio Ferri
"Background: Chronic Diseases (CD) such as diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers increase with age and place a burden on individuals and healthcare systems, and more they are associated with a lower Quality of Life (QoL) in the elderly. CD conditions suggested improvements of self-care investigations switching research perspectives from medication or dietary adherence, biological exams, or symptoms management to maintaining health through treatment adherence and health-promoting practices. Objective: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the health management of chronic disease, analyzing the effectiveness of self-care and the emotional dimensions (anxiety, stress, depression). Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational study on 132 outpatient patients aged 18 to 75 years (mean age 52.6 years, SD ± 12.4) diagnosed with CD; 57,5% of the sample were females. The participants were enrolled at the Clinical Medicine Division of S. Salvatore Hospital in L’Aquila, ASL1 Abruzzo (IT). The psychological battery was composed of three standardized self-assessment measured emotional traits (DASS-21), QoL (WHOQOL-26), and Self-Care (SC-CII). Participants were divided into 2 groups based on CD as follows: a) cardiovascular disease (ex. cardiological disease) (CVD) group was composed of 68 patients (51.5%), b) other disease group (ex. disorders of the locomotor, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems) (OD) was composed of 64 patients (48.5%). Results: Descriptive analyses based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics showed no difference among all the variables (gender, education, marital status, occupation, and timing diagnosis). One-way ANOVA was performed comparing the emotional dimensions for both CVD/OD groups. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in the OD group which showed greater signs of anxiety (p=0.029), depression (p=0.007), and stress (p=0.013), than the CVD group. Then, we performed Pearson’s correlation to compare the QoL with the ability to self-care index. The results highlighted a significant correlation between self-care maintenance, self-efficacy, and QoL. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results show that, among CDs, patients with gastrointestinal, locomotor, and urogenital diseases appear to suffer more than patients with cardiovascular disease. The QoL is compromised in the maintenance of physical and mental health, in social relationships and, in self-efficacy index; the study highlights those actions could be planned for a person-centered approach with the aim of planning a better health outcome in CDs to progressively involve patients in overall self-care."
{"title":"HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES: FACTORS IMPROVING SELF-CARE MASTERING","authors":"Federica Guerra, J. Ranieri, E. Cilli, D. Di Giacomo, Claudio Ferri","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact033","url":null,"abstract":"\"Background: Chronic Diseases (CD) such as diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers increase with age and place a burden on individuals and healthcare systems, and more they are associated with a lower Quality of Life (QoL) in the elderly. CD conditions suggested improvements of self-care investigations switching research perspectives from medication or dietary adherence, biological exams, or symptoms management to maintaining health through treatment adherence and health-promoting practices. Objective: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the health management of chronic disease, analyzing the effectiveness of self-care and the emotional dimensions (anxiety, stress, depression). Materials and Methods: We conducted an observational study on 132 outpatient patients aged 18 to 75 years (mean age 52.6 years, SD ± 12.4) diagnosed with CD; 57,5% of the sample were females. The participants were enrolled at the Clinical Medicine Division of S. Salvatore Hospital in L’Aquila, ASL1 Abruzzo (IT). The psychological battery was composed of three standardized self-assessment measured emotional traits (DASS-21), QoL (WHOQOL-26), and Self-Care (SC-CII). Participants were divided into 2 groups based on CD as follows: a) cardiovascular disease (ex. cardiological disease) (CVD) group was composed of 68 patients (51.5%), b) other disease group (ex. disorders of the locomotor, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems) (OD) was composed of 64 patients (48.5%). Results: Descriptive analyses based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics showed no difference among all the variables (gender, education, marital status, occupation, and timing diagnosis). One-way ANOVA was performed comparing the emotional dimensions for both CVD/OD groups. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in the OD group which showed greater signs of anxiety (p=0.029), depression (p=0.007), and stress (p=0.013), than the CVD group. Then, we performed Pearson’s correlation to compare the QoL with the ability to self-care index. The results highlighted a significant correlation between self-care maintenance, self-efficacy, and QoL. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results show that, among CDs, patients with gastrointestinal, locomotor, and urogenital diseases appear to suffer more than patients with cardiovascular disease. The QoL is compromised in the maintenance of physical and mental health, in social relationships and, in self-efficacy index; the study highlights those actions could be planned for a person-centered approach with the aim of planning a better health outcome in CDs to progressively involve patients in overall self-care.