Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.14302/issn.2694-2275.jzr-23-4642
Tayyaba Zahoor, Iftikhar Ali, Irum Naureen
The study was conducted to determine the effect of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) and Honey as an anti-inflammatory agent for humans and animals. The study was carried out on 20 Albino Mice of almost equal size and weight. All the mice were given 5% solution of formalin in a dose of 0.5ml injection in their right hind paw to produce artificial inflammation. The mice were divided into four groups of five animals in each and were randomly allotted to four treatments as Group A (Control) where no Nigella sativa extract and honey were given, Group B where the mice were given only the ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa in the dose of 0.05ml injection as a remedy of inflammation, Group C where the mice were given only the honey orally in a dose of 0.05mg and Group D where mice were given 50% (0.025ml) intraperitoneally of Nigella sativaextract and 50% (0.75mg) of honey as an anti-inflammatory agents. The data was statistically analyzed by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results showed that the inflammation was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in mice given treatments compared to untreated control group and among treated groups. The mice given the extract of Nigella sativa (Group B) showed better results (p<0.05) in reducing the inflammation compared to other groups (C and D), Group D where the mice were given 50% (0.025ml) Nigella sativa extract and 50% (0.75mg) honey showed better results (p<0.05) than mice given only honey. Overall, both the extract of Nigellasativa and the honey were almost equally successful in reducing the inflammation in mice which showed that these two agents can successfully be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in humans and animals.
{"title":"Study of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) and Honey on Mice (Mus Musculus)","authors":"Tayyaba Zahoor, Iftikhar Ali, Irum Naureen","doi":"10.14302/issn.2694-2275.jzr-23-4642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2694-2275.jzr-23-4642","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to determine the effect of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) and Honey as an anti-inflammatory agent for humans and animals. The study was carried out on 20 Albino Mice of almost equal size and weight. All the mice were given 5% solution of formalin in a dose of 0.5ml injection in their right hind paw to produce artificial inflammation. The mice were divided into four groups of five animals in each and were randomly allotted to four treatments as Group A (Control) where no Nigella sativa extract and honey were given, Group B where the mice were given only the ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa in the dose of 0.05ml injection as a remedy of inflammation, Group C where the mice were given only the honey orally in a dose of 0.05mg and Group D where mice were given 50% (0.025ml) intraperitoneally of Nigella sativaextract and 50% (0.75mg) of honey as an anti-inflammatory agents. The data was statistically analyzed by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the results showed that the inflammation was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in mice given treatments compared to untreated control group and among treated groups. The mice given the extract of Nigella sativa (Group B) showed better results (p<0.05) in reducing the inflammation compared to other groups (C and D), Group D where the mice were given 50% (0.025ml) Nigella sativa extract and 50% (0.75mg) honey showed better results (p<0.05) than mice given only honey. Overall, both the extract of Nigellasativa and the honey were almost equally successful in reducing the inflammation in mice which showed that these two agents can successfully be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in humans and animals.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136348796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Aplysina Aerophoba is one of the most representative sponge species of the Mediterranean, while it is considered an indigenous species of the basin. Its importance lies not only in the fact that it is a main species of the benthic fauna, but many biomolecules with potential medicinal effects are extracted from it, which monopolized the interest of researchers. In the present research work, Aplysina Aerophoba population from the Aegean Sea was examined and compared with other Mediterranean populations, using the cytochrome oxidase (COI) subunit I gene, the use of which has a multitude of advantages. Regarding the population of the sponge from the Aegean Sea, it presented five different haplotypes, while a high diversity is observed based on the fixation index and molecular variance analysis. Among Mediterranean populations, there appears to be genetic differentiation between populations, while those from Italy and Spain showed a common haplotype. This result agrees with several works, which support the differentiation of populations of a species between the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea. This fact may be due to the seasonally changing climatic and geomorphological conditions of the basin. Moreover, by calculating the Tajima’s D index, the neutrality theory is confirmed, as the mutations do not change the allelic frequencies of the Aplysina Aerophoba populations under consideration. Finally, from the demographic study of the Aegean population, it emerged that it did not undergo any strong change in evolutionary time. Key words: Aplysina Aerophoba, Mediterranean Sea, Populations genetics, COI, Demographics.
