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Pacific marine gregarines (Apicomplexa) shed light on biogeographic speciation patterns and novel diversity among early apicomplexans 太平洋海洋鳕形目(Apicomplexa)揭示了生物地理学上的物种分化模式和早期无脊椎动物的新多样性
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126080
Eric Odle , Siratee Riewluang , Kentaro Ageishi , Hiroshi Kajihara , Kevin C. Wakeman

Gregarines are the most biodiverse group of apicomplexan parasites. This group specializes on invertebrate hosts (e.g., ascidians, crustaceans, and polychaetes). Marine gregarines are of particular interest because they are considered to be the earliest evolving apicomplexan lineage, having subsequently speciated (and radiated) through virtually all existing animal groups. Still, mechanisms governing the broad (global) distribution and speciation patterns of apicomplexans are not well understood. The present study examines Pacific lecudinids, one of the most species-rich and diverse groups of marine gregarines. Here, marine polychaetes were collected from intertidal zones. Single trophozoite cells were isolated for light and electron microscopy, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses using the partial 18S rRNA gene. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was used to confirm morphology-based host identification. This study introduces Undularius glycerae n. gen., n. sp. and Lecudina kitase n. sp. (Hokkaido, Japan), as well as Difficilina fasoliformis n. sp. (California, USA). Occurrences of Lecudina cf. longissima and Lecudina cf. tuzetae (California, USA) are also reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between L. pellucida, L. tuzetae, and L. kitase n. sp. Additionally, clustering among North Atlantic and Pacific L. tuzetae formed a species complex, likely influenced by biogeography.

革囊虫是生物多样性最丰富的类囊体寄生虫。该类寄生虫专门以无脊椎动物(如腹足类、甲壳类和多毛类)为宿主。海洋革囊虫尤其引人关注,因为它们被认为是最早进化的类囊体,随后在几乎所有现有的动物群落中进行了分化(和辐射)。然而,人们对有褶类动物的广泛(全球)分布和物种演化模式的机制还不甚了解。本研究考察了太平洋鳞毛目动物,这是物种最丰富、种类最多样的海洋革囊动物类群之一。本研究从潮间带采集了海洋多毛类动物。分离出滋养体单细胞,进行光镜和电子显微镜观察,并利用部分 18S rRNA 基因进行分子系统学分析。细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚单位 1 基因用于确认基于形态的宿主鉴定。本研究介绍了 Undularius glycerae n. gen.longissima 和 Lecudina cf. tuzetae(美国加利福尼亚州)。此外,北大西洋和太平洋 L. tuzetae 之间的聚类形成了一个物种复合体,可能受到生物地理学的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological reconstruction during cell regeneration in the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum 纤毛虫歧螺母细胞再生过程中的形态重建
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126079
Maho Shimada , Masashi M. Hayakawa , Toshinobu Suzaki , Hideki Ishida

When the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum is transected into two pieces, both fragments regenerate and proliferate. In the anterior fragments, which have lost their contractile vacuoles due to transection, new contractile vacuoles were formed at their posterior ends in a few minutes. When the cells were cut into three pieces, new contractile vacuoles were formed in the anterior and middle fragments, both at their posterior ends. Thus, the anterior-posterior axis of S. ambiguum was maintained after transection. Morphological repair, including the formation of the contractile vacuole, was also observed when only the anteriormost portion was transected to cut out a small fragment that did not contain part of the macronucleus. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe changes in the shape of the cleavage surface of S. ambiguum during the wound healing process. Within minutes after cutting, the cut surface was covered with a cilia-free membrane, preventing leakage of cytoplasmic contents. The surface of the cut area then rounded with time and was covered with cilia, completing the repair of the cut area in about one day.

