Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.2224
Ovundah K. Wofuru-Nyenke
In this paper, an efficient, affordable, and portable manual automobile tyre changing tool was designed. The tool operates on the principle of second-class levers, where the load to be overcome is situated between the fulcrum and the effort point. The mechanical advantage (MA) of the bead breaker arm and pry bar assembly of the tool was determined to be 11.5. The standard tube size of the bead breaker arm that can withstand stress due to bending moment was determined to be a 2” (50mm) diameter Schedule 80 steel tube. Also, the dimensions of the standard hexagonal bolts to be used at the fulcrum and load point of the bead breaker arm are M12 × 1.5 × 75 mm, while the standard size of hexagonal nuts to be used with the bolts is M12 × 1.5 mm with a height of 10mm. Moreover, the mechanical advantage (MA) of the mount/demount arm and pry bar assembly of the tool was determined to be 5.22. Also, by comparing the angles of twist of two sizes of the mount/demount arm when the tool is used in mounting or demounting a tyre on a 16” × 7” wheel rim, the standard size of the mount/demount arm that can withstand stresses due to bending moment and torsional moment was determined to be a 60mm × 60mm × 5mm square tube. The cost of materials needed to fabricate the tyre changer summed up to ₦21,000. Ergo, the design provides an alternative portable and relatively affordable tyre changing tool that can be afforded by tyre technicians across Nigeria, and other developing or underdeveloped countries.
{"title":"Design Analysis of a Portable Manual Tyre Changer","authors":"Ovundah K. Wofuru-Nyenke","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.2224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.2224","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient, affordable, and portable manual automobile tyre changing tool was designed. The tool operates on the principle of second-class levers, where the load to be overcome is situated between the fulcrum and the effort point. The mechanical advantage (MA) of the bead breaker arm and pry bar assembly of the tool was determined to be 11.5. The standard tube size of the bead breaker arm that can withstand stress due to bending moment was determined to be a 2” (50mm) diameter Schedule 80 steel tube. Also, the dimensions of the standard hexagonal bolts to be used at the fulcrum and load point of the bead breaker arm are M12 × 1.5 × 75 mm, while the standard size of hexagonal nuts to be used with the bolts is M12 × 1.5 mm with a height of 10mm. Moreover, the mechanical advantage (MA) of the mount/demount arm and pry bar assembly of the tool was determined to be 5.22. Also, by comparing the angles of twist of two sizes of the mount/demount arm when the tool is used in mounting or demounting a tyre on a 16” × 7” wheel rim, the standard size of the mount/demount arm that can withstand stresses due to bending moment and torsional moment was determined to be a 60mm × 60mm × 5mm square tube. The cost of materials needed to fabricate the tyre changer summed up to ₦21,000. Ergo, the design provides an alternative portable and relatively affordable tyre changing tool that can be afforded by tyre technicians across Nigeria, and other developing or underdeveloped countries.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"386 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86820235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-08DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1950
C. Ebieto, R. Ana, O. Nyong, E. G. Saturday
Engineering education is incomplete without laboratory practices. One of such laboratory equipment necessary for all engineering students to have hands-on in the course of their undergraduate studies is the heat exchanger. This work presents the detailed design and construction of a laboratory type double pipe heat exchanger that can be used both in the parallel and counter flow configuration. The heat exchanger was constructed using galvanized steel for both the tube and shell. Experiments were designed and carried out to test the performance of the heat exchangers. The heat exchanger performance characteristics (logarithm mean temperature difference (LMTD), heat transfer rate, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient) were obtained and compared for the two configurations. The LMTD tends to be relatively constant as the flow rate was increased for both the parallel and counter-flow configuration but with a higher value for the parallel flow configuration. The heat exchanger has a higher heat transfer rate, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient and therefore has more performance capability for the counter-flow configuration. The overall heat transfer coefficient increased as the flow rate increased for both configurations. Importantly, as a result of this project, Mechanical Engineering students can now have hands-on laboratory experience on how the double pipe heat exchanger works.