{"title":"Population Dynamics of the Demosponge Aplysina Aerophoba (Nardo 1833) in the Mediterranean Sea Using MtDNA COI Gene","authors":"Panagiotis Tsotoulidis, Joanne Saranto, poulou Athanasios, Exadactylos Dimitris, Vafidis Dimitris Pafras, Georgios A. Gkafas","doi":"10.22259/2637-5575.0501002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22259/2637-5575.0501002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aplysina Aerophoba is one of the most representative sponge species of the Mediterranean, while it is considered an indigenous species of the basin. Its importance lies not only in the fact that it is a main species of the benthic fauna, but many biomolecules with potential medicinal effects are extracted from it, which monopolized the interest of researchers. In the present research work, Aplysina Aerophoba population from the Aegean Sea was examined and compared with other Mediterranean populations, using the cytochrome oxidase (COI) subunit I gene, the use of which has a multitude of advantages. Regarding the population of the sponge from the Aegean Sea, it presented five different haplotypes, while a high diversity is observed based on the fixation index and molecular variance analysis. Among Mediterranean populations, there appears to be genetic differentiation between populations, while those from Italy and Spain showed a common haplotype. This result agrees with several works, which support the differentiation of populations of a species between the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea. This fact may be due to the seasonally changing climatic and geomorphological conditions of the basin. Moreover, by calculating the Tajima’s D index, the neutrality theory is confirmed, as the mutations do not change the allelic frequencies of the Aplysina Aerophoba populations under consideration. Finally, from the demographic study of the Aegean population, it emerged that it did not undergo any strong change in evolutionary time. Key words: Aplysina Aerophoba, Mediterranean Sea, Populations genetics, COI, Demographics.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135840978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.22259/2637-5575.0501001
Pablo Guillermo Rimoldi
Abstract The study of species diversity has become relevant due to human activities that can modify it. In Argentina, the expansion of agriculture and population growth have altered the environments of the Pampas, affecting fauna such as the gray fox. This species has historically been persecuted by hunting and conflicts with human activities, but shows adaptability to modified environments. It is native to Argentina, but was also introduced in the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. Its distribution covers a large part of Argentina and neighboring countries. In the province of Santa Fe, studies were carried out to determine its presence, distribution and habitat preference. Traces were found in xerophytic forests, halophytic communities and farmland. Presence was higher in spring and summer. Records were found both near water bodies and roads and at significant distances from them. Xerophytic forests and halophilic communities showed a higher relative abundance than croplands. The data obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of the distribution and abundance of this species in its wide range of habitats, which is essential for its conservation and the preservation of biodiversity in the ecosystems they occupy. However, it is suggested that urbanization and other factors could be affecting the species. It is important to continue monitoring and analyzing these factors for proper management of the fox population and its habitat. Keywords: Argentina, Ecology, Mammals, Santa Fe.