当纤毛虫Spirostomum ambiguum被横切成两段时,两段都会再生和增殖。在因横切而失去收缩泡的前端片段中,几分钟后就在后端形成了新的收缩泡。当细胞被切成三段时,前段和中段的后端都形成了新的收缩泡。因此,在横切后,伏隔细胞的前后轴线得以保持。如果只横切最前端部分,切出一个不包含部分大核的小片段,也能观察到形态修复,包括收缩空泡的形成。扫描电子显微镜观察了伏隔核菌在伤口愈合过程中裂口表面形状的变化。切割后几分钟内,切割面被一层无纤毛的薄膜覆盖,防止了细胞质内容物的渗漏。随着时间的推移,切割区域的表面逐渐变圆,并被纤毛覆盖,大约一天后切割区域就完成了修复。
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引用次数: 0
Contractile vacuoles: a rapidly expanding (and occasionally diminishing?) understanding 收缩空泡:迅速扩大(偶尔缩小?
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126078
Kiran J. More , Harpreet Kaur , Alastair G.B. Simpson , Frederick W. Spiegel , Joel B. Dacks

Osmoregulation is the homeostatic mechanism essential for the survival of organisms in hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic conditions. In freshwater or soil dwelling protists this is frequently achieved through the action of an osmoregulatory organelle, the contractile vacuole. This endomembrane organelle responds to the osmotic challenges and compensates by collecting and expelling the excess water to maintain the cellular osmolarity. As compared with other endomembrane organelles, this organelle is underappreciated and under-studied. Here we review the reported presence or absence of contractile vacuoles across eukaryotic diversity, as well as the observed variability in the structure, function, and molecular machinery of this organelle. Our findings highlight the challenges and opportunities for constructing cellular and evolutionary models for this intriguing organelle.

渗透调节是生物在低渗透和高渗透条件下生存所必需的平衡机制。在淡水或土壤栖息的原生生物中,这通常是通过渗透调节细胞器--收缩液泡的作用来实现的。这种内膜细胞器会对渗透压挑战做出反应,并通过收集和排出多余的水分来维持细胞渗透压。与其他内膜细胞器相比,这一细胞器未得到足够重视和研究。在这里,我们回顾了真核生物多样性中存在或不存在收缩液泡的报道,以及观察到的这种细胞器在结构、功能和分子机制方面的差异。我们的研究结果凸显了为这种有趣的细胞器构建细胞和进化模型所面临的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Homo- and hetero-oligomeric protein–protein associations explain autocrine and heterologous pheromone-cell interactions in Euplotes 同源和异源异构体蛋白-蛋白关联解释了幼虫的自分泌和异源信息素-细胞相互作用
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126075
Claudio Alimenti , Bill Pedrini , Pierangelo Luporini , Yaohan Jiang , Adriana Vallesi

In Euplotes, protein pheromones regulate cell reproduction and mating by binding cells in autocrine or heterologous fashion, respectively. Pheromone binding sites (receptors) are identified with membrane-bound pheromone isoforms determined by the same genes specifying the soluble forms, establishing a structural equivalence in each cell type between the two twin proteins. Based on this equivalence, autocrine and heterologous pheromone/receptor interactions were investigated analyzing how native molecules of pheromones Er-1 and Er-13, distinctive of mating compatible E. raikovi cell types, associate into crystals. Er-1 and Er-13 crystals are equally formed by molecules that associate cooperatively into oligomeric chains rigorously taking a mutually opposite orientation, and each burying two interfaces. A minor interface is pheromone-specific, while a major one is common in Er-1 and Er-13 crystals. A close structural inspection of this interface suggests that it may be used by Er-1 and Er-13 to associate into heterodimers, yet inapt to further associate into higher complexes. Pheromone-molecule homo-oligomerization into chains accounts for clustering and internalization of autocrine pheromone/receptor complexes in growing cells, while the heterodimer unsuitability to oligomerize may explain why heterologous pheromone/receptor complexes fail clustering and internalization. Remaining on the cell surface, they are credited with a key role in cell–cell mating adhesion.

