Pub Date : 2020-09-11DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2003
Théophile Razafitsiferana, B. Razanamparany
For physical parameters: Conductivity the value found is 1031 µS / cm the limit value 100- 1000 µS / cm, the turbidity the value found is 0.78 NTU the maximum value <5 NTU, the pH is 6.96 the limit value between 6.5 - 9 and the temperature is 21 °C the maximum value <25 °C. So for the physical parameters perfectly meet the standards required for water intended for human consumption. For chemical parameters: the mineralization the concentration is 955 mg / L the limit concentration 1000 mg / L, the total hardness is 18.3 °f the maximum concentration 50 °f, the calcium is 20 mg / L the maximum concentration 100mg / L, magnesium is 1.46 mg / L the limit concentration 50 mg / L, potassium is 5.5 mg / L the required concentration <12 mg / L, sodium is 80.5 mg / L the limit concentration 200 mg / L, Chlorides is 124.5 mg / L the maximum concentration <250 mg / L, the iron is 0.015 mg / L the required concentration <0.02 mg / L and the Lead is 0, 01 mg / L the limit concentration 0.05 mg / L. For the chemical parameters the concentrations found are acceptable for international standards, despite the insufficiency of some concentrations compared to international standards, such as magnesium, potassium and calcium. For microbiological parameters: microorganisms at 36 °C is 1.005 NPP / mL compared to standards <100mL, Coliform bacteria is 0, Escherichia Coli is 0 and Intestinal enterococci is 0, the requirements for water intended for human consumption is zero. So the microbiological parameters of Antsidihy Lake water perfectly meet the standard required for drinking water.
{"title":"Control of the Water Quality of Antsidihy Lake Located in the District of Nosy-Be, Diana Region (Madagascar)","authors":"Théophile Razafitsiferana, B. Razanamparany","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2003","url":null,"abstract":"For physical parameters: Conductivity the value found is 1031 µS / cm the limit value 100- 1000 µS / cm, the turbidity the value found is 0.78 NTU the maximum value <5 NTU, the pH is 6.96 the limit value between 6.5 - 9 and the temperature is 21 °C the maximum value <25 °C. So for the physical parameters perfectly meet the standards required for water intended for human consumption. For chemical parameters: the mineralization the concentration is 955 mg / L the limit concentration 1000 mg / L, the total hardness is 18.3 °f the maximum concentration 50 °f, the calcium is 20 mg / L the maximum concentration 100mg / L, magnesium is 1.46 mg / L the limit concentration 50 mg / L, potassium is 5.5 mg / L the required concentration <12 mg / L, sodium is 80.5 mg / L the limit concentration 200 mg / L, Chlorides is 124.5 mg / L the maximum concentration <250 mg / L, the iron is 0.015 mg / L the required concentration <0.02 mg / L and the Lead is 0, 01 mg / L the limit concentration 0.05 mg / L. For the chemical parameters the concentrations found are acceptable for international standards, despite the insufficiency of some concentrations compared to international standards, such as magnesium, potassium and calcium. For microbiological parameters: microorganisms at 36 °C is 1.005 NPP / mL compared to standards <100mL, Coliform bacteria is 0, Escherichia Coli is 0 and Intestinal enterococci is 0, the requirements for water intended for human consumption is zero. So the microbiological parameters of Antsidihy Lake water perfectly meet the standard required for drinking water.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73250782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-11DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2109
A. Amadi, Victor D. Ola, John O. Ayoola
Since the discovery of Crude Oil in 1875, the Petroleum Industry has gradually improved in value due to the series of valuable products gotten from crude oil. The significant impact of crude oil as a source of energy has made exportation and importation of this mineral a lucrative business around the world, having turned to be the major source of revenue for most producing countries. Crude oil has contributed to about 80% of Nigerian Government revenue and foreign exchange since 1958, making it a key player in the economic plan of the country. Its importance in Nigeria has made the Legislature introduce lots of policies and laws governing the Oil and Gas business in the country. However, Nigerians with different views over the years have clamored for an improvement of these policies to enable the benefits of Her resources fairly get to the grassroots, producing communities and states while improving foreign investment policies in the country. These demands led to the introduction of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in the year 2000. This research work attempts to review and offer recommendations for improvements to avoid future litigations, violence, conflicts, and industry fragility. This work will also elaborate on different steps taken by the Nigerian Government over the years to implement this bill, challenges faced by the Government and International Oil Companies (IOCs), Government and its citizens, and anomalies seen in the bill up till status quo.
