Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2042
Z. Abdullahi, O. U. Okereke, A. I. Isa, A. Ozovehe
Radio propagation measurement were acquired at the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands from six (6) live base stations (BS1 to BS6) in Kaduna town, Nigeria using an Asus Zenfone enhanced with a network monitoring software (Network Cell Info Lite). The receive signal strength (RSS) measurements were taken from the BSs at a distances of 200 m apart (in dB) until the signal faded out and the measurements were taken for twelve (12) calendar months which covered all seasons of the year, the corresponding path loss were calculated which were subsequently used to develop a propagation path loss prediction model with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) algorithm. However, the results obtained shows very small variations between the model fit (which was the best fit curve from the measured data) and the predictions (which is the forecast). Hence, since the variations between the model fit and the predictions are not wide, with sometime the values of prediction being better than that model fit, the GMDH model is showing good prediction for Kaduna metropolis.
无线电传播测量是在尼日利亚卡杜纳镇的六(6)个实时基站(BS1至BS6)的900 MHz和1800 MHz频段上使用带有网络监控软件(network Cell Info Lite)的华硕Zenfone进行的。接收信号强度(RSS)测量距离为200米(以dB为单位)，直到信号消失，测量时间为12个日历月，覆盖全年所有季节，计算相应的路径损耗，随后使用数据处理分组方法(GMDH)算法建立传播路径损耗预测模型。然而，获得的结果显示，模型拟合(从测量数据得到的最佳拟合曲线)与预测(即预测)之间的差异非常小。因此，由于模型拟合与预测值之间的差异不大，有时预测值优于模型拟合值，因此GMDH模型对卡杜纳大都市具有较好的预测效果。
{"title":"Development of Radio Propagation Path Loss Model for Kaduna Town, Nigeria Using GMDH Algorithm","authors":"Z. Abdullahi, O. U. Okereke, A. I. Isa, A. Ozovehe","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2042","url":null,"abstract":"Radio propagation measurement were acquired at the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands from six (6) live base stations (BS1 to BS6) in Kaduna town, Nigeria using an Asus Zenfone enhanced with a network monitoring software (Network Cell Info Lite). The receive signal strength (RSS) measurements were taken from the BSs at a distances of 200 m apart (in dB) until the signal faded out and the measurements were taken for twelve (12) calendar months which covered all seasons of the year, the corresponding path loss were calculated which were subsequently used to develop a propagation path loss prediction model with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) algorithm. However, the results obtained shows very small variations between the model fit (which was the best fit curve from the measured data) and the predictions (which is the forecast). Hence, since the variations between the model fit and the predictions are not wide, with sometime the values of prediction being better than that model fit, the GMDH model is showing good prediction for Kaduna metropolis.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90975714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2177
Abdulrzaq Naji Jamjoom
In this work, we will simulate the motion of a single underwater sensor knowing the current velocity to predict its location and velocity during certain time frame using a numerical approach of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations and develop numerical computer programming code to solve the equations. The underwater sensor are used to collect data for many scientific and practical reasons all the sensor collected data without specifying the sensor location and time will be missing lowers valuable information and by simulating the sensor motion numerically will have many values and impact on the underwater sensor industries as this will lead to less power consumption sensors with smaller size and less network coverage required. This paper will study the kinetics of the underwater sensor which will resulted to a set of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations that can be solved analytically and computer programming simulation is developed to solve the equations and predict the motion of underwater sensor. Different scenarios considered in the work such as simulating the result for different sensor’s density and the effect on its final position. Also, the result will include the sensor velocity simulation and comparison with the sea current velocity. This work is limited to the motion prediction of single underwater sensor and the result is only for mechanical aspect of the problem, the networks connectivity or coverage is out-of-scope.