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133438995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Modern learning environment is filled with digital distractions. Distractions lead students to engage in multitasking, i.e., task-switching, during the teaching and learning process - to shift attention from learning content to non-course-related activities. Psychological research is mostly focused on examining the negative effects of multitasking in three areas: cognition and academic performance; health; and interpersonal relationships. This paper deals with the field of academic achievement - specifically the effects that digital distractions have on students and the learning process. An analysis of articles published in scientific journals in the last five years has been done. Articles were searched through the EBSCO Discovery Service, and the searched terms were ?multitasking?, ?digital distraction? and ?learning?, in the title, abstract and/or keywords. In order for the article to be included in the analysis, it was necessary for it to deal with the learning process at least in part. Thus, 11 articles that were the results of empirical studies and 4 review/theoretically oriented articles were selected. The results of empirical studies show that multitasking may reduce learners’ capacity for cognitive processing causing poor academic performance. Multitasking is more common in those media that provide instant emotional gratification, such as social media applications and sites. College instructors notice that digital distractions in the classroom negatively affect the teacher-student relationship, impair their job satisfaction, as well as the integrity of the classroom learning environment. Review studies, among other things, show that digital self-control interventions, which have been developed to alleviate the negative impact of digital distractions, are not effective enough. Banning the use of mobile devices in the classroom is not a good solution either, because banning the use of phones can encourage nomophobia, which will also negatively affect concentration and learning. For older students, banning the use of laptops leads to absenteeism from classes. What teachers can do is encourage students to write lecture notes by hand - in addition to making students more active, it has been confirmed that handwritten notes are more detailed than digital ones and lead to a more permanent recall. Technology breaks can also be effective in reducing multitasking: after a period of learning without multitasking, there is a break in which students can check text messages or social media."
{"title":"DIGITAL DISTRACTIONS: LEARNING IN MULTITASKING ENVIRONMENT","authors":"Jelena Kostić, Kristina R. Ranđelović","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact070","url":null,"abstract":"\"Modern learning environment is filled with digital distractions. Distractions lead students to engage in multitasking, i.e., task-switching, during the teaching and learning process - to shift attention from learning content to non-course-related activities. Psychological research is mostly focused on examining the negative effects of multitasking in three areas: cognition and academic performance; health; and interpersonal relationships. This paper deals with the field of academic achievement - specifically the effects that digital distractions have on students and the learning process. An analysis of articles published in scientific journals in the last five years has been done. Articles were searched through the EBSCO Discovery Service, and the searched terms were ?multitasking?, ?digital distraction? and ?learning?, in the title, abstract and/or keywords. In order for the article to be included in the analysis, it was necessary for it to deal with the learning process at least in part. Thus, 11 articles that were the results of empirical studies and 4 review/theoretically oriented articles were selected. The results of empirical studies show that multitasking may reduce learners’ capacity for cognitive processing causing poor academic performance. Multitasking is more common in those media that provide instant emotional gratification, such as social media applications and sites. College instructors notice that digital distractions in the classroom negatively affect the teacher-student relationship, impair their job satisfaction, as well as the integrity of the classroom learning environment. Review studies, among other things, show that digital self-control interventions, which have been developed to alleviate the negative impact of digital distractions, are not effective enough. Banning the use of mobile devices in the classroom is not a good solution either, because banning the use of phones can encourage nomophobia, which will also negatively affect concentration and learning. For older students, banning the use of laptops leads to absenteeism from classes. What teachers can do is encourage students to write lecture notes by hand - in addition to making students more active, it has been confirmed that handwritten notes are more detailed than digital ones and lead to a more permanent recall. Technology breaks can also be effective in reducing multitasking: after a period of learning without multitasking, there is a break in which students can check text messages or social media.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125206118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Janine M. Ray, Polina Kats-Kariyanakatte, Latrease R. Moore, K. Jacquin
"Extant research in risk-taking and self-harm behaviors has indicated that gender, age, and certain socioeconomic factors are associated with risk-taking behaviors. Our study tested the connection between gender, age, having children at home, and risk-taking behavior among adults. We predicted that having children at home would be associated with reduced risky behavior for both women and men, but more so in women than men. More than 450 (N = 454) American adults (M age = 33.3 years, SD = 11.9) were recruited from Prolific. Participants identified as male (54.4%), female (45.4%) or transgender (0.2%). Ethnicity was self-identified as Caucasian/White (80.4%), African American/Black (7.7%), multiracial (4.4%), Latinx (4%), Asian/Asian American (3.1%), Native American or Alaskan Native (0.2%), and other (0.2%). Participants completed the Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (Sadeh & Baskin-Sommers, 2016) to measure engagement in various forms of risky behavior throughout their lifetime including illegal risky behavior and risky sexual behavior. Differences in illegal behavior, risky sexual behavior, and other types of risky behavior were found between men and women, F(3, 441) = 9.09, p < .0001, partial ?2 = .06, with men reporting more risky behavior of all types. ANCOVAs were used to further assess the relationships between gender identity and having children (IVs) and total risky behavior and illegal behavior (DVs); age was covaried. Significant interactions between IVs revealed that male participants with children at home engaged in significantly more risky sexual behavior, F(1, 441) = 4.24, p = .04, overall risky behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.89, p = .049, and illegal behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.59, p = .059, than those without children at home. For women, there was no relationship between having children at home and risky behavior, illegal behavior, or risky sexual behavior. The results may inform parenting education and law enforcement."