{"title":"Review of Nigeria’s Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB)","authors":"A. Amadi, Victor D. Ola, John O. Ayoola","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2109","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of Crude Oil in 1875, the Petroleum Industry has gradually improved in value due to the series of valuable products gotten from crude oil. The significant impact of crude oil as a source of energy has made exportation and importation of this mineral a lucrative business around the world, having turned to be the major source of revenue for most producing countries. Crude oil has contributed to about 80% of Nigerian Government revenue and foreign exchange since 1958, making it a key player in the economic plan of the country. Its importance in Nigeria has made the Legislature introduce lots of policies and laws governing the Oil and Gas business in the country. However, Nigerians with different views over the years have clamored for an improvement of these policies to enable the benefits of Her resources fairly get to the grassroots, producing communities and states while improving foreign investment policies in the country. These demands led to the introduction of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in the year 2000. This research work attempts to review and offer recommendations for improvements to avoid future litigations, violence, conflicts, and industry fragility. This work will also elaborate on different steps taken by the Nigerian Government over the years to implement this bill, challenges faced by the Government and International Oil Companies (IOCs), Government and its citizens, and anomalies seen in the bill up till status quo.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89710537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2104
Md. Khalid Mahbub Khan, Kawsaruzzaman Kawsaruzzaman, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Al Imtiaz
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) architecture comprises of portable devices known as nodes, considered a resource-limited networking system. These nodes in DTN utilize the ‘Store Carry and Forward’ approach to route data since the end to end connections are absent here due to a large number of constant intermittent connectivity. The energy quantity of nodes is restricted because limited-lifetime rechargeable batteries drive them. Accordingly, energy is an essential resource in DTN scenarios. For efficient network performance, including proper energy usage, nodes need to expense a minimum amount of energy. For this reason, it is essential to select an energy-efficient forwarding strategy and exhibit excellent performance among existent forwarding approaches in the DTN environment for routing messages effectively. In this paper, we have studied the energy efficiency of conventional DTN routing protocols: Epidemic, Spray and Wait, Spray and Focus, MaxProp, and PRoPHET on the impact of varying both buffer size and node density. We analyzed their energy consumption and compared their performance based on five performance metrics: average remaining energy, delivery ratio, average delay, transmission cost, and average hop count, respectively. Using ONE simulator, we performed a simulation with varying node density (while buffer size is fixed) and varying buffer size (while node density is fixed). From the outcomes of simulation, we found that Spray and Wait are the most energy-efficient DTN routing protocols. On the contrary, Spray and Focus possessed as the best performer in terms of average hop count, average delay, delivery ratio and transmission cost among conventional DTN routing protocols.