{"title":"Motion Prediction of Underwater Sensors","authors":"Abdulrzaq Naji Jamjoom","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2177","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we will simulate the motion of a single underwater sensor knowing the current velocity to predict its location and velocity during certain time frame using a numerical approach of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations and develop numerical computer programming code to solve the equations. \u0000The underwater sensor are used to collect data for many scientific and practical reasons all the sensor collected data without specifying the sensor location and time will be missing lowers valuable information and by simulating the sensor motion numerically will have many values and impact on the underwater sensor industries as this will lead to less power consumption sensors with smaller size and less network coverage required. \u0000This paper will study the kinetics of the underwater sensor which will resulted to a set of non-linear time-dependent partial differential equations that can be solved analytically and computer programming simulation is developed to solve the equations and predict the motion of underwater sensor. \u0000Different scenarios considered in the work such as simulating the result for different sensor’s density and the effect on its final position. Also, the result will include the sensor velocity simulation and comparison with the sea current velocity. \u0000This work is limited to the motion prediction of single underwater sensor and the result is only for mechanical aspect of the problem, the networks connectivity or coverage is out-of-scope.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91363239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2192
A. Misol, A. Jiménez, Á. Morato, F. M. Labajos, V. Rives
A simple, easily applicable method is proposed to quantify the amount of ZnO segregated during synthesis and post-synthesis treatments of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides with the hydrotalcite structure. The method provides a feasible, easy, fast, and reliable way to get values for ZnO content, and the method can be extended to other compounds.
{"title":"Quantification by Powder X-ray Diffraction of Metal Oxides Segregation During Formation of Layered Double Hydroxides","authors":"A. Misol, A. Jiménez, Á. Morato, F. M. Labajos, V. Rives","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2192","url":null,"abstract":"A simple, easily applicable method is proposed to quantify the amount of ZnO segregated during synthesis and post-synthesis treatments of Zn-Al layered double hydroxides with the hydrotalcite structure. The method provides a feasible, easy, fast, and reliable way to get values for ZnO content, and the method can be extended to other compounds.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77648452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-17DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2134
Abdelkader Sbai, Abdeljabbar El Mediouni, H. Hakim, Said Mentak
The conceptions of the baccalaureate students of Bouarfa and Jerada are analyzed on the basis of a questionnaire relating to the environment and sustainable development. These conceptions are analyzed as interactions between scientific knowledge (K), social practices (P), and value systems (V). The multivariate analyzes used highlight two major poles or systems of conceptions. The first pole brings together people with rather anthropocentric tendencies concerned first with the use of natural resources. The second pole brings together people who tend to be more ecocentric and concerned about preserving the environment. Within these clusters appear sub-groups with different characteristics: for or against GMOs, preservation of the environment, activism in favor of the environment, actions of defense or protection of the environment. Most of the students interviewed lent feelings towards animals, but with a difference from one animal to another and from one city to another (sentiment-centered attitude). These different conceptions deserve to be taken into account in the training of trainers and teaching programs to better assume the objectives of Environmental Education.
{"title":"Conceptions of The Baccalaureate Students of The Eastern Region of Morocco on the Environment and Sustainable Development","authors":"Abdelkader Sbai, Abdeljabbar El Mediouni, H. Hakim, Said Mentak","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2134","url":null,"abstract":"The conceptions of the baccalaureate students of Bouarfa and Jerada are analyzed on the basis of a questionnaire relating to the environment and sustainable development. These conceptions are analyzed as interactions between scientific knowledge (K), social practices (P), and value systems (V). The multivariate analyzes used highlight two major poles or systems of conceptions. The first pole brings together people with rather anthropocentric tendencies concerned first with the use of natural resources. The second pole brings together people who tend to be more ecocentric and concerned about preserving the environment. Within these clusters appear sub-groups with different characteristics: for or against GMOs, preservation of the environment, activism in favor of the environment, actions of defense or protection of the environment. Most of the students interviewed lent feelings towards animals, but with a difference from one animal to another and from one city to another (sentiment-centered attitude). These different conceptions deserve to be taken into account in the training of trainers and teaching programs to better assume the objectives of Environmental Education.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90869145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-15DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2120
K. U. Ugoji, A. Green, Ruth Ngozi Nmoye, N. B. Igbere
This research appraises in partial the environmental engineering effects of open dumpsite with peripheral study of the dumpsite at km 3 Aba-Enugu Expressway in Abia State southeast of Nigeria. The investigation includes visual assessment, interviews / questionnaires results, and analysis. The study reveals that the waste dump serves as a sink to many parts of Aba metropolis being one of the biggest dumpsites in Abia state. The sand value of 47.7% obtained from the study agrees with existing literature/hydrogeology of the area. Results proved that the ground water is safe as samples display quality, which are below the Nigerian standards for drinking water quality limit. These values also fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality limit so the residents around do not stand any health risk at the moment. However, increasing concentration of pollutants indicates that the Soil and probably the potential drinking water source may be contaminated with time, supporting existing study. Therefore, this research recommends a well-engineered waste management plan alongside Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) cradle-to-grave approach to management of open dumpsite.