{"title":"Distribution Patterns and Relative Abundance of Lycalopex Gymnocercus Fisher, 1814 in Southern Santa Fe Province, Argentina","authors":"Pablo Guillermo Rimoldi","doi":"10.22259/2637-5575.0501001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22259/2637-5575.0501001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of species diversity has become relevant due to human activities that can modify it. In Argentina, the expansion of agriculture and population growth have altered the environments of the Pampas, affecting fauna such as the gray fox. This species has historically been persecuted by hunting and conflicts with human activities, but shows adaptability to modified environments. It is native to Argentina, but was also introduced in the Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. Its distribution covers a large part of Argentina and neighboring countries. In the province of Santa Fe, studies were carried out to determine its presence, distribution and habitat preference. Traces were found in xerophytic forests, halophytic communities and farmland. Presence was higher in spring and summer. Records were found both near water bodies and roads and at significant distances from them. Xerophytic forests and halophilic communities showed a higher relative abundance than croplands. The data obtained in this study contribute to the understanding of the distribution and abundance of this species in its wide range of habitats, which is essential for its conservation and the preservation of biodiversity in the ecosystems they occupy. However, it is suggested that urbanization and other factors could be affecting the species. It is important to continue monitoring and analyzing these factors for proper management of the fox population and its habitat. Keywords: Argentina, Ecology, Mammals, Santa Fe.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135840794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Divinah Mogaka, J. Mutiso, J. Macharia, Rebeccah. M. Ayako, Bernard Osero, M. Gicheru
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Conventional chemotherapy remains to be the most preferred measure against leishmaniasis despite being associated with high toxicity and relapse rates. They are also expensive and require hospitalization. Plant-based compounds provide a better treatment alternative because they are effective, cheap, and less associated with toxicity and resistance. This study examined the therapeutic potential of Warburgia ugandensis, Prunus africana, and Piliostigma thonningii against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. Anti-promastigote and toxicity studies were evaluated by incubating the test compound with promastigotes and Vero cells, respectively. Serum was obtained from the mice for total immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) quantification. For in vivo studies, the mice were infected with virulent Leishmania donovani then treated with methanolic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis, Prunus africana, and Piliostigma thonningii and control drug, pentostam (sodium stibogluconate). Treatment with the plant extracts and standard drug resulted to significant reduction in parasite burden. Outcomes in the mice treated with plant extracts were comparable to those treated with pentostam (P≥0.05). In the promastigote assay, all the test compounds killed more than half of the promastigotes at the highest concentration (500 µg/mL). Warburgia ugandensis, P. thonningii, and P. africana reduced the number of promastigotes from 2.0 × 106 to 7.7 × 103 , 72.0 × 103 , and 5.0 × 103 , respectively. Pentostam had the lowest IC50 (210 µg/mL), followed by Warburgia ugandensis (IC50 of 270 µg/mL). Piliostigma thonningii and P. africana were less toxic with IC50 of 720 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. There was low production of IgG antibodies following treatment with the plant extracts and high levels in the untreated control.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Warburgia ugandensis, Prunus africana, and Piliostigma thonningii against Leishmania donovani in vitro and in Balb/c Mice","authors":"Maria Divinah Mogaka, J. Mutiso, J. Macharia, Rebeccah. M. Ayako, Bernard Osero, M. Gicheru","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i4.4926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i4.4926","url":null,"abstract":"Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Conventional chemotherapy remains to be the most preferred measure against leishmaniasis despite being associated with high toxicity and relapse rates. They are also expensive and require hospitalization. Plant-based compounds provide a better treatment alternative because they are effective, cheap, and less associated with toxicity and resistance. This study examined the therapeutic potential of Warburgia ugandensis, Prunus africana, and Piliostigma thonningii against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. Anti-promastigote and toxicity studies were evaluated by incubating the test compound with promastigotes and Vero cells, respectively. Serum was obtained from the mice for total immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) quantification. For in vivo studies, the mice were infected with virulent Leishmania donovani then treated with methanolic extracts of Warburgia ugandensis, Prunus africana, and Piliostigma thonningii and control drug, pentostam (sodium stibogluconate). Treatment with the plant extracts and standard drug resulted to significant reduction in parasite burden. Outcomes in the mice treated with plant extracts were comparable to those treated with pentostam (P≥0.05). In the promastigote assay, all the test compounds killed more than half of the promastigotes at the highest concentration (500 µg/mL). Warburgia ugandensis, P. thonningii, and P. africana reduced the number of promastigotes from 2.0 × 106 to 7.7 × 103 , 72.0 × 103 , and 5.0 × 103 , respectively. Pentostam had the lowest IC50 (210 µg/mL), followed by Warburgia ugandensis (IC50 of 270 µg/mL). Piliostigma thonningii and P. africana were less toxic with IC50 of 720 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, respectively. There was low production of IgG antibodies following treatment with the plant extracts and high levels in the untreated control.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ombugadu, Jibril A. B., Mwansat G. S., Njila H. L., A. S., Pam V. A., Benson R. F., Maikenti J. I., Deme G. G., Echor B. O., Ayim J. O., Uzoigwe N. R., Adejoh V. A., A. O., Aimankhu O. P., Da’an S. A., Lapang M. P., Kure M. S., Samuel M. D., N. D.