容忍延迟网络(DTN)架构由称为节点的便携式设备组成，被认为是一种资源有限的网络系统。DTN中的这些节点利用“存储、携带和转发”方法来路由数据，因为由于大量持续的间歇连接，这里没有端到端连接。节点的能量数量受到限制，因为驱动它们的是寿命有限的可充电电池。因此，在DTN场景中，能源是必不可少的资源。为了获得高效的网络性能，包括合理的能源利用，节点需要消耗最少的能量。因此，在DTN环境下，选择一种节能的转发策略，并在现有的转发方法中表现出优异的性能，是有效路由消息的关键。在本文中，我们研究了传统DTN路由协议:Epidemic、Spray and Wait、Spray and Focus、MaxProp和PRoPHET对缓冲区大小和节点密度变化的影响。我们分析了它们的能耗，并根据五个性能指标对它们的性能进行了比较:平均剩余能量、传输比、平均延迟、传输成本和平均跳数。使用ONE模拟器，我们执行了不同节点密度(缓冲区大小固定)和不同缓冲区大小(节点密度固定)的模拟。仿真结果表明，Spray和Wait是最节能的DTN路由协议。在传统的DTN路由协议中，Spray和Focus在平均跳数、平均时延、投递率和传输成本方面表现最好。
{"title":"The Impact of Node Density and Buffer Size on DTN Routing Protocols with Energy Efficiency","authors":"Md. Khalid Mahbub Khan, Kawsaruzzaman Kawsaruzzaman, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Al Imtiaz","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2104","url":null,"abstract":"Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) architecture comprises of portable devices known as nodes, considered a resource-limited networking system. These nodes in DTN utilize the ‘Store Carry and Forward’ approach to route data since the end to end connections are absent here due to a large number of constant intermittent connectivity. The energy quantity of nodes is restricted because limited-lifetime rechargeable batteries drive them. Accordingly, energy is an essential resource in DTN scenarios. For efficient network performance, including proper energy usage, nodes need to expense a minimum amount of energy. For this reason, it is essential to select an energy-efficient forwarding strategy and exhibit excellent performance among existent forwarding approaches in the DTN environment for routing messages effectively. In this paper, we have studied the energy efficiency of conventional DTN routing protocols: Epidemic, Spray and Wait, Spray and Focus, MaxProp, and PRoPHET on the impact of varying both buffer size and node density. We analyzed their energy consumption and compared their performance based on five performance metrics: average remaining energy, delivery ratio, average delay, transmission cost, and average hop count, respectively. Using ONE simulator, we performed a simulation with varying node density (while buffer size is fixed) and varying buffer size (while node density is fixed). From the outcomes of simulation, we found that Spray and Wait are the most energy-efficient DTN routing protocols. On the contrary, Spray and Focus possessed as the best performer in terms of average hop count, average delay, delivery ratio and transmission cost among conventional DTN routing protocols.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"1054-1061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82121099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2116
T. M. Tran, T. Akanbi, T. Kirkman, M. Nguyen, Q. Vuong
Coffee pulp, a by-product of coffee processing, contains high level of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. This by-product also contains high levels of other bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acids and caffeine, which can be potentially recovered for further applications. This study used water as an inexpensive green solvent, for the maximum recovery of phenolics, major bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from coffee pulp. Recovery yield from optimal aqueous extraction was compared with organic solvent extraction. The results showed that temperature, extraction time and solid/solvent ratio significantly affected recovery yields from coffee pulp (P<0.05). Optimal aqueous extraction conditions were 100 °C, 60 min and the ratio of sample to solvent 1:100 g/mL. Under these optimal conditions, recovery yields were similar to those of 50% aqueous acetone extraction. Recovery yields were significantly higher than pure acetone, methanol and ethanol as well as methanol and ethanol in combination with water (50% v/v). Therefore, these optimal aqueous conditions are recommended for recovery of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp for further applications.