“现有的关于冒险和自残行为的研究表明，性别、年龄和某些社会经济因素与冒险行为有关。我们的研究测试了性别、年龄、家里有孩子和成年人冒险行为之间的联系。我们预测，无论对男性还是女性来说，在家生孩子都能减少危险行为，但女性比男性更容易受到影响。从多产地区招募了450多名(N = 454)名美国成年人(M年龄= 33.3岁，SD = 11.9)。参与者被认定为男性(54.4%)、女性(45.4%)或跨性别者(0.2%)。种族自认为白种人/白人(80.4%)、非裔美国人/黑人(7.7%)、多种族(4.4%)、拉丁裔(4%)、亚洲/亚裔美国人(3.1%)、美洲原住民或阿拉斯加原住民(0.2%)和其他(0.2%)。参与者完成了冒险、冲动和自毁行为问卷(Sadeh & Baskin-Sommers, 2016)，以衡量他们一生中参与各种形式的危险行为，包括非法危险行为和危险的性行为。男性和女性在非法行为、危险性行为和其他类型的危险行为方面存在差异，F(3,441) = 9.09, p < 0.0001, partial ?2 = 0.06，男性报告的所有类型的危险行为都更多。采用ANCOVAs进一步评估性别认同与生育(IVs)及总危险行为和非法行为(DVs)之间的关系;年龄是共变的。IVs间的显著交互作用表明，家中有儿童的男性参与者的危险性行为(F(1441) = 4.24, p = 0.04)、总体危险性行为(F(1441) = 3.89, p = 0.049)和非法行为(F(1441) = 3.59, p = 0.059)显著高于家中无儿童的男性参与者。对于女性来说，在家生孩子与危险行为、非法行为或危险的性行为之间没有关系。研究结果可以为父母教育和执法提供参考。”
{"title":"GENDER, AGE, AND CHILDREN AT HOME INFLUENCE RISKY BEHAVIOR IN ADULTS","authors":"Janine M. Ray, Polina Kats-Kariyanakatte, Latrease R. Moore, K. Jacquin","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact067","url":null,"abstract":"\"Extant research in risk-taking and self-harm behaviors has indicated that gender, age, and certain socioeconomic factors are associated with risk-taking behaviors. Our study tested the connection between gender, age, having children at home, and risk-taking behavior among adults. We predicted that having children at home would be associated with reduced risky behavior for both women and men, but more so in women than men. More than 450 (N = 454) American adults (M age = 33.3 years, SD = 11.9) were recruited from Prolific. Participants identified as male (54.4%), female (45.4%) or transgender (0.2%). Ethnicity was self-identified as Caucasian/White (80.4%), African American/Black (7.7%), multiracial (4.4%), Latinx (4%), Asian/Asian American (3.1%), Native American or Alaskan Native (0.2%), and other (0.2%). Participants completed the Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire (Sadeh & Baskin-Sommers, 2016) to measure engagement in various forms of risky behavior throughout their lifetime including illegal risky behavior and risky sexual behavior. Differences in illegal behavior, risky sexual behavior, and other types of risky behavior were found between men and women, F(3, 441) = 9.09, p < .0001, partial ?2 = .06, with men reporting more risky behavior of all types. ANCOVAs were used to further assess the relationships between gender identity and having children (IVs) and total risky behavior and illegal behavior (DVs); age was covaried. Significant interactions between IVs revealed that male participants with children at home engaged in significantly more risky sexual behavior, F(1, 441) = 4.24, p = .04, overall risky behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.89, p = .049, and illegal behavior, F(1, 441) = 3.59, p = .059, than those without children at home. For women, there was no relationship between having children at home and risky behavior, illegal behavior, or risky sexual behavior. The results may inform parenting education and law enforcement.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124734775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"One of the emerging areas in the field of neurocriminology is the unearthing of a possible relationship between genes and violent criminal behaviors. Several recent studies revealed strong links between genetic variation in a monoamine oxidase gene (MAOA) and aggressiveness. The gene is responsible for translating enzymes key for catabolizing amine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline that are related to mood and behaviors. Critical changes of these genes result in Brunner syndrome characterized by lower intelligence quotient, problematic impulsive behavior, and unpredictable mood swings. Moreover, the gene has been associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders such as antisocial personality, as well as gang involvement, and a rise in weapons use. In the last two decades, a significant increase in the use of neuroscientist experts to testify in criminal proceedings has been relied upon across the United States. Based on a qualitative analysis of relevant case law, the study finds that the gene can be linked with the violent behaviors of offenders, and defense attorneys can readily get the evidence admitted at trial. However, this study shows that the behavioral genetic defense fails in two-thirds of murder cases. The extent to which genes can be blamed for antisocial behavior remains illusory. This body of court rulings suggests that the so-called “warrior gene” defense fails to exonerate an individual for homicide."