Vector surveillance is very key in solving mosquito-borne health problems in Nigeria. To this end, the composition and distribution of mosquito vectors in a peri-urban community surrounding an institution of learning in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria was carried out between December 2016 and June 2017. The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.
{"title":"Composition and Distribution of Mosquito Vectors in a Peri-Urban Community Surrounding an Institution of Learning in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria","authors":"A. Ombugadu, Jibril A. B., Mwansat G. S., Njila H. L., A. S., Pam V. A., Benson R. F., Maikenti J. I., Deme G. G., Echor B. O., Ayim J. O., Uzoigwe N. R., Adejoh V. A., A. O., Aimankhu O. P., Da’an S. A., Lapang M. P., Kure M. S., Samuel M. D., N. D.","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4919","url":null,"abstract":"Vector surveillance is very key in solving mosquito-borne health problems in Nigeria. To this end, the composition and distribution of mosquito vectors in a peri-urban community surrounding an institution of learning in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria was carried out between December 2016 and June 2017. The Prokopack Aspirator was used to collect indoor resting mosquitoes between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. from 30 randomly selected houses. Mosquitoes collected were knocked down and transferred into a well labelled petri-dish and taken to the laboratory for processing. A total of 664 mosquitoes were collected which spread across Culex quinquefasciatus 572 (86.14%), Anopheles gambiae 88 (13.25%) and Aedes aegypti 4 (0.60%). The abundance of mosquitoes in relation to seasons, species, sex, abdominal conditions as well as transmission indices across seasons significantly varied (P < 0.05). But, the distribution of mosquito in relation to house types showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The inhabitants of the area should ensure that all drainages flow through so as to reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Also, members of the community should always protect themselves by sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85607801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abun Abun, Nurhalisa Nurhalisa, K. Haetami, D. Saefulhadjar
This study aims to determine the effect of adding feed supplements of fermented shrimp waste extract in the ration on the digestibility of local chicken rations in the growth phase. The research was carried out in Jatinangor District as well as the Laboratory of Ruminant Animal Nutrition and Animal Feed Chemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang. The method used in this study was experimental with a Complete Randomized Design (RAL). The data were analyzed by fingerprint test (ANOVA) with further tests using the Dunnet test. The object of this study consisted of 20 Sentul chickens raised from the age of 1 day to 12 weeks, divided into 5 treatments and 4 tests. The treatment consists of P0 = Basal ration without the addition of feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P1 = Basal ration + 0.5% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P2 = Basal ration + 1.0% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P3 = Basal ration + 1.5% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, and P4 = Basal ration + 2.0% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract. The changes observed are the digestibility of dry matter, the digestibility of organic matter, and the digestibility of proteins. The results showed that the addition of feed supplements for fermented shrimp waste extract had a significantly different influence on the digestibility of dry matter, the digestibility of organic matter, and the digestibility of protein. This study concludes that the addition of a feed supplement of 2% fermented shrimp waste extract in the ration can produce a high ration digestibility value for Sentul chicken in the growth phase.