{"title":"Optimal Aqueous Extraction Conditions as A Green Technique for Recovery of Phenolic Antioxidants from Robusta Dried Coffee Pulp","authors":"T. M. Tran, T. Akanbi, T. Kirkman, M. Nguyen, Q. Vuong","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2116","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee pulp, a by-product of coffee processing, contains high level of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. This by-product also contains high levels of other bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acids and caffeine, which can be potentially recovered for further applications. This study used water as an inexpensive green solvent, for the maximum recovery of phenolics, major bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from coffee pulp. Recovery yield from optimal aqueous extraction was compared with organic solvent extraction. The results showed that temperature, extraction time and solid/solvent ratio significantly affected recovery yields from coffee pulp (P<0.05). Optimal aqueous extraction conditions were 100 °C, 60 min and the ratio of sample to solvent 1:100 g/mL. Under these optimal conditions, recovery yields were similar to those of 50% aqueous acetone extraction. Recovery yields were significantly higher than pure acetone, methanol and ethanol as well as methanol and ethanol in combination with water (50% v/v). Therefore, these optimal aqueous conditions are recommended for recovery of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp for further applications.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85325939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.1767
F. D. Adams, S. Bukar, M. Bukar, B. A. Umdagas
Clay generally refers to either fine grained earth material with particle size of less than two micron (< 2 m) or group of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals that are characterized by sheet silicate structure of composite layers stacked along the C-axis. They are common deposits found in most geological setting like in fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shale, mudstone, and siltstone, in fine grained metamorphic slate and phyllite. The interest in clay deposits arises from its numerous uses of the mineral group and the behaviour of soils constituents when used as engineering soil and its resultant effects on engineering structures like roads, dams, bridges and houses. Evaluation of the soil properties of the Chad Formation indicated that the plasticity characteristics of the samples are of low to medium plasticity as indicated by matching the result with the DIN. chart. The results of free swell showed that the samples are susceptible to swelling when they absorbed water. The particle size distribution tests indicate that the percentage of fine (i.e. samples passing the 75µm sieve) is about 1.7 % implying that the grain sizes are within the texture of medium grain fraction
{"title":"Mineralogical and Geotechnical Properties of Clay Minerals in Northern Borno, Nigeria","authors":"F. D. Adams, S. Bukar, M. Bukar, B. A. Umdagas","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.1767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.1767","url":null,"abstract":"Clay generally refers to either fine grained earth material with particle size of less than two micron (< 2 m) or group of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals that are characterized by sheet silicate structure of composite layers stacked along the C-axis. They are common deposits found in most geological setting like in fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shale, mudstone, and siltstone, in fine grained metamorphic slate and phyllite. The interest in clay deposits arises from its numerous uses of the mineral group and the behaviour of soils constituents when used as engineering soil and its resultant effects on engineering structures like roads, dams, bridges and houses. Evaluation of the soil properties of the Chad Formation indicated that the plasticity characteristics of the samples are of low to medium plasticity as indicated by matching the result with the DIN. chart. The results of free swell showed that the samples are susceptible to swelling when they absorbed water. The particle size distribution tests indicate that the percentage of fine (i.e. samples passing the 75µm sieve) is about 1.7 % implying that the grain sizes are within the texture of medium grain fraction","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"278 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77149242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-09DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2066
O. G. Odenigbo, K. Odusami, K. Okolie, V. C. Okafor
Delay in payment to contactors and other relevant parties have caused serious problem on the successful execution of construction projects in the country. It causes several problems to the contractor and other participants. The aim of this study is to determine the causes of delayed payments in the construction industry. The objective of this study is to identify the causes of delayed payment. In order to obtain valid data for the study, questionnaires were designed and distributed to a randomly selected sample of one hundred individuals among contractors, subcontractors, consultant and clients in the Nigerian construction industry. In total, eighty five completed questionnaires were returned and then analysed statistically. The total mean score was used to determine the ranking of the results of the study. Client’s disagreeing on the valuation of work done, slow processing of variation orders and poor quality of works were the major causes of delayed payment identified in the study. It was recommended that the stakeholders should work as a team in the execution of project to avoid bottlenecks usually encountered in agreeing contractors‟ payment. In conclusion, if the necessary action can be enforced, the problem of delayed payment can be reduced drastically.