{"title":"GENES AS A DEFENSE TO HOMICIDE: TRENDS IN NEUROCRIMINOLOGY","authors":"J. Brewer","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact102","url":null,"abstract":"\"One of the emerging areas in the field of neurocriminology is the unearthing of a possible relationship between genes and violent criminal behaviors. Several recent studies revealed strong links between genetic variation in a monoamine oxidase gene (MAOA) and aggressiveness. The gene is responsible for translating enzymes key for catabolizing amine neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline that are related to mood and behaviors. Critical changes of these genes result in Brunner syndrome characterized by lower intelligence quotient, problematic impulsive behavior, and unpredictable mood swings. Moreover, the gene has been associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders such as antisocial personality, as well as gang involvement, and a rise in weapons use. In the last two decades, a significant increase in the use of neuroscientist experts to testify in criminal proceedings has been relied upon across the United States. Based on a qualitative analysis of relevant case law, the study finds that the gene can be linked with the violent behaviors of offenders, and defense attorneys can readily get the evidence admitted at trial. However, this study shows that the behavioral genetic defense fails in two-thirds of murder cases. The extent to which genes can be blamed for antisocial behavior remains illusory. This body of court rulings suggests that the so-called “warrior gene” defense fails to exonerate an individual for homicide.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128451416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The present study aims to extend our knowledge about the false memories from an adaptation of the DRM paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) in order to generate memory errors for everyday life action lists. In this perspective, the standard DRM task has been adapted, replacing the associated word lists with thematically related action lists. Each action list refers to a temporally connected action routine, i.e. a script. The sentences describing actions automatically involve visual and motor simulation of the scene. Therefore, the issue is to know whether the encoding conditions of enactment and motor imagery compared to verbal encoding (as control) impact false memories. Compared to the numerous studies on imagination effects on false memories, the enactment effect on the production of false memories of thematically related actions has not yet been tested. Therefore, we compared three experimental conditions: (1) a control condition, in which participants were asked to hear all lists attentively; (2) an imagery condition, where participants were instructed to visualize themselves performing each action, presented orally; (3) an enactment condition, participants had to mime each action heard as if they really were performing it. Then, without having been warned beforehand, all participants carried out a recognition test. The results confirmed the creation of false memories for associated action lists (scripted actions) and therefore valid this new version of the DRM task. However, false memories were of the same magnitude under all encoding conditions. These findings ask into question the classical models of memory, which assume that enactment and visual imagery should favour distinctive conceptual processing with the consequence of reducing false recognition. However, the field of embodied cognition might provide an alternative hypothesis that merit to be discussed and explored."
{"title":"ENACTMENT AND IMAGINATION ENCODING CREATE FALSE MEMORIES OF SCRIPTED ACTIONS","authors":"Frédérique Robin, Canelle Garnier","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact108","url":null,"abstract":"\"The present study aims to extend our knowledge about the false memories from an adaptation of the DRM paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) in order to generate memory errors for everyday life action lists. In this perspective, the standard DRM task has been adapted, replacing the associated word lists with thematically related action lists. Each action list refers to a temporally connected action routine, i.e. a script. The sentences describing actions automatically involve visual and motor simulation of the scene. Therefore, the issue is to know whether the encoding conditions of enactment and motor imagery compared to verbal encoding (as control) impact false memories. Compared to the numerous studies on imagination effects on false memories, the enactment effect on the production of false memories of thematically related actions has not yet been tested. Therefore, we compared three experimental conditions: (1) a control condition, in which participants were asked to hear all lists attentively; (2) an imagery condition, where participants were instructed to visualize themselves performing each action, presented orally; (3) an enactment condition, participants had to mime each action heard as if they really were performing it. Then, without having been warned beforehand, all participants carried out a recognition test. The results confirmed the creation of false memories for associated action lists (scripted actions) and therefore valid this new version of the DRM task. However, false memories were of the same magnitude under all encoding conditions. These findings ask into question the classical models of memory, which assume that enactment and visual imagery should favour distinctive conceptual processing with the consequence of reducing false recognition. However, the field of embodied cognition might provide an alternative hypothesis that merit to be discussed and explored.