{"title":"A Partial Environmental Engineering Management Study of Open Dump Site and Its Impact on Land and Water","authors":"K. U. Ugoji, A. Green, Ruth Ngozi Nmoye, N. B. Igbere","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2120","url":null,"abstract":"This research appraises in partial the environmental engineering effects of open dumpsite with peripheral study of the dumpsite at km 3 Aba-Enugu Expressway in Abia State southeast of Nigeria. The investigation includes visual assessment, interviews / questionnaires results, and analysis. The study reveals that the waste dump serves as a sink to many parts of Aba metropolis being one of the biggest dumpsites in Abia state. The sand value of 47.7% obtained from the study agrees with existing literature/hydrogeology of the area. Results proved that the ground water is safe as samples display quality, which are below the Nigerian standards for drinking water quality limit. These values also fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality limit so the residents around do not stand any health risk at the moment. However, increasing concentration of pollutants indicates that the Soil and probably the potential drinking water source may be contaminated with time, supporting existing study. Therefore, this research recommends a well-engineered waste management plan alongside Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) cradle-to-grave approach to management of open dumpsite.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75732506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-14DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2169
I. Petrov, T. Janevski
Design of each successor mobile technology assures improved and advanced functionality features compared to its predecessor. Machine Learning and generally Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming necessity for further expansion of the beyond 5G mobile world. AI-assisted IoT services, data collection, analytics and storage should become native in the beyond 5G era. 5G introduces New Radio (NR) in sub-6 GHz bands and also in mmWave bands above 24 GHz, network virtualization and softwarization, which means that Next Generation Core and 5G NR access network are built by using different functions in split user and control planes that introduces the network slicing approach. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), that are provided via separate network slices as logically separated network partitions are the key 5G services that constantly will increase the traffic volume and the number of connected devices. Terahertz and visible light communication and fundamental technologies like compressed sensing theory, new channel coding, large-scale antenna, flexible spectrum usage, AI-based wireless communication, special technical features as Space-Air-Ground-Sea integrated communication and wireless tactile network are few of the novelties that are expected to become a common network standard available beyond 2030.
{"title":"5G Mobile Technologies and Early 6G Viewpoints","authors":"I. Petrov, T. Janevski","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2169","url":null,"abstract":"Design of each successor mobile technology assures improved and advanced functionality features compared to its predecessor. Machine Learning and generally Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming necessity for further expansion of the beyond 5G mobile world. AI-assisted IoT services, data collection, analytics and storage should become native in the beyond 5G era. 5G introduces New Radio (NR) in sub-6 GHz bands and also in mmWave bands above 24 GHz, network virtualization and softwarization, which means that Next Generation Core and 5G NR access network are built by using different functions in split user and control planes that introduces the network slicing approach. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), that are provided via separate network slices as logically separated network partitions are the key 5G services that constantly will increase the traffic volume and the number of connected devices. Terahertz and visible light communication and fundamental technologies like compressed sensing theory, new channel coding, large-scale antenna, flexible spectrum usage, AI-based wireless communication, special technical features as Space-Air-Ground-Sea integrated communication and wireless tactile network are few of the novelties that are expected to become a common network standard available beyond 2030.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84183890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2182
M. R. Umor, A. Hussin, N. Muda