{"title":"Design and Construction of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Laboratory Application","authors":"C. Ebieto, R. Ana, O. Nyong, E. G. Saturday","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1950","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering education is incomplete without laboratory practices. One of such laboratory equipment necessary for all engineering students to have hands-on in the course of their undergraduate studies is the heat exchanger. This work presents the detailed design and construction of a laboratory type double pipe heat exchanger that can be used both in the parallel and counter flow configuration. The heat exchanger was constructed using galvanized steel for both the tube and shell. Experiments were designed and carried out to test the performance of the heat exchangers. The heat exchanger performance characteristics (logarithm mean temperature difference (LMTD), heat transfer rate, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient) were obtained and compared for the two configurations. The LMTD tends to be relatively constant as the flow rate was increased for both the parallel and counter-flow configuration but with a higher value for the parallel flow configuration. The heat exchanger has a higher heat transfer rate, effectiveness, and overall heat transfer coefficient and therefore has more performance capability for the counter-flow configuration. The overall heat transfer coefficient increased as the flow rate increased for both configurations. Importantly, as a result of this project, Mechanical Engineering students can now have hands-on laboratory experience on how the double pipe heat exchanger works.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79467735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1596
M. Elnaggar, M. Hatab, E. Edwan
Electronics industry requires efficient design that can handle fast mathematical operations to compensate for the growing development and demand for processing power. These days, there are numerous equipment or parts inside machines called heating elements particularly with electrical or electronic devices and they should be cooled during the working process. However, with respect to their size, manufacturers are minifying day by day to satisfy requirements of users but the power should be maintained. Hence, elements withstand a high amount of heat and high heat flux (transition/mutability) is being generated during the working process. The main contribution of this study is to investigate thermal solutions using four cooling tools and to compare to each other and consider thermal design guidelines and factors as well. Furthermore, we review the appropriate thermal solutions for the produced heat from the electronic equipment and we present the effective and suitable tools which used to dissipate this heat. A heat sink, heat pipe, and vapor chamber are reviewed and compared depending on the previous studies that have implemented them.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Heat Sink, Heat Pipe, and Vapor Chamber as a Key Function of Thermal Solution for Electronic Devices","authors":"M. Elnaggar, M. Hatab, E. Edwan","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.11.1596","url":null,"abstract":"Electronics industry requires efficient design that can handle fast mathematical operations to compensate for the growing development and demand for processing power. These days, there are numerous equipment or parts inside machines called heating elements particularly with electrical or electronic devices and they should be cooled during the working process. However, with respect to their size, manufacturers are minifying day by day to satisfy requirements of users but the power should be maintained. Hence, elements withstand a high amount of heat and high heat flux (transition/mutability) is being generated during the working process. The main contribution of this study is to investigate thermal solutions using four cooling tools and to compare to each other and consider thermal design guidelines and factors as well. Furthermore, we review the appropriate thermal solutions for the produced heat from the electronic equipment and we present the effective and suitable tools which used to dissipate this heat. A heat sink, heat pipe, and vapor chamber are reviewed and compared depending on the previous studies that have implemented them.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85464687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2204
David Lin, Weijie Lin
To further clarify the associations between sleep and body mass index (BMI) using the most recent dataset from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Our study is notable for the inclusion of analyses with age subpopulations and subjective sleep symptoms. Cross-sectional study was performed using the NHANES 2017-18 dataset. Weighted multivariate regressions were utilized. NHANES is a standardized survey conducted biennially in the United States, for a sample population which is weighted to represent national demographics. 6161 participants met inclusion criteria. Measurements were collected via NHANES protocol, with objective measurements collected by trained technicians and self-reported measurements collected via questionnaire. Our results corroborate a roughly U-shaped relationship of sleep duration with BMI, varying with age. Greatest magnitudes were observed in a bimodal age ranges of 18-30 and 61-75, with decreases in BMI of 0.248 and 0.385 associated with each marginal hour of sleep. Our secondary analysis with daytime sleepiness and snoring have a significant association with BMI. Snoring symptoms showed a decreasing magnitude of association with BMI as age increases; for ages 18-30, snoring at least once a week correlated with an increase in BMI of 3.571, while for ages 61-75, this correlated with an increase of 1.619. Our study adds to existing literature on the relationship of sleep and BMI. Age stratification methods were used to further clarify associations. Subjective sleep symptoms were used in a secondary analysis to identify clinical screening questions for adverse effects of sleep on BMI.