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116537363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Anthropological literature indicates that Malta, by virtue of its central position in the Mediterranean, is somewhat structured by codes of honour and shame (Bradford & Clark, 2012; Schneider, 1971; O’Reilly Mizzi, 1994). Honour refers to claimed status by an individual and necessitates that the social group affirms that claim. It holds a positive social value. Shame may be understood in either positive or negative terms. When construed in a positive sense it indicates consideration of one’s reputation and standing in the community’s eyes. On the other hand, negatively, shame refers to loss of position and consequent mortification. Shame is also construed as an emotion involving an evaluation of the self as one that is inherently imperfect. Despite the awareness of the potential negative effects of shame on the psychotherapeutic relationship (Gilbert & Procter, 2006; Rustomjee, 2009), shame in psychotherapy has been largely under-researched. The current study is based on the results of a doctoral thesis which explored how Maltese psychotherapists understand and manage feelings of shame in a particular social context. A qualitative approach was taken to explore the individual perspectives of ten Maltese psychotherapists whose years of professional experience ranged between 6 and 28. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data gathered from the interviews was analysed by means of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four super-ordinate themes emerged: The Therapist’s World of Shame, Beholding Patients’ Shame; A Shared Experience and The Island of Shame. Participants described themselves as having a high propensity for feelings of shame and inadequacy, and referred to their cultural context as “a breeding ground for shame”. Multiple roles in the Maltese professional arena were perceived to augment these difficulties. The findings indicate that feelings of shame and inadequacy were frequently experienced by Maltese psychotherapists in various professional contexts, including clinical supervision. They also emphasise the importance of helping psychotherapists deconstruct and normalise feelings of shame and inadequacy by linking them to social and cultural dynamics. The lived experiences of shame emanating from these contexts are examined and the perceived impact of these dominant societal codes on the therapist’s self and professional practice are considered. Implications for training and supervisory needs of trainee psychotherapists are discussed."
{"title":"THE PERCEIVED IMPACT OF SOCIETAL CODES OF SHAME ON MALTESE PSYCHOTHERAPISTS","authors":"Greta Darmanin Kissaun, M. Clark","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact008","url":null,"abstract":"\"Anthropological literature indicates that Malta, by virtue of its central position in the Mediterranean, is somewhat structured by codes of honour and shame (Bradford & Clark, 2012; Schneider, 1971; O’Reilly Mizzi, 1994). Honour refers to claimed status by an individual and necessitates that the social group affirms that claim. It holds a positive social value. Shame may be understood in either positive or negative terms. When construed in a positive sense it indicates consideration of one’s reputation and standing in the community’s eyes. On the other hand, negatively, shame refers to loss of position and consequent mortification. Shame is also construed as an emotion involving an evaluation of the self as one that is inherently imperfect. Despite the awareness of the potential negative effects of shame on the psychotherapeutic relationship (Gilbert & Procter, 2006; Rustomjee, 2009), shame in psychotherapy has been largely under-researched. The current study is based on the results of a doctoral thesis which explored how Maltese psychotherapists understand and manage feelings of shame in a particular social context. A qualitative approach was taken to explore the individual perspectives of ten Maltese psychotherapists whose years of professional experience ranged between 6 and 28. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data gathered from the interviews was analysed by means of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four super-ordinate themes emerged: The Therapist’s World of Shame, Beholding Patients’ Shame; A Shared Experience and The Island of Shame. Participants described themselves as having a high propensity for feelings of shame and inadequacy, and referred to their cultural context as “a breeding ground for shame”. Multiple roles in the Maltese professional arena were perceived to augment these difficulties. The findings indicate that feelings of shame and inadequacy were frequently experienced by Maltese psychotherapists in various professional contexts, including clinical supervision. They also emphasise the importance of helping psychotherapists deconstruct and normalise feelings of shame and inadequacy by linking them to social and cultural dynamics. The lived experiences of shame emanating from these contexts are examined and the perceived impact of these dominant societal codes on the therapist’s self and professional practice are considered. Implications for training and supervisory needs of trainee psychotherapists are discussed.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131146274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Research shows that people are perceived differently according to their parenting status. In particular, people who are voluntarily childless people are perceived more negatively than parents or people who are involuntarily childless people. Based on this information, the present research aims to examine how women and men who are voluntarily childless people are perceived in Turkey, a culture that cares about children. In this study, the participants (N = 35; mean age = 28.34) were asked to write down ""the adjectives that come to mind when they think of women and men who do not want to have children"". Participants were reached through an online data website http://www.surveey.com. Next, participants' responses were categorized using thematic analysis: personality traits (positive and negative), independence, and anxiety. According to the themes, men who were voluntarily childless were stereotyped more negatively than women who were voluntarily childless. Positive personality traits included realistic and hardworking (e.g., career-wise, workaholic, and hardworking) for both women and men, but women were also perceived as sociable and confident (e.g., successful, strong). Negative personal traits indicated that both groups were perceived as irresponsible and egoistic. However, men were also perceived as immature and womanizers (e.g., casanova, playboy). In addition, anxiety was a prominent theme for both groups. However, in this theme, while the emphasis was on the material things of men, the pregnancy period and body deterioration were emphasized in women."