{"title":"Causes of Delayed Payment in Construction Project in Nigeria","authors":"O. G. Odenigbo, K. Odusami, K. Okolie, V. C. Okafor","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2066","url":null,"abstract":"Delay in payment to contactors and other relevant parties have caused serious problem on the successful execution of construction projects in the country. It causes several problems to the contractor and other participants. The aim of this study is to determine the causes of delayed payments in the construction industry. The objective of this study is to identify the causes of delayed payment. In order to obtain valid data for the study, questionnaires were designed and distributed to a randomly selected sample of one hundred individuals among contractors, subcontractors, consultant and clients in the Nigerian construction industry. In total, eighty five completed questionnaires were returned and then analysed statistically. The total mean score was used to determine the ranking of the results of the study. Client’s disagreeing on the valuation of work done, slow processing of variation orders and poor quality of works were the major causes of delayed payment identified in the study. It was recommended that the stakeholders should work as a team in the execution of project to avoid bottlenecks usually encountered in agreeing contractors‟ payment. In conclusion, if the necessary action can be enforced, the problem of delayed payment can be reduced drastically.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83646045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2056
K. K. Igwe, O. Ikpeazu, F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere
The use of hydroxychloroquine as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor is currently being reviewed in various clinical trials. To exhaustively assess the benefit of hydroxychloroquine in the search for SARS-CoV-2 cure, this paper repositioned hydroxychloroquine as a model for virtual screening on the ZINC database. Molecular docking studies of 5r7y with the retrieved molecules were performed. The S-score of the predicted compounds were compared with the reference inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine). After evaluating their binding energy, five compounds (ZINC52939663, ZINC21291670, ZINC12714071, ZINC40089978 and ZINC15963294) were noticed have to highest binding energy with SARS-CoV-2. The binding scores of the top five ligands were higher than that of the reference molecule. The pharmacokinetics, toxicity prediction, drug-likeness and global reactivity assessment of ZINC52939663, present the lead compound as a drug candidate with the probable capacity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Repurposing Hydroxychloroquine as a Model Drug for the Prediction of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor","authors":"K. K. Igwe, O. Ikpeazu, F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2056","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hydroxychloroquine as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor is currently being reviewed in various clinical trials. To exhaustively assess the benefit of hydroxychloroquine in the search for SARS-CoV-2 cure, this paper repositioned hydroxychloroquine as a model for virtual screening on the ZINC database. Molecular docking studies of 5r7y with the retrieved molecules were performed. The S-score of the predicted compounds were compared with the reference inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine). After evaluating their binding energy, five compounds (ZINC52939663, ZINC21291670, ZINC12714071, ZINC40089978 and ZINC15963294) were noticed have to highest binding energy with SARS-CoV-2. The binding scores of the top five ligands were higher than that of the reference molecule. The pharmacokinetics, toxicity prediction, drug-likeness and global reactivity assessment of ZINC52939663, present the lead compound as a drug candidate with the probable capacity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84243378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2057
O. Ikpeazu, F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere, K. K. Igwe
The outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) found in Wuhan China is rapidly spreading to all nations of the world. Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of the novel coronaviral disease. Meanwhile, repositioning of some antibiotics, antiviral and antimalaria drugs have been employed. In this study, we used azithromycin as a model drug to virtual screen the ZINC database and the molecules obtained were docked against SARS-CoV-2 protein with PDB code: 5r7y. The best five ligands with high affinity for the target protein was compared with the reference molecule (Azithromycin). The docking score for the predicted ligands with high affinity for the target protein include ZINC10635972 (-6.3 kcal/mol), ZINC02651653 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC09728215 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC15003138 (-6.1 kcal/mol), ZINC89836288 (-6.1 kcal/mol) and azithromycin (+28.2 kcal/mol). The lead molecule (ZINC10635972) was observed to interacted with LUE 141, ASN 142, SER 144, SER 46, GLY 189, GLU 166, MET 165, HIS163, MET 49, HIS 164, PHE 140, GLY 143,THR 25, CYS 145, HIS 41, CYS 44 and THR 45. Meanwhile, hydrogen bond was predominant in the ZINC10635972-5r7y interaction. The lead molecule demonstrated good pharmacokinetics properties, drug-like characteristic and moderate chemical reactivity index. Besides, ZINC10635972 was noticed to fit the class 5 toxicity index. Hence, ZINC10635972 is a promising compound that should be further examined as drug candidates before clinical evaluation.