{"title":"Effect of Additional Feed Supplement Fermentation Shrimp Waste Extract on Digestibility in Sentul Chicken Growth Phase","authors":"Abun Abun, Nurhalisa Nurhalisa, K. Haetami, D. Saefulhadjar","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4917","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the effect of adding feed supplements of fermented shrimp waste extract in the ration on the digestibility of local chicken rations in the growth phase. The research was carried out in Jatinangor District as well as the Laboratory of Ruminant Animal Nutrition and Animal Feed Chemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang. The method used in this study was experimental with a Complete Randomized Design (RAL). The data were analyzed by fingerprint test (ANOVA) with further tests using the Dunnet test. The object of this study consisted of 20 Sentul chickens raised from the age of 1 day to 12 weeks, divided into 5 treatments and 4 tests. The treatment consists of P0 = Basal ration without the addition of feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P1 = Basal ration + 0.5% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P2 = Basal ration + 1.0% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, P3 = Basal ration + 1.5% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract, and P4 = Basal ration + 2.0% feed supplement fermented shrimp waste extract. The changes observed are the digestibility of dry matter, the digestibility of organic matter, and the digestibility of proteins. The results showed that the addition of feed supplements for fermented shrimp waste extract had a significantly different influence on the digestibility of dry matter, the digestibility of organic matter, and the digestibility of protein. This study concludes that the addition of a feed supplement of 2% fermented shrimp waste extract in the ration can produce a high ration digestibility value for Sentul chicken in the growth phase.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74963907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A., O. A, Ezuluebo V. C., A. O., A. M., A. O., Aimankhu O. P., Maikenti J. I., O. A., Pam V. A., Uzoigwe N. R., O. S.
Anopheles gambiae is a vector that is responsible for the transmission of malaria parasites which causes high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and the world at large. Human-vector contact can be reduced by the use of conventional repellents being sold in the market, though some of these repellent are not environmentally friendly and An. gambiae have developed resistance to some of these repellents. To this end, the phytochemical constituents and insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (bush mint) was determined on adult An. gambiae mosquitoes collected from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria to evaluate its effect in controlling them. Here, 70% ethanolic and diethyl ether fat crude extracts were made from H. suaveolens dried leaves and used to carry out the experiment. The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, saponins, tannins, steroids and reducing sugar. Glycoside was not detected in the ethanol extract. Only steroids was detected in diethyl ether extract the rest of the phytochemical tested were absent. An. gambiae larvae were collected from the field and were raised to F1 progeny adults that were used for the study. WHO protocol for carrying out human bait repellency cage test was used. Human hand treated with the extracts was exposed to a cage containing 30 female mosquitoes for each of the extracts respectively. The ethanolic crude extract treatment proved to be more effective in repelling mosquitoes with 0% (0/30) mosquito landing than diethyl ether extract which had 40% (12/30) mosquitoes landing and the control hand (untreated left hand) had the highest landing rate 63.3% (19/30) which showed very high significant difference (χ2 = 27.2619, df = 2, P <0.00001) in relation to the treatments. After 24 hours holding period, the mortality rate of exposed mosquitoes was observed to be highest in the ethanolic treatment 73.3% (22/30). In conclusion, H. suaveolens extracts have repellency potential in controlling adult An. gambiae.
冈比亚按蚊是传播疟疾寄生虫的媒介，在尼日利亚和全世界造成高发病率和死亡率。使用市场上出售的传统驱蚊剂可减少与人类媒介的接触，但其中一些驱蚊剂并不环保。冈比亚人已经对其中一些驱蚊剂产生了抗药性。为此，测定了灌木薄荷(Hyptis suaveolens)粗提物对成虫的植物化学成分和杀虫活性。从尼日利亚纳萨拉瓦州拉菲亚收集冈比亚蚊，以评估其控制效果。本实验以水仙干叶为原料，提取70%乙醇和乙醚脂肪粗提物进行实验。对乙醇提取物进行植物化学筛选，发现其含有生物碱、类黄酮、皂苷、单宁、类固醇和还原糖。乙醇提取物中未检出糖苷。仅在乙醚提取物中检测到类固醇，其余的植物化学成分均不存在。一个。从野外收集冈比亚幼虫，饲养成F1后代成虫，用于研究。采用世卫组织人饵驱避笼试验规程。用提取物处理过的人手暴露在一个笼子里，每个笼子里分别有30只雌蚊子。结果表明，乙醇粗提液的驱蚊率为0%(0/30)，优于乙醚粗提液的40%(12/30)，而对照手(未处理的左手)的驱蚊率最高，为63.3%(19/30)，差异有极显著性(χ2 = 27.2619, df = 2, P <0.00001)。滞留24 h后，暴露蚊死亡率以乙醇处理最高，为73.3%(22/30)。综上所述，甜菊提取物对成虫具有驱避作用。冈比亚按蚊。