在Ⅳ类动物中,蛋白质信息素分别通过自分泌或异源方式与细胞结合,调节细胞繁殖和交配。费洛蒙结合位点(受体)与膜结合费洛蒙异构体是通过指定可溶性形式的相同基因确定的,从而在每种细胞类型中建立了这两种孪生蛋白之间的等效结构。基于这种等效性,研究人员对信息素/受体的自分泌和异源相互作用进行了研究,分析了交配相容细胞类型所特有的信息素 E-1 和 E-13 的原生分子是如何结合成晶体的。E-1和E-13晶体同样是由分子形成的,这些分子以相互相反的取向合作结合成低聚物链,每个低聚物链埋藏着两个界面。一个小界面是信息素特异性的,而一个大界面在 E-1 和 E-13 晶体中很常见。对这一界面进行仔细的结构检查后发现,E-1 和 E-13 可能利用这一界面结合成异二聚体,但不适合进一步结合成更高级的复合物。信息素-分子同源寡聚成链是自分泌信息素/受体复合物在生长细胞中聚集和内化的原因,而异源二聚体不适合寡聚可能是异源信息素/受体复合物无法聚集和内化的原因。留在细胞表面的信息素/受体复合物在细胞-细胞交配粘附中发挥着关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Parallel functional reduction in the mitochondria of apicomplexan parasites 螺旋体寄生虫线粒体的平行功能降低
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126065
Patrick J. Keeling , Mahara Mtawali , Morelia Trznadel , Samuel J. Livingston , Kevin C. Wakeman

Extreme functional reduction of mitochondria has taken place in parallel in many distantly related lineages of eukaryotes, leading to a number of recurring metabolic states with variously lost electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, loss of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and/or loss of the mitochondrial genome. The resulting mitochondria-related organelles (MROs) are generally structurally reduced and in the most extreme cases barely recognizable features of the cell with no role in energy metabolism whatsoever (e.g., mitosomes, which generally only make iron-sulfur clusters). Recently, a wide diversity of MROs were discovered to be hiding in plain sight: in gregarine apicomplexans. This diverse group of invertebrate parasites has been known and observed for centuries, but until recent applications of culture-free genomics, their mitochondria were unremarkable. The genomics, however, showed that mitochondrial function has reduced in parallel in multiple gregarine lineages to several different endpoints, including the most reduced mitosomes. Here we review this remarkable case of parallel evolution of MROs, and some of the interesting questions this work raises.

在真核生物的许多远缘种系中,线粒体的功能极度减弱,导致了一些反复出现的新陈代谢状态,如电子传递链(ETC)复合物丧失、三羧酸(TCA)循环丧失和/或线粒体基因组丧失。由此产生的线粒体相关细胞器(MROs)通常结构退化,在最极端的情况下几乎无法辨认出细胞的任何特征,在能量代谢中也不起任何作用(如丝裂体,通常只制造铁硫簇)。最近,人们发现了多种多样的 MRO,它们就隐藏在众目睽睽之下:藻类。人们对这一种类繁多的无脊椎动物寄生虫的了解和观察已有数百年之久,但直到最近应用无培养基基因组学之前,它们的线粒体一直不起眼。然而,基因组学研究表明,线粒体功能在多个革兰氏系中并行减弱到几个不同的终点,包括最减弱的有丝分裂体。在此,我们回顾了 MROs 并行进化的这一显著案例,以及这项工作提出的一些有趣问题。
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引用次数: 0
Minimal zoonotic risk of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis from frogs and reptiles 蛙类和爬行动物隐孢子虫病和贾第虫病的人畜共患风险极低
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126066
Siobhon Egan , Amanda D. Barbosa , Yaoyu Feng , Lihua Xiao , Una Ryan