{"title":"Using the Pharmacophoric features of Azithromycin to design potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor","authors":"O. Ikpeazu, F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere, K. K. Igwe","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2057","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) found in Wuhan China is rapidly spreading to all nations of the world. Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of the novel coronaviral disease. Meanwhile, repositioning of some antibiotics, antiviral and antimalaria drugs have been employed. In this study, we used azithromycin as a model drug to virtual screen the ZINC database and the molecules obtained were docked against SARS-CoV-2 protein with PDB code: 5r7y. The best five ligands with high affinity for the target protein was compared with the reference molecule (Azithromycin). The docking score for the predicted ligands with high affinity for the target protein include ZINC10635972 (-6.3 kcal/mol), ZINC02651653 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC09728215 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC15003138 (-6.1 kcal/mol), ZINC89836288 (-6.1 kcal/mol) and azithromycin (+28.2 kcal/mol). The lead molecule (ZINC10635972) was observed to interacted with LUE 141, ASN 142, SER 144, SER 46, GLY 189, GLU 166, MET 165, HIS163, MET 49, HIS 164, PHE 140, GLY 143,THR 25, CYS 145, HIS 41, CYS 44 and THR 45. Meanwhile, hydrogen bond was predominant in the ZINC10635972-5r7y interaction. The lead molecule demonstrated good pharmacokinetics properties, drug-like characteristic and moderate chemical reactivity index. Besides, ZINC10635972 was noticed to fit the class 5 toxicity index. Hence, ZINC10635972 is a promising compound that should be further examined as drug candidates before clinical evaluation.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89345449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-07DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2058
F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere, K. K. Igwe, O. Ikpeazu
This computational study comprises of pharmacophore-base virtual screening of the ZINC database, molecular docking of predicted ligands (pharmacophore agent) against the target protein, SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 5r7y) and the prediction of ADMET descriptors using Swiss ADME and PROTOX-II online web servers. Meanwhile, remdesivir, ZINC72392503, ZINC72809903, ZINC06560017, ZINC76101700, ZINC88423098 and ZINC91600695 had a docking scores of -2.0 Kcal/mol, -6.7 Kcal/mol, -6.4 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol and-6.0 Kcal/mol respectively. Meanwhile, ZINC72392503 was selected as the lead molecule and was observed to interact with LUE 27, THR 25, CYS 145, THR 26, SER 46, GLY 143, ASN 142, HIS 163, HIS 41, MET 165, GLU 166, ARG 188, GLN 189, HIS 41, MET 49, SER 46 amino acids. The ADME descriptor revealed that the lead molecule was soluble, druggable, void of drug-drug interaction that may inhibit essential enzymatic reaction and was noticed to fall into PROTOX-II toxicity class 3. The lead molecule showed a good affinity for the target protein of SARS-CoV-2, hence, may have a physiological implication that can inhibit a protein responsible for the replication of SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Design of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor","authors":"F. J. Amaku, I. Otuokere, K. K. Igwe, O. Ikpeazu","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2058","url":null,"abstract":"This computational study comprises of pharmacophore-base virtual screening of the ZINC database, molecular docking of predicted ligands (pharmacophore agent) against the target protein, SARS-CoV-2 (PDB ID: 5r7y) and the prediction of ADMET descriptors using Swiss ADME and PROTOX-II online web servers. Meanwhile, remdesivir, ZINC72392503, ZINC72809903, ZINC06560017, ZINC76101700, ZINC88423098 and ZINC91600695 had a docking scores of -2.0 Kcal/mol, -6.7 Kcal/mol, -6.4 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol, -6.0 Kcal/mol and-6.0 Kcal/mol respectively. Meanwhile, ZINC72392503 was selected as the lead molecule and was observed to interact with LUE 27, THR 25, CYS 145, THR 26, SER 46, GLY 143, ASN 142, HIS 163, HIS 41, MET 165, GLU 166, ARG 188, GLN 189, HIS 41, MET 49, SER 46 amino acids. The ADME descriptor revealed that the lead molecule was soluble, druggable, void of drug-drug interaction that may inhibit essential enzymatic reaction and was noticed to fall into PROTOX-II toxicity class 3. The lead molecule showed a good affinity for the target protein of SARS-CoV-2, hence, may have a physiological implication that can inhibit a protein responsible for the replication of SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89570666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-06DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2002