{"title":"Associations between Body Mass Index, Sleep Duration, and Reported Snoring and Sleepiness Symptoms, By Age Stratification","authors":"David Lin, Weijie Lin","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2204","url":null,"abstract":"To further clarify the associations between sleep and body mass index (BMI) using the most recent dataset from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Our study is notable for the inclusion of analyses with age subpopulations and subjective sleep symptoms. Cross-sectional study was performed using the NHANES 2017-18 dataset. Weighted multivariate regressions were utilized. NHANES is a standardized survey conducted biennially in the United States, for a sample population which is weighted to represent national demographics. 6161 participants met inclusion criteria. Measurements were collected via NHANES protocol, with objective measurements collected by trained technicians and self-reported measurements collected via questionnaire. Our results corroborate a roughly U-shaped relationship of sleep duration with BMI, varying with age. Greatest magnitudes were observed in a bimodal age ranges of 18-30 and 61-75, with decreases in BMI of 0.248 and 0.385 associated with each marginal hour of sleep. Our secondary analysis with daytime sleepiness and snoring have a significant association with BMI. Snoring symptoms showed a decreasing magnitude of association with BMI as age increases; for ages 18-30, snoring at least once a week correlated with an increase in BMI of 3.571, while for ages 61-75, this correlated with an increase of 1.619. Our study adds to existing literature on the relationship of sleep and BMI. Age stratification methods were used to further clarify associations. Subjective sleep symptoms were used in a secondary analysis to identify clinical screening questions for adverse effects of sleep on BMI.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82562245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2136
Ulrich E. Bruchholz, H. Eckardt
The physical standard model is used to date to explain microscopic structure of nature on a more or less phenomenological basis. In this article, three principal approaches of physics are compared, which are foundational for classical theoretical physics of the 20th century: The General Relativity of Einstein, the theory of Rainich, which uses the Einstein-Maxwell equations, a first unification of phsics, and the Einsten-Cartan-Evans theory of Myron Evans. The latter unifies classical and quantum physics. The discussed methods take us beyond the standard model. Special focus is set to the known Einstein-Maxwell equations, for which a novel solution scheme was developed by Bruchholz. Consistently, quantities of elementary particles can be predicted on base of a classical theory.
{"title":"Novel Methods Transcending the Standard Model of Physics","authors":"Ulrich E. Bruchholz, H. Eckardt","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2136","url":null,"abstract":"The physical standard model is used to date to explain microscopic structure of nature on a more or less phenomenological basis. In this article, three principal approaches of physics are compared, which are foundational for classical theoretical physics of the 20th century: The General Relativity of Einstein, the theory of Rainich, which uses the Einstein-Maxwell equations, a first unification of phsics, and the Einsten-Cartan-Evans theory of Myron Evans. The latter unifies classical and quantum physics. The discussed methods take us beyond the standard model. Special focus is set to the known Einstein-Maxwell equations, for which a novel solution scheme was developed by Bruchholz. Consistently, quantities of elementary particles can be predicted on base of a classical theory.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84686763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2195
F. B. Allechy, M. Y. Ta, V. Bi, F. Yapi, A. B. Koné, A. Kouadio
The Lobo watershed located in the west-central part of Côte d'Ivoire is an area with high agricultural potential, influenced by climate variations and changes that reduce crop yields. The objective of this study is to analyse trends in ETCCDI extreme rainfall indices from rainfall data from 1984 to 2013 using ClimPACT2 software. This study shows that the trend of the indices: number of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of rainy days (R1mm) and the cumulative annual total rainfall (PRCPTOT) is decreasing. On the other hand, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is on the rise. In general, the whole basin has experienced a decrease in rainfall as well as wet sequences and an increase in dry sequences. These different trends observed in this study are more pronounced in the northern half of the watershed.