{"title":"STEREOTYPES TOWARD VOLUNTARILY CHILDLESS PEOPLE","authors":"Sönmez Burçak","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact081","url":null,"abstract":"\"Research shows that people are perceived differently according to their parenting status. In particular, people who are voluntarily childless people are perceived more negatively than parents or people who are involuntarily childless people. Based on this information, the present research aims to examine how women and men who are voluntarily childless people are perceived in Turkey, a culture that cares about children. In this study, the participants (N = 35; mean age = 28.34) were asked to write down \"\"the adjectives that come to mind when they think of women and men who do not want to have children\"\". Participants were reached through an online data website http://www.surveey.com. Next, participants' responses were categorized using thematic analysis: personality traits (positive and negative), independence, and anxiety. According to the themes, men who were voluntarily childless were stereotyped more negatively than women who were voluntarily childless. Positive personality traits included realistic and hardworking (e.g., career-wise, workaholic, and hardworking) for both women and men, but women were also perceived as sociable and confident (e.g., successful, strong). Negative personal traits indicated that both groups were perceived as irresponsible and egoistic. However, men were also perceived as immature and womanizers (e.g., casanova, playboy). In addition, anxiety was a prominent theme for both groups. However, in this theme, while the emphasis was on the material things of men, the pregnancy period and body deterioration were emphasized in women.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129960890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Experimental research on cognition needs more realistic paradigms to achieve ecological validity as well as to transfer and eventually generalize the results to clinical practice. Selective attention was found to be highly related to memory and training of attentional filtering enhanced memory performance. Moreover, a real memory room might provide a more interesting environment for cognitive training, even though it is very demanding for the examiner to arrange the set-up. Therefore, we developed a change detection task using a virtual reality (VR) environment and compared it with one in a real environment (RE) room. Data of healthy younger and older adults were analyzed regarding their memory and distractor inhibition performance. The results indicate that both test set-ups reveal age effects but only RE in younger adults produces a distractor effect. For younger adults, VR was found to be more challenging as compared to the real room whereas OA performed similar in VR and RE. Technical development like VR becomes more and more attractive to create interesting experimental test settings but their additional value needs to be further investigated."
{"title":"INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTIONAL FILTERING AND MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENT","authors":"M. Schmicker, Sophia Mattke, I. Menze","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact046","url":null,"abstract":"\"Experimental research on cognition needs more realistic paradigms to achieve ecological validity as well as to transfer and eventually generalize the results to clinical practice. Selective attention was found to be highly related to memory and training of attentional filtering enhanced memory performance. Moreover, a real memory room might provide a more interesting environment for cognitive training, even though it is very demanding for the examiner to arrange the set-up. Therefore, we developed a change detection task using a virtual reality (VR) environment and compared it with one in a real environment (RE) room. Data of healthy younger and older adults were analyzed regarding their memory and distractor inhibition performance. The results indicate that both test set-ups reveal age effects but only RE in younger adults produces a distractor effect. For younger adults, VR was found to be more challenging as compared to the real room whereas OA performed similar in VR and RE. Technical development like VR becomes more and more attractive to create interesting experimental test settings but their additional value needs to be further investigated.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133125881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The Rheumatoid-arthritis considered as a chronic disease, which affects approximately 21 million individuals worldwide (UN World Population Database, 2004 revision). The rheumatoid-arthritis affects 15% of Indian population, such as over 180 million people suffers by rheumatoid-arthritis in India. In the present study, total sample of 122 male and female rheumatoid arthritis patients (Mean age = 55) were taken from one RA specialized hospital in Pune city (India). Incidental and snow-ball sampling methods were used for data collection. The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), Brief Coping Inventory (Carver et al., 1987), PANAS-SF (Watson & Tellegen, 1988), and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20) (McCracken & Dingra, 2002) were used. Age found positively correlated with duration of suffering (r = .383, P < .01), active coping found positively correlated (r = .224, P < .01) with resilience and positive affect was found positively correlated with resilience (r =. 94, P < .01), and pain anxiety found positively correlated with negative affect (r = .234, P < .01). In regression, results indicated that religious coping and negative affect were found jointly 19% predictor of approach coping, and physiological anxiety emerged as only predictor of negative affect which was explaining 4.8% of variance. The results are discussed in detail manner with supporting researcher in complete paper of present study."