The zoonotic potential of the protist parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in amphibians and reptiles raises public health concerns due to their growing popularity as pets. This review examines the prevalence and diversity of these parasites in wild and captive amphibians and reptiles to better understand the zoonotic risk. Research on Giardia in both groups is limited, and zoonotic forms of Cryptosporidium or Giardia have not been reported in amphibians. Host-adapted Cryptosporidium species dominate in reptiles, albeit some reptiles have been found to carry zoonotic (C. hominis and C. parvum) and rodent-associated (C. tyzzeri, C. muris and C. andersoni) species, primarily through mechanical carriage. Similarly, the limited reports of Giardia duodenalis (assemblages A, B and E) in reptiles may also be due to mechanical carriage. Thus, the available evidence indicates minimal zoonotic risk associated with these organisms in wild and captive frogs and reptiles. The exact transmission routes for these infections within reptile populations remain poorly understood, particularly regarding the importance of mechanical carriage. Although the risk appears minimal, continued research and surveillance efforts are necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the transmission dynamics and ultimately improve our ability to safeguard human and animal health.

两栖动物和爬行动物中的原生寄生虫隐孢子虫属和杜氏贾第鞭毛虫可能会造成人畜共患病,这引起了人们对公共卫生问题的关注,因为人们越来越喜欢把两栖动物和爬行动物作为宠物。本综述探讨了这些寄生虫在野生和人工饲养的两栖动物和爬行动物中的流行率和多样性,以更好地了解人畜共患病风险。对这两类动物中贾第虫的研究很有限,两栖动物中的人畜共患隐孢子虫或贾第虫尚未见报道。爬行动物中主要是与宿主相适应的隐孢子虫,但也发现一些爬行动物携带人畜共患病隐孢子虫(C. hominis 和 C. parvum)和啮齿动物相关隐孢子虫(C. tyzzeri、C. muris 和 C. andersoni),主要是通过机械携带。同样,关于爬行动物中十二指肠贾第虫(A、B 和 E 组合)的有限报告也可能是由于机械携带所致。因此,现有证据表明,这些生物在野生和人工饲养的青蛙和爬行动物中的人畜共患病风险极低。这些传染病在爬行动物种群中的确切传播途径仍然鲜为人知,尤其是机械携带的重要性。尽管风险似乎很小,但仍有必要继续开展研究和监测工作,以便更全面地了解传播动态,最终提高我们保护人类和动物健康的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Redescription and molecular phylogeny of Trochilia sigmoides Dujardin, 1841 (Ciliophora, Cyrtophoria) collected from South Korea 从韩国采集的 Trochilia sigmoides Dujardin, 1841(纤毛虫,Cyrtophoria)的重新描述和分子系统发育
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126067
Ji Hye Choi , Atef Omar , Jae-Ho Jung

During a survey of Korean marine ciliates, Trochilia sigmoides, the type species of the genus Trochilia, was collected and examined using in vivo observation and protargol impregnation. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy and 18S rRNA gene sequencing have been applied for the first time to study this species. Morphologically, T. sigmoides is characterized by the small body size, the oval body outline, and the spiral dorsal ridges. The Korean population of T. sigmoides shows only minute differences to other populations reported in the literature, mainly in body size and the number of dorsal ridges. Phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences show that T. sigmoides and T. petrani are placed together with two members of the family Kyaroikeidae, causing the family Dysteriidae to be non-monophyletic. The present new data increase the knowledge about the morphology and phylogeny of the genus Trochilia and would assist in understanding the phylogenetic relationship between the free-living Dysteriidae and the parasitic Kyaroikeidae.

在对韩国海洋纤毛虫的调查中,收集到了 Trochilia sigmoides(纤毛虫属的模式种),并利用体内观察法和原乙醇浸渍法对其进行了研究。此外,还首次应用扫描电子显微镜和 18S rRNA 基因测序对该物种进行了研究。从形态上看,T. sigmoides 的特点是体型小、体轮廓呈椭圆形、背脊呈螺旋状。韩国的 T. sigmoides 种群与文献报道的其他种群仅有微小差异,主要是体型和背脊数量。基于 18S rRNA 基因序列的系统进化分析表明,T. sigmoides 和 T. petrani 与 Kyaroikeidae 科的两个成员放在一起,导致 Dysteriidae 科成为非单系。这些新数据增加了人们对 Trochilia 属形态学和系统发育的了解,有助于理解自由生活的 Dysteriidae 与寄生的 Kyaroikeidae 之间的系统发育关系。
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引用次数: 0
A new centrohelid heliozoan, Pterocystis polycristalepis sp. nov., and taxonomic and phylogenetic concerns within Pterista (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) 一种新的中心螺旋体 Pterocystis polycristalepis sp.
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126064
Dmitry G. Zagumyonnyi, Denis V. Tikhonenkov