Ricardo Irving Ramirez Guzman, M. L. C. Hernandez, Mtro. Leopoldo Viveros Rosas, R. R. Figueroa
Positioning of the equipment of a manufacturing company is done foreseeing that it will remain fixed for a long time. This is because changes in the plant layout are thought to be costly, as they involve redesigning equipment support services, developing new foundations, using heavy machinery to move equipment, and causing non-productive time at the plant. However, the increased competition due to globalization, lead us to consider the alternative of making modifications to the layout more frequently to improve productivity. Changing the position of the equipment can be facilitated by specifying smaller mobile process equipment or by anticipating the availability of services at different points in the workshop and the existence of cranes or other means of transportation [2]. These forecasts, result in a greater investment in elements that, at least initially, do not generate any profit. This work shows the evaluation of the feasibility of modifying the positions of the equipment when there are variations in the probability distribution in production speeds. This evaluation is carried out using decision trees and process simulation. The case study addressed consists of a generic production line with serial workstations. Jobs arrive at the first computer and join their product on hold if space is available, otherwise the job is lost. In the same way, the product on hold of the other teams are limited in size, and when a product on hold is full, the team behind stops until there is space available. Due to the use, the speeds of the equipment are changing with respect to the ones they had when new: the process times are increasing and / or becoming more variable. To improve productivity under the new process speeds, the space between the equipment can be modified, however, during this change, production must be suspended. This work shows how, by simulating processes and decision trees, it is possible to determine the ranges of values of the suspension time and the cost of transport for which it is convenient to make changes in the spacing of the equipment.
{"title":"The Assessment of the suitability of reconfigurable design through simulation and decision trees","authors":"Ricardo Irving Ramirez Guzman, M. L. C. Hernandez, Mtro. Leopoldo Viveros Rosas, R. R. Figueroa","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2002","url":null,"abstract":"Positioning of the equipment of a manufacturing company is done foreseeing that it will remain fixed for a long time. This is because changes in the plant layout are thought to be costly, as they involve redesigning equipment support services, developing new foundations, using heavy machinery to move equipment, and causing non-productive time at the plant. However, the increased competition due to globalization, lead us to consider the alternative of making modifications to the layout more frequently to improve productivity. Changing the position of the equipment can be facilitated by specifying smaller mobile process equipment or by anticipating the availability of services at different points in the workshop and the existence of cranes or other means of transportation [2]. These forecasts, result in a greater investment in elements that, at least initially, do not generate any profit. This work shows the evaluation of the feasibility of modifying the positions of the equipment when there are variations in the probability distribution in production speeds. This evaluation is carried out using decision trees and process simulation. The case study addressed consists of a generic production line with serial workstations. Jobs arrive at the first computer and join their product on hold if space is available, otherwise the job is lost. In the same way, the product on hold of the other teams are limited in size, and when a product on hold is full, the team behind stops until there is space available. Due to the use, the speeds of the equipment are changing with respect to the ones they had when new: the process times are increasing and / or becoming more variable. To improve productivity under the new process speeds, the space between the equipment can be modified, however, during this change, production must be suspended. This work shows how, by simulating processes and decision trees, it is possible to determine the ranges of values of the suspension time and the cost of transport for which it is convenient to make changes in the spacing of the equipment.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":"203 1","pages":"1027-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77018693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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