{"title":"Insecticidal Activity of Crude Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (Bush Mint) on Anopheles Mosquitoes Collected from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"A. A., O. A, Ezuluebo V. C., A. O., A. M., A. O., Aimankhu O. P., Maikenti J. I., O. A., Pam V. A., Uzoigwe N. R., O. S.","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4663","url":null,"abstract":"Anopheles gambiae is a vector that is responsible for the transmission of malaria parasites which causes high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and the world at large. Human-vector contact can be reduced by the use of conventional repellents being sold in the market, though some of these repellent are not environmentally friendly and An. gambiae have developed resistance to some of these repellents. To this end, the phytochemical constituents and insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (bush mint) was determined on adult An. gambiae mosquitoes collected from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria to evaluate its effect in controlling them. Here, 70% ethanolic and diethyl ether fat crude extracts were made from H. suaveolens dried leaves and used to carry out the experiment. The phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, saponins, tannins, steroids and reducing sugar. Glycoside was not detected in the ethanol extract. Only steroids was detected in diethyl ether extract the rest of the phytochemical tested were absent. An. gambiae larvae were collected from the field and were raised to F1 progeny adults that were used for the study. WHO protocol for carrying out human bait repellency cage test was used. Human hand treated with the extracts was exposed to a cage containing 30 female mosquitoes for each of the extracts respectively. The ethanolic crude extract treatment proved to be more effective in repelling mosquitoes with 0% (0/30) mosquito landing than diethyl ether extract which had 40% (12/30) mosquitoes landing and the control hand (untreated left hand) had the highest landing rate 63.3% (19/30) which showed very high significant difference (χ2 = 27.2619, df = 2, P <0.00001) in relation to the treatments. After 24 hours holding period, the mortality rate of exposed mosquitoes was observed to be highest in the ethanolic treatment 73.3% (22/30). In conclusion, H. suaveolens extracts have repellency potential in controlling adult An. gambiae.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81771014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Klimm, Jennifer Silbermann, Svenja Ten Thoren, U. Ganslosser
Hypothyroidism is not uncommon in dogs, but it is actually very often diagnosed in elderly dogs. When and how does the disease start? What are the first recognizable signs? The first symptoms are usually changes in the behavior. First, these changes are quite subtle, but as the illness progresses, they can get very grave. We do often hear from the worried owners, that their report of a behavioral change to their vet is often ignored, not taken seriously or simply interpreted as unsteady or insufficient dog training/ education. This not taking seriously of the first signs is very concerning and a big problem in many ways. It is delaying the finding of the right diagnosis and treatment, which leads to suffering of the animal and the owner. In some cases, it leads to giving the dog up as an unbearable danger to the family. So the dog, who is only ill and could be back to normal with the right medical treatment, and finally ends up in a dog shelter or a new family. The common understanding is, that hypothyreoidism is an illness solely occurring in the elderly dog. In contrast to this, the authors found out, that thyroidal problems occur already at relatively young ages. This is a very important finding, considering that many clinically practising veterinarians expect hypothyreoidism only in the aged or elderly dog and will not run any diagnostics in relatively young or middle-aged animals. The authors also found significant differences in the personality traits of emotional stability and extraversion. Therefore, we would like to expand the existing studies, so that this widely underestimated topic finally comes to the fore and hopefully, in the future the right diagnostcal steps can be taken at an early stage of the disease.