The study emphasis on physical properties and geochemical of the clays from Bestari Jaya area to determine its suitability for any commercial application. Nine samples collected from six boreholes as representative of white and dark clay in the study area. All samples examined through the optical properties test and physical properties such as moisture, specific gravity, Atterberg limit and particle size distributions. The geochemical and mineralogical conducted using XRF and XRD analysis. The clays from Bestari Jaya considered of having variation in the brightness from medium to high brightness as shown by Delta L value (51.32-73.49%). The moisture content ranges between 34.50-81.03%. The plasticity index (PI) and plasticity limit (PL) values found in ranges of 18-32% with an average of 22.22%, and 32-46% with an average of 37.11% respectively. The plasticity limit and index reveals that the Bestari Jaya clays can be classify as kaolinite clays that are suitable for pottery and brick making. The specific gravity ranges between 2.49 – 2.70 with an average of 2.61. The average value is similar to the value of pure china clay (2.6). The SiO2 content in Bestari Jaya clays is between 37.49 – 69.96 wt% and Al2O3 is between 18.92 – 33.02 wt%. While the L.O.I values are between 8.71-16.04%. Kaolinite as the dominant mineral phases in all clay samples with composition ranges from 65-97.7% and an average of 73.12%. Apart of that, quartz in ranges of 5.3 – 20.6%, identified in almost all samples. Muscovite, hematite and magnetite occur as accessory minerals. Referring to standard and result obtained on representative sample, the Bestari Jaya clays potentially used in the production of smaller tiles for unexclusive pedestrian traffic. The presence of significance amount of heavy metals makes it unsuitable to use in the pharmaceutical or paper industry.
{"title":"The Physical Properties and Geochemical of Clay from the Bestari Jaya, Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia for Potential Usage","authors":"M. R. Umor, A. Hussin, N. Muda","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2182","url":null,"abstract":"The study emphasis on physical properties and geochemical of the clays from Bestari Jaya area to determine its suitability for any commercial application. Nine samples collected from six boreholes as representative of white and dark clay in the study area. All samples examined through the optical properties test and physical properties such as moisture, specific gravity, Atterberg limit and particle size distributions. The geochemical and mineralogical conducted using XRF and XRD analysis. The clays from Bestari Jaya considered of having variation in the brightness from medium to high brightness as shown by Delta L value (51.32-73.49%). The moisture content ranges between 34.50-81.03%. The plasticity index (PI) and plasticity limit (PL) values found in ranges of 18-32% with an average of 22.22%, and 32-46% with an average of 37.11% respectively. The plasticity limit and index reveals that the Bestari Jaya clays can be classify as kaolinite clays that are suitable for pottery and brick making. The specific gravity ranges between 2.49 – 2.70 with an average of 2.61. The average value is similar to the value of pure china clay (2.6). The SiO2 content in Bestari Jaya clays is between 37.49 – 69.96 wt% and Al2O3 is between 18.92 – 33.02 wt%. While the L.O.I values are between 8.71-16.04%. Kaolinite as the dominant mineral phases in all clay samples with composition ranges from 65-97.7% and an average of 73.12%. Apart of that, quartz in ranges of 5.3 – 20.6%, identified in almost all samples. Muscovite, hematite and magnetite occur as accessory minerals. Referring to standard and result obtained on representative sample, the Bestari Jaya clays potentially used in the production of smaller tiles for unexclusive pedestrian traffic. The presence of significance amount of heavy metals makes it unsuitable to use in the pharmaceutical or paper industry.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85997747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2144
Mojtaba B. Sirjani, Zia Razzaq
A numerical study of the influence of structural bracing on the buckling strength of pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) frames is presented. Although the influence of bracing on frames made from other materials such as steel have been studied in the past, this paper investigates the performance of pultruded GFRP portal frames with pinned or fixed column bases. Each frame is constructed with pultruded GFRP I-section members. The influence of I-section column major and minor axis orientation is also investigated. The results demonstrate the practical significance of bracing pultruded GFRP frames. The results show that the buckling loads for braced frames are seven to nine times greater than those for unbraced frames when the column bases are pinned. The corresponding gain in the buckling load capacity due to the addition of bracing is more than three times if the column bases are fixed.