{"title":"Trend of Extreme Precipitations Indices in West-central Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Lobo Watershed","authors":"F. B. Allechy, M. Y. Ta, V. Bi, F. Yapi, A. B. Koné, A. Kouadio","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2195","url":null,"abstract":"The Lobo watershed located in the west-central part of Côte d'Ivoire is an area with high agricultural potential, influenced by climate variations and changes that reduce crop yields. The objective of this study is to analyse trends in ETCCDI extreme rainfall indices from rainfall data from 1984 to 2013 using ClimPACT2 software. This study shows that the trend of the indices: number of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of rainy days (R1mm) and the cumulative annual total rainfall (PRCPTOT) is decreasing. On the other hand, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is on the rise. In general, the whole basin has experienced a decrease in rainfall as well as wet sequences and an increase in dry sequences. These different trends observed in this study are more pronounced in the northern half of the watershed.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82608399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2203
G. C. J. Nmegbu, Bright Bariakpoa Kinate, Bari-Agara Bekee
The extent of damage to formation caused by water based drilling mud containing corn cob treated with sodium hydroxide to partially replace polyanionic cellulose (PAC) as a fluid loss control additive has been studied. Core samples were obtained from a well in Niger Delta for this study with a permeameter used to force the drilling mud into core samples at high pressures. Physio-chemical properties (moisture content, cellulose and lignin) of the samples were measured and the result after treatment showed reduction. The corn cob was combined with the PAC in the ratio of 25-75%, 50-50% and 75-25% in the mud. Analyzed drilling mud rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point and gel strength all decreased as percentage of corn cob increased in the combination and steadily decreased as temperature increased to 200oF. Measured fluid loss and pH of the mud showed an increase in fluid loss and pH in mud sample with 100% corn cob. The extent of formation damage was determined by the differences in the initial and final permeability of the core samples. Experimental data were used to develop analytical models that can serve as effective tool to predict fluid loss, rheological properties of the drilling mud at temperature up to 200oF and percentage formation damage at 100 psi.
{"title":"Prediction of Formation Damage, Fluid Loss and Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud with Corn Cob","authors":"G. C. J. Nmegbu, Bright Bariakpoa Kinate, Bari-Agara Bekee","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2203","url":null,"abstract":"The extent of damage to formation caused by water based drilling mud containing corn cob treated with sodium hydroxide to partially replace polyanionic cellulose (PAC) as a fluid loss control additive has been studied. Core samples were obtained from a well in Niger Delta for this study with a permeameter used to force the drilling mud into core samples at high pressures. Physio-chemical properties (moisture content, cellulose and lignin) of the samples were measured and the result after treatment showed reduction. The corn cob was combined with the PAC in the ratio of 25-75%, 50-50% and 75-25% in the mud. Analyzed drilling mud rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point and gel strength all decreased as percentage of corn cob increased in the combination and steadily decreased as temperature increased to 200oF. Measured fluid loss and pH of the mud showed an increase in fluid loss and pH in mud sample with 100% corn cob. The extent of formation damage was determined by the differences in the initial and final permeability of the core samples. Experimental data were used to develop analytical models that can serve as effective tool to predict fluid loss, rheological properties of the drilling mud at temperature up to 200oF and percentage formation damage at 100 psi.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82272960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2202
Alfred Gift Mwachugha, Prof. Jean Bosco Byiringiro, H. Ngetha, T. Carolus, K. Stahl
A Prandtl probe is one of the standard instruments used for flow characterization in wind tunnel facilities. The convectional fabrication method of this instrument requires skilled artisanship, precision drilling, lathing and soldering of its several parts. This reflects into high costs of production in turn making wind energy studies expensive. With the adoption of additive manufacturing, the tooling costs, skills required and design to manufacture constraints can be addressed. This research presents a Prandtl probe that was designed using NX™ software, fabricated by desktop stereolithography additive manufacturing platform and validated in a wind tunnel for velocity range of 0 m/s to 51 m/s. This research attested the option of fabricating relatively cheap functional Prandtl probe with desktop stereolithography technology which can be used for accurate determination of flow quality in wind tunnels experiments. This provides various learning and research institution in developing countries that have already invested in additive desktop manufacturing technology certainty and a cheaper option to fabricate wind research instruments for use at their laboratories. Moreover, fabrication and validation of a 5-hole Prandtl probe can also be examined.