{"title":"Effects of Thyroidal Disturbance on the Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris)","authors":"Sandra Klimm, Jennifer Silbermann, Svenja Ten Thoren, U. Ganslosser","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4546","url":null,"abstract":"Hypothyroidism is not uncommon in dogs, but it is actually very often diagnosed in elderly dogs. When and how does the disease start? What are the first recognizable signs? The first symptoms are usually changes in the behavior. First, these changes are quite subtle, but as the illness progresses, they can get very grave. We do often hear from the worried owners, that their report of a behavioral change to their vet is often ignored, not taken seriously or simply interpreted as unsteady or insufficient dog training/ education. This not taking seriously of the first signs is very concerning and a big problem in many ways. It is delaying the finding of the right diagnosis and treatment, which leads to suffering of the animal and the owner. In some cases, it leads to giving the dog up as an unbearable danger to the family. So the dog, who is only ill and could be back to normal with the right medical treatment, and finally ends up in a dog shelter or a new family. The common understanding is, that hypothyreoidism is an illness solely occurring in the elderly dog. In contrast to this, the authors found out, that thyroidal problems occur already at relatively young ages. This is a very important finding, considering that many clinically practising veterinarians expect hypothyreoidism only in the aged or elderly dog and will not run any diagnostics in relatively young or middle-aged animals. The authors also found significant differences in the personality traits of emotional stability and extraversion. Therefore, we would like to expand the existing studies, so that this widely underestimated topic finally comes to the fore and hopefully, in the future the right diagnostcal steps can be taken at an early stage of the disease.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89506357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. J., Pam V. A., Uzoigwe N. R., Omalu I. C. J., O. A, A. O., A. F, T. S., Adejoh V. A., A. S., Ayim J. O., D. S, Aimankhu P. O., Maikenti J. I., Ajah L. J., A. O., A. A, A. A., O. A., Anyebe G. E., Kure M. S.
Trypanosomiasis afflicts about 6 ~ 7 million people globally and to a large extent impedes livestock production in Africa. Naturally, trypanosomal parasites undergo genetic mutation and have developed resistance over a wide range of therapies. The utilization of animals and plants products has presented therapeutic potential for identifying novel anti-trypanosomal drugs. This study evaluated toad venom for anti-trypanosomal potency invivo in Swiss mice. Toads were collected from July to August 2019. The acute oral toxicity and biochemical characterization of the toad venom were determined. The experimental mice were administered various doses (130 mg/kg, 173 mg/kg and 217 mg/kg) of the toad venom crude extract and 0.75 mg/mL of Diamizan Plus standard drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis, once daily for 3 days. The in-vivo anti-trypanosomal activity was evaluated by a curative test, after infecting the mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The pre-patent period was 72 hours before treatment commenced. The overall results showed that trypanosomal load was highest in the control group while the group treated with Diamizan drug had the least trypanosomal load. As such, the mean trypanosomal load in relation to treatments showed a very high significant difference (P<0.05). Also, the mean trypanosomal load in Swiss mice in relation to the highest dosage of toad venom versus Diamizan drug showed a very high significant difference (P<0.05). The mean change in relation to the haematological parameters across treatments groups varied significantly (P<0.05) with the exception of Hb which showed no significant difference (P>0.05) across treatment groups. The over 50% reduction in the trypanosomal load in the 130 mg/kg group in comparison with the control group brings to bare the anti-trypanosomal potency of the toad venom. The anti-trypanosomal activity demonstrated by the toad venom has provided basis for development of new therapeutic agents from different toad species. The study recommends further studies (both in-vivo and invitro) followed by the characterization of the active compounds present in the toad venom responsible for the anti-tyrpanosomal activity observed alongside the management and conservation of these species.