{"title":"Influence of Bracing on Buckling Strength of Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Frames","authors":"Mojtaba B. Sirjani, Zia Razzaq","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2144","url":null,"abstract":"A numerical study of the influence of structural bracing on the buckling strength of pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) frames is presented. Although the influence of bracing on frames made from other materials such as steel have been studied in the past, this paper investigates the performance of pultruded GFRP portal frames with pinned or fixed column bases. Each frame is constructed with pultruded GFRP I-section members. The influence of I-section column major and minor axis orientation is also investigated. The results demonstrate the practical significance of bracing pultruded GFRP frames. The results show that the buckling loads for braced frames are seven to nine times greater than those for unbraced frames when the column bases are pinned. The corresponding gain in the buckling load capacity due to the addition of bracing is more than three times if the column bases are fixed.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73787248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2167
Ehigiator Iyobor Egho-Promise, B. Ola
Telecommunication is the transmission of traffic from one place to another in a network through a media using mobile station. Cell site is referred to as the base station of telecommunication, it is part of telecom network that allow subscribers to access services from the telecom service providers. Cell sites depend on core network and transmission system to function, it is not a standalone network. It is the interface between mobile station and the network (core network and transmission system). In this research, an automated mobile telecom cell site system will be designed and developed. The system will help to provide accurate and reliable online information about cell sites equipment and determine profit or loss from cell sites. Qualitative research approach will be used in the study while interview will be employed to collect data.
{"title":"Automated Mobile Telecom Cell Sites System","authors":"Ehigiator Iyobor Egho-Promise, B. Ola","doi":"10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2167","url":null,"abstract":"Telecommunication is the transmission of traffic from one place to another in a network through a media using mobile station. Cell site is referred to as the base station of telecommunication, it is part of telecom network that allow subscribers to access services from the telecom service providers. \u0000Cell sites depend on core network and transmission system to function, it is not a standalone network. It is the interface between mobile station and the network (core network and transmission system). \u0000In this research, an automated mobile telecom cell site system will be designed and developed. The system will help to provide accurate and reliable online information about cell sites equipment and determine profit or loss from cell sites. \u0000Qualitative research approach will be used in the study while interview will be employed to collect data.","PeriodicalId":12029,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75587074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-11DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2153
Wim Vegt
An important milestone in quantum physics has been reached by the publication of the Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation in 1928. However, the Dirac equation represents a 1-Dimensional quantum mechanical equation which is unable to describe the 4-Dimensional Physical Reality. In this article the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation expressed in the vector probability functions and the complex conjugated vector probability function will be published. To realize this, the classical boundaries of physics has to be changed. It is necessary to go back in time 300 years ago. More than 200 years ago before the Dirac Equation had been published. A Return to the Inception of Physics. The time of Isaac Newton who published in 1687 in the “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” a Universal Fundamental Principle in Physics which was in Harmony with Science and Religion. The Universal Path, the Leitmotiv, the Universal Concept in Physics. Newton found the concept of “Universal Equilibrium” which he formulated in his famous third equation Action = - Reaction. This article presents a New Kind of Physics based on this Universal Fundamental Concept in Physics which results in a New Approach in Quantum Physics and General Relativity. The physical concept of quantum mechanical probability waves has been created during the famous 1927 5th Solvay Conference. During that period there were several circumstances which came together and made it possible to create an unique idea of material waves being complex (partly real and partly imaginary) and describing the probability of the appearance of a physical object (elementary particle). The idea of complex probability waves was new in the beginning of the 20th century. Since then the New Concept has been protected carefully within the Copenhagen Interpretation. When Schrödinger published his famous material wave equation in 1926, he found spherical and elliptical solutions for the presence of the electron within the atom. The first idea of the material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation was the concept of confined Electromagnetic Waves. But according to Maxwell this was impossible. According to Maxwell’s equations Electromagnetic Waves can only propagate along straight lines and it is impossible that Light (Electromagnetic Waves) could confine with the surface of a sphere or an ellipse. For that reason, these material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation could only be of a different origin than Electromagnetic Waves. Niels Bohr introduced the concept of “Probability Waves” as the origin of the material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation. And defined the New Concept that the electron was still a particle but the physical presence of the electron in the Atom was equally divided by a spherical probability function. In the New Theory it will be demonstrated that because of a mistake in the Maxwell Equations, in 1927 Confined Electromagnetic waves could not be considered to be
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