A new species of centrohelid heliozoans, Pterocystis polycristalepis sp. nov. (Pterocystidae), was examined using light and electron microscopy. The novel centrohelid is characterized by the presence of leaf-like spine-scales with a broad pedicel-like structure on the proximal part and many subparallel ribs on the lateral wing surface. The plate-scales are ovoid with medial tubular thickening and many subparallel ribs on the very extensive marginal rim. The closely related species Pterocystis striata has also been studied in detail using light and electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences placed both species into a separate clade within Pterista. The closest morphologically characterized species to the new clade is Triangulopteris lacunata. The 18S rRNA sequence of Pseudoraphidiophrys veliformis was grouped within Pterista and found to be closely related to Pterocystis polycristalepis, Pterocystis striata, and Triangulopteris lacunata. Cyst-scales of various shapes, cell and cyst aggregations, syncytia, and a cell with a stalk were revealed in a clonal culture of P. veliformis. Analysis of the morphology and phylogenetic position of the studied species and other centrohelids revealed a large number of taxonomic and phylogenetic problems in Pterista.

利用光学和电子显微镜研究了一种新的中心螺旋体--Pterocystis polycristalepis sp.nov.(Pterocystidae)。这种新发现的中心栉水母的特征是具有叶状的刺鳞,刺鳞下部具有宽阔的花梗状结构,侧翼表面有许多近平行的肋。板鳞呈卵圆形,内侧管状增厚,边缘边缘有许多近平行的棱。我们还使用光学和电子显微镜对密切相关的物种条纹翼囊藻(Pterocystis striata)进行了详细研究。18S rRNA 基因序列的系统发育分析将这两个物种归入翼囊藻的一个独立支系。与新支系形态特征最接近的物种是 Triangulopteris lacunata。Pseudoraphidiophrys veliformis 的 18S rRNA 序列被归入翼手目,并被发现与 Pterocystis polycristalepis、Pterocystis striata 和 Triangulopteris lacunata 关系密切。在P. veliformis的克隆培养物中发现了各种形状的囊鳞、细胞和囊聚合体、合胞体和带有柄的细胞。对所研究物种和其他中心螺旋体的形态和系统发育位置的分析揭示了翼手目中大量的分类和系统发育问题。
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引用次数: 0
Rumen ciliates (Ciliophora, Trichostomatia) in Brazilian domestic cattle feeding on diets with crescent urea levels 巴西家养牛新月形尿素水平饲粮中的瘤胃纤毛虫(纤毛虫、三代寄生虫
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126063
Franciane Cedrola , Suyane Costa Bordim , Pedro Braga Arcuri , Jailton da Costa Carneiro , Roberto Júnio Pedroso Dias

Since their discovery, rumen ciliates of domestic cattle have been reported from various geographic locations. However, until now there is only one taxonomic inventory of ciliates associated with Brazilian cattle. The present study aimed to assess the community composition, relative abundance, richness, and density of rumen ciliates in Brazilian cattle, whose feeding diets were supplemented with crescent urea levels. Across all treatments analyzed, one subclass, two orders, three families, 11 genera, and 31 species of ciliates were identified. The ciliate community composition and species richness varied among the four treatments used. However, the total ciliate density was not affected by the experimental diets. We described a new entodiniid morphotype, Entodinium caudatum m. orbonuclearis, and recorded Oligoisotricha bubali for the second time in Brazil.