类风湿性关节炎被认为是一种慢性疾病，全世界大约有2100万人受其影响(联合国世界人口数据库，2004年修订版)。类风湿关节炎影响了印度15%的人口，例如印度有超过1.8亿人患有类风湿关节炎。本研究选取印度浦那市一家类风湿关节炎专科医院的122例男性和女性类风湿关节炎患者，平均年龄55岁。采用偶然抽样法和雪球抽样法进行数据收集。本研究采用的量表有:简易心理弹性量表(Smith et al.， 2008)、简易应对量表(Carver et al.， 1987)、PANAS-SF量表(Watson & Tellegen, 1988)和疼痛焦虑症状量表(PASS-20) (McCracken & Dingra, 2002)。年龄与痛苦持续时间呈正相关(r = 0.383, P < 0.01)，积极应对与心理弹性呈正相关(r = 0.224, P < 0.01)，积极情绪与心理弹性呈正相关(r = 0.383, P < 0.01)。94, P < 0.01)，疼痛焦虑与负性情绪呈正相关(r = 0.234, P < 0.01)。回归分析结果显示，宗教应对和负面情绪共同预测了接近应对的19%，而生理焦虑是唯一的负面情绪预测因子，解释了4.8%的方差。在本研究的完整论文中，与辅助研究者详细讨论了研究结果。
{"title":"PAIN ANXIETY, AFFECT, COPING AND RESILIENCE AMONG RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS","authors":"R. Mhaske","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact003","url":null,"abstract":"\"The Rheumatoid-arthritis considered as a chronic disease, which affects approximately 21 million individuals worldwide (UN World Population Database, 2004 revision). The rheumatoid-arthritis affects 15% of Indian population, such as over 180 million people suffers by rheumatoid-arthritis in India. In the present study, total sample of 122 male and female rheumatoid arthritis patients (Mean age = 55) were taken from one RA specialized hospital in Pune city (India). Incidental and snow-ball sampling methods were used for data collection. The Brief Resilience Scale (Smith et al., 2008), Brief Coping Inventory (Carver et al., 1987), PANAS-SF (Watson & Tellegen, 1988), and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20) (McCracken & Dingra, 2002) were used. Age found positively correlated with duration of suffering (r = .383, P < .01), active coping found positively correlated (r = .224, P < .01) with resilience and positive affect was found positively correlated with resilience (r =. 94, P < .01), and pain anxiety found positively correlated with negative affect (r = .234, P < .01). In regression, results indicated that religious coping and negative affect were found jointly 19% predictor of approach coping, and physiological anxiety emerged as only predictor of negative affect which was explaining 4.8% of variance. The results are discussed in detail manner with supporting researcher in complete paper of present study.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133706482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The main goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the type of behavioural self-regulation and psychophysical health of employees in the Republic of Serbia. Following the Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002), Hodgins and Knee (2002) proposed that human beings possess an inherited organismic core self, which develops in a social context that fosters or precludes the fulfilment of any or all three basic psychological needs: relatedness, competence, and autonomy. The quality of social support during child’s development are theorized to yield three broad types of ego-systems depending on how many needs are fulfilled. These three ego-systems include the integrated self (int-s), the ego-invested self (e-i-s), and the impersonal self (imp-s), differing in the level of autonomy and integration in behavioural self-regulation. Previous studies indicate that level of needs satisfaction and integration of self is related to a better health and health protective behaviour (e.g., Ntoumanis et al., 2021; Ng et al., 2012; Hodgins et al., 1996). The psychophysical health was considered here as the absence of health disorder symptoms within five domains: physical health, depression reactions, fatigue, fear and anxiety, and social functioning. The data were gathered from an at-hand sample of 331 employees, with different work tenure (13 years in average), gender (65% were women), and with the average age of 39. Two questionnaires were applied to gather data on self-regulation of everyday behaviour and data on five dimensions of health. The ego-functioning questionnaire (EFQ; Majstorovi?, 2007, ?(int,e-i,imp) = .75; .75; .88) is a 30-items tool administered to estimate the dominant type of self-regulation, while psychophysical health scale (SPFZ-1; Majstorovi?, 2011; ? = .91) with 23 items asks employees to self-evaluate the frequency of health disorder symptoms. Based on scores greater than mean value on one EFQ subscale and below mean value on the remaining two, the sample size was reduced to 128 participants and three groups with one dominant type of self-regulation were formed. Univariate ANOVA revealed that employees with a dominant impersonal self-regulation, compared to integrated and ego-invested regulation, report significantly more frequent symptoms on all health domains. Work tenure, gender, and age of employees do not moderate this relationship. It was concluded that these results corroborate an organismic hypothesis of self with better health expected within more authentic and more integrated ego-system. Implications of SDT based health interventions in work setting are discussed."