{"title":"Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Bufonidae (Toad) Venom Crude Extract on Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Swiss Mice","authors":"E. J., Pam V. A., Uzoigwe N. R., Omalu I. C. J., O. A, A. O., A. F, T. S., Adejoh V. A., A. S., Ayim J. O., D. S, Aimankhu P. O., Maikenti J. I., Ajah L. J., A. O., A. A, A. A., O. A., Anyebe G. E., Kure M. S.","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i2.4560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i2.4560","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosomiasis afflicts about 6 ~ 7 million people globally and to a large extent impedes livestock production in Africa. Naturally, trypanosomal parasites undergo genetic mutation and have developed resistance over a wide range of therapies. The utilization of animals and plants products has presented therapeutic potential for identifying novel anti-trypanosomal drugs. This study evaluated toad venom for anti-trypanosomal potency invivo in Swiss mice. Toads were collected from July to August 2019. The acute oral toxicity and biochemical characterization of the toad venom were determined. The experimental mice were administered various doses (130 mg/kg, 173 mg/kg and 217 mg/kg) of the toad venom crude extract and 0.75 mg/mL of Diamizan Plus standard drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis, once daily for 3 days. The in-vivo anti-trypanosomal activity was evaluated by a curative test, after infecting the mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The pre-patent period was 72 hours before treatment commenced. The overall results showed that trypanosomal load was highest in the control group while the group treated with Diamizan drug had the least trypanosomal load. As such, the mean trypanosomal load in relation to treatments showed a very high significant difference (P<0.05). Also, the mean trypanosomal load in Swiss mice in relation to the highest dosage of toad venom versus Diamizan drug showed a very high significant difference (P<0.05). The mean change in relation to the haematological parameters across treatments groups varied significantly (P<0.05) with the exception of Hb which showed no significant difference (P>0.05) across treatment groups. The over 50% reduction in the trypanosomal load in the 130 mg/kg group in comparison with the control group brings to bare the anti-trypanosomal potency of the toad venom. The anti-trypanosomal activity demonstrated by the toad venom has provided basis for development of new therapeutic agents from different toad species. The study recommends further studies (both in-vivo and invitro) followed by the characterization of the active compounds present in the toad venom responsible for the anti-tyrpanosomal activity observed alongside the management and conservation of these species.","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86003396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Musila, Ivan Castro Arellano, Robert Syingi, N. Gichuki
The primary food of insectivorous bats is invertebrates. This study investigated invertebrate abundance in ASF and adjacent farmland, in order to understand its availability to foraging insectivorous bats found in both study sites. Invertebrate were sampled with solar powered lights, which attracted air-borne invertebrates to a suspended white cloth sheet, for four hours each night in 12 different stations each in ASF and farmland. In total 6,557 individuals of invertebrates were captured: 52% in the farmland and 48% in ASF. The order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps and sawflies) was the most abundant (38.1%), followed by Coleoptera (beetles (28.1%). The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity was higher in ASF (1.72 ± 0.1) than in the farmland (1.41 ± 0.1). The mean number of invertebrates captured each night in the farmland was (260.5 ± 52.9, N=12), and in ASF (200.3 ± 36.4, N=12), but there was no significant difference between the medians of captured invertebrates in both study sites (Mann-Whitney U-Test, U=61: P>0.544). In conclusion, the farmland and forest had similar invertebrate abundance. This study, highlight the importance of agricultural landscapes, which have been ignored in many biodiversity surveys, in providing invertebrate prey items to insectivorous bats especially in the study area.
{"title":"Diversity of invertebrates in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and adjacent farmland, Gede-Kilifi County, Kenya","authors":"S. Musila, Ivan Castro Arellano, Robert Syingi, N. Gichuki","doi":"10.30564/jzr.v4i2.4666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i2.4666","url":null,"abstract":"The primary food of insectivorous bats is invertebrates. This study investigated invertebrate abundance in ASF and adjacent farmland, in order to understand its availability to foraging insectivorous bats found in both study sites. Invertebrate were sampled with solar powered lights, which attracted air-borne invertebrates to a suspended white cloth sheet, for four hours each night in 12 different stations each in ASF and farmland. In total 6,557 individuals of invertebrates were captured: 52% in the farmland and 48% in ASF. The order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps and sawflies) was the most abundant (38.1%), followed by Coleoptera (beetles (28.1%). The Shannon-Weiner index of diversity was higher in ASF (1.72 ± 0.1) than in the farmland (1.41 ± 0.1). The mean number of invertebrates captured each night in the farmland was (260.5 ± 52.9, N=12), and in ASF (200.3 ± 36.4, N=12), but there was no significant difference between the medians of captured invertebrates in both study sites (Mann-Whitney U-Test, U=61: P>0.544). In conclusion, the farmland and forest had similar invertebrate abundance. This study, highlight the importance of agricultural landscapes, which have been ignored in many biodiversity surveys, in providing invertebrate prey items to insectivorous bats especially in the study area. ","PeriodicalId":12046,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Zoological Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83746975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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