自发现家畜瘤胃纤毛虫以来,各地都有关于它们的报道。然而,到目前为止,只有一份与巴西牛相关的纤毛虫分类清单。本研究旨在评估巴西牛瘤胃纤毛虫的群落组成、相对丰度、丰富度和密度。在所有分析处理中,共鉴定出纤毛虫的一个亚纲、两个目、三个科、11 个属和 31 个种。四种处理的纤毛虫群落组成和物种丰富度各不相同。然而,纤毛虫的总密度并没有受到实验饮食的影响。我们描述了一种新的 Entodiniid 形态,即 Entodinium caudatum m. orbonuclearis,并在巴西第二次记录到 Oligoisotricha bubali。
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引用次数: 0
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals genome evolution in predatory litostomatean ciliates 单细胞转录组分析揭示了掠食性纤毛虫的基因组进化过程
IF 2.9 2区 生物学 Q4 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126062
Zhaorui Zhou , Chao Li , Qingxiang Yuan , Yong Chi , Yuqing Li , Ying Yan , Saleh A. Al-Farraj , Naomi A. Stover , Zigui Chen , Xiao Chen

Many ciliated protists prey on other large microbial organisms, including other protists and microscopic metazoans. The ciliate class Litostomatea unites both predatory and endosymbiotic species. The evolution of predation ability in ciliates remains poorly understood, in part, due to a lack of genomic data. To fill this gap, we acquired the transcriptome profiles of six predatory litostomateans using single-cell sequencing technology and investigated their transcriptomic features. Our results show that: (1) in contrast to non-predatory ciliates, the predatory litostomateans have expanded gene families associated with transmembrane activity and reactive oxidative stress response pathways, potentially as a result of cellular behaviors such as fast contraction and extension; (2) the expansion of the calcium-activated BK potassium channel gene family, which hypothetically regulates cell contractility, is an ancient evolutionary event for the class Litostomatea, suggesting a rewired metabolism associated with the hunting behavior of predatory ciliates; and (3) three whole genome duplication (WGD) events have been detected in litostomateans, with genes associated with biosynthetic processes, transmembrane activity, and calcium-activated potassium channel activity being retained during the WGD events. In addition, we explored the evolutionary relationships among 17 ciliate species, including eight litostomateans, and provided a rich foundational dataset for future in-depth phylogenomic studies of Litostomatea. Our comprehensive analyses suggest that the rewired cellular metabolism via expanded gene families and WGD events might be the potential genetic basis for the predation ability of raptorial ciliates.

许多纤毛原生动物捕食其他大型微生物,包括其他原生动物和微小的元古宙。纤毛虫类 Litostomatea 既有捕食性物种,也有内共生物种。由于缺乏基因组数据,人们对纤毛虫捕食能力的进化仍然知之甚少。为了填补这一空白,我们利用单细胞测序技术获得了六种捕食性纤毛虫的转录组图谱,并研究了它们的转录组特征。结果表明(1)与非捕食性纤毛虫相比,捕食性纤毛虫扩大了与跨膜活动和反应性氧化应激反应途径相关的基因家族,这可能是快速收缩和伸展等细胞行为的结果;(2) 钙激活 BK 钾通道基因家族的扩大(该基因家族假定调节细胞收缩性)是 Litostomatea 类的一个古老的进化事件,这表明与捕食性纤毛虫的狩猎行为有关的新陈代谢重新布线;以及 (3) 在 litostomateans 中发现了三次全基因组复制(WGD)事件,与生物合成过程、跨膜活性和钙激活钾通道活性有关的基因在 WGD 事件中得以保留。此外,我们还探讨了 17 种纤毛虫(包括 8 种 litostomateans)之间的进化关系,为今后深入研究 Litostomatea 的系统发生组学提供了丰富的基础数据集。我们的综合分析表明,通过扩大基因家族和WGD事件重新连接细胞代谢可能是猛禽纤毛虫捕食能力的潜在遗传基础。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European journal of protistology
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