“本研究的主要目的是研究塞尔维亚共和国雇员的行为自我调节类型与心理生理健康之间的关系。遵循自我决定理论(SDT;Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002)， Hodgins和Knee(2002)提出，人类拥有一个遗传的有机核心自我，这个核心自我是在一个社会环境中发展起来的，这个社会环境促进或阻碍了任何一种或所有三种基本心理需求的实现:亲缘性、能力和自主性。在儿童发展过程中，社会支持的质量被理论化，根据满足多少需求，产生三种广泛的自我系统。这三种自我系统包括整合自我(int-s)、自我投入自我(e-i-s)和非人格自我(imp-s)，它们在行为自我调节中的自主性和整合程度不同。先前的研究表明，需求满足水平和自我整合与更好的健康和健康保护行为有关(例如，Ntoumanis等人，2021;Ng et al.， 2012;Hodgins et al.， 1996)。在这里，心理生理健康被认为是在身体健康、抑郁反应、疲劳、恐惧和焦虑以及社会功能这五个领域中没有健康失调症状。数据收集自331名在职员工，他们的工作年限(平均13年)、性别(65%为女性)不同，平均年龄为39岁。采用了两份调查问卷来收集关于日常行为自我调节的数据和关于健康五个方面的数据。自我功能问卷;Majstorovi吗?， 2007， ?(int,e-i,imp) = .75;综合成绩;.88)是一个30个项目的工具，用于估计自我调节的主要类型，而心理生理健康量表(SPFZ-1;Majstorovi吗?, 2011;？ = .91)，共23个项目，要求员工自我评价出现健康障碍症状的频率。在一个EFQ分量表得分高于平均值，其余两个分量表得分低于平均值的基础上，将样本量减少到128人，形成三组，每组有一种主导的自我调节类型。单变量方差分析显示，与综合自我调节和自我投资调节相比，非个人自我调节占主导地位的员工在所有健康领域报告的症状明显更频繁。工作年限、性别和员工年龄对这种关系没有调节作用。结论是，这些结果证实了在更真实和更完整的自我系统中期望具有更好健康的自我的有机假设。讨论了基于SDT的健康干预在工作环境中的影响。
{"title":"BEHAVIOURAL SELF-REGULATION AND EMPLOYEES’ HEALTH","authors":"N. Majstorović, Ana Komlenić, Radojka Šolak","doi":"10.36315/2022inpact100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36315/2022inpact100","url":null,"abstract":"\"The main goal of this study was to examine the relationship between the type of behavioural self-regulation and psychophysical health of employees in the Republic of Serbia. Following the Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2002), Hodgins and Knee (2002) proposed that human beings possess an inherited organismic core self, which develops in a social context that fosters or precludes the fulfilment of any or all three basic psychological needs: relatedness, competence, and autonomy. The quality of social support during child’s development are theorized to yield three broad types of ego-systems depending on how many needs are fulfilled. These three ego-systems include the integrated self (int-s), the ego-invested self (e-i-s), and the impersonal self (imp-s), differing in the level of autonomy and integration in behavioural self-regulation. Previous studies indicate that level of needs satisfaction and integration of self is related to a better health and health protective behaviour (e.g., Ntoumanis et al., 2021; Ng et al., 2012; Hodgins et al., 1996). The psychophysical health was considered here as the absence of health disorder symptoms within five domains: physical health, depression reactions, fatigue, fear and anxiety, and social functioning. The data were gathered from an at-hand sample of 331 employees, with different work tenure (13 years in average), gender (65% were women), and with the average age of 39. Two questionnaires were applied to gather data on self-regulation of everyday behaviour and data on five dimensions of health. The ego-functioning questionnaire (EFQ; Majstorovi?, 2007, ?(int,e-i,imp) = .75; .75; .88) is a 30-items tool administered to estimate the dominant type of self-regulation, while psychophysical health scale (SPFZ-1; Majstorovi?, 2011; ? = .91) with 23 items asks employees to self-evaluate the frequency of health disorder symptoms. Based on scores greater than mean value on one EFQ subscale and below mean value on the remaining two, the sample size was reduced to 128 participants and three groups with one dominant type of self-regulation were formed. Univariate ANOVA revealed that employees with a dominant impersonal self-regulation, compared to integrated and ego-invested regulation, report significantly more frequent symptoms on all health domains. Work tenure, gender, and age of employees do not moderate this relationship. It was concluded that these results corroborate an organismic hypothesis of self with better health expected within more authentic and more integrated ego-system. Implications of SDT based health interventions in work setting are discussed.\"","PeriodicalId":120251,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Applications and Trends","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116159410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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