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of a Prandtl Probe Fabricated Using Desktop Stereolithography Technology","authors":"Alfred Gift Mwachugha, Prof. Jean Bosco Byiringiro, H. Ngetha, T. Carolus, K. Stahl","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2202","url":null,"abstract":"A Prandtl probe is one of the standard instruments used for flow characterization in wind tunnel facilities. The convectional fabrication method of this instrument requires skilled artisanship, precision drilling, lathing and soldering of its several parts. This reflects into high costs of production in turn making wind energy studies expensive. With the adoption of additive manufacturing, the tooling costs, skills required and design to manufacture constraints can be addressed. This research presents a Prandtl probe that was designed using NX™ software, fabricated by desktop stereolithography additive manufacturing platform and validated in a wind tunnel for velocity range of 0 m/s to 51 m/s. This research attested the option of fabricating relatively cheap functional Prandtl probe with desktop stereolithography technology which can be used for accurate determination of flow quality in wind tunnels experiments. This provides various learning and research institution in developing countries that have already invested in additive desktop manufacturing technology certainty and a cheaper option to fabricate wind research instruments for use at their laboratories. Moreover, fabrication and validation of a 5-hole Prandtl probe can also be examined.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88836097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2197
Stela Sefa, T. Floqi, Julian Sefa
The wastewater treatment plant serving the city of Durres, which is the second most populous city of Albania, employs the tertiary advanced wastewater treatment method and engages in biogas production to achieve energy efficiency. In order to empirically evaluate the plant’s energy efficiency realization, the total biogas produced and converted to electricity for daily consumption was measured during a three years period (2016 - 2018). The highest electricity produced was recorded in 2016, with a daily average of 844kWh compared to 550kWh and 370kWh in 2017 and 2018, respectively. So that the plant meets proper criteria to classify as an energy-efficient entity, 30.0 percent of its electricity consumption must be derived from biogas. Converted in kWh, the plant should generate 2,975 kWh/day. Based on the biomass and energy values measured during the study period, it is concluded that electricity supplied from biogas met 6.0 percent of the plant’s energy requirements, or one fifth of the energy-efficiency target. While the plant was successful in carrying out the full waste-to-energy production process, the electricity supplied from biogas was very low and did not fulfil the plant’s self-energy requirements.
{"title":"Measurement of Energy Production from Biogas: Evidence from the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Durres","authors":"Stela Sefa, T. Floqi, Julian Sefa","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2197","url":null,"abstract":"The wastewater treatment plant serving the city of Durres, which is the second most populous city of Albania, employs the tertiary advanced wastewater treatment method and engages in biogas production to achieve energy efficiency. In order to empirically evaluate the plant’s energy efficiency realization, the total biogas produced and converted to electricity for daily consumption was measured during a three years period (2016 - 2018). The highest electricity produced was recorded in 2016, with a daily average of 844kWh compared to 550kWh and 370kWh in 2017 and 2018, respectively. So that the plant meets proper criteria to classify as an energy-efficient entity, 30.0 percent of its electricity consumption must be derived from biogas. Converted in kWh, the plant should generate 2,975 kWh/day. Based on the biomass and energy values measured during the study period, it is concluded that electricity supplied from biogas met 6.0 percent of the plant’s energy requirements, or one fifth of the energy-efficiency target. While the plant was successful in carrying out the full waste-to-energy production process, the electricity supplied from biogas was very low and did not fulfil the plant’s self-energy requirements.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73247460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-30DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2194
P. Charitidis
The present study concerns with the finite element investigation of balanced aluminium single lap joints subjected to tensile loading. Epoxy adhesives were used for bonding having different nanoparticles rate in the epoxy resin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and to 2 wt. %, respectively). Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis has been employed to determine the peeling stress, von Mises stress, and the shear strain distribution across the midplane of the joints. The results mainly prove that the nanoparticles rate in the adhesive material directly affects the joint tensile strength. Nanocomposite adhesives present a higher failure load than that of neat adhesives. Furthermore, nanocomposite adhesive with 0.5 wt. % of nanoparticles generated strengths (shear and peeling strengths) more than neat adhesives, after which decreased by further addition of the nanoparticles.
{"title":"The Effect of Nanoparticles in Single Lap Joints Studied by Numerical Analyses","authors":"P. Charitidis","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2194","url":null,"abstract":"The present study concerns with the finite element investigation of balanced aluminium single lap joints subjected to tensile loading. Epoxy adhesives were used for bonding having different nanoparticles rate in the epoxy resin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and to 2 wt. %, respectively). Two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis has been employed to determine the peeling stress, von Mises stress, and the shear strain distribution across the midplane of the joints. The results mainly prove that the nanoparticles rate in the adhesive material directly affects the joint tensile strength. Nanocomposite adhesives present a higher failure load than that of neat adhesives. Furthermore, nanocomposite adhesive with 0.5 wt. % of nanoparticles generated strengths (shear and peeling strengths) more than neat adhesives, after which decreased by further addition of the nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81981068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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