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IDENTIFYING DRUG TARGETS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA THROUGH GENE PRIORITIZATION 通过基因优先排序确定精神分裂症的药物靶点
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.036
The latest schizophrenia GWAS meta-analysis found 287 loci that reached genome-wide statistical significance (67,390 cases and 94,015 controls). In these loci, 120 genes were prioritized using fine-mapping, summary-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR), and enhancer-promoter interaction (via Hi-C). However, these methods only use information within a given locus, ignoring information from the rest of the genome. Combining locus-based approaches with tools that incorporate genome-wide information such as the Polygenic Priority Score (PoPS) have been shown to improve gene prioritization precision. To more accurately characterize genes that play a role in schizophrenia etiology, we prioritized 62 genes based on their distance to GWAS signals, PoPS, fine-mapped coding variants, and ultra-rare coding variant burden tests. We prioritized DRD2, the target of most approved antipsychotics, which was not highlighted by previous efforts. In addition, we prioritized 9 genes that are targeted by approved or investigational drugs and may therefore present drug repurposing opportunities. These included drugs targeting calcium channels (CACNA1C and CACNB2), glutamatergic receptors (GRIN2A and GRM3), and GABAB receptor (GABBR2). We highlighted 3 additional genes (PDE4B, VRK2, and PLCL2) in loci that are shared with a recent addiction GWAS. While it is challenging to assess psychotic symptoms in rodents, high-quality rodent addiction models exist for a wide range of substances. Modulation of these genes could be tested in rodent addiction models and, if successful, may warrant further testing in human clinical trials of addiction and/or schizophrenia. Adding to previous gene prioritization efforts, we hope that our list of prioritized genes will ultimately facilitate the development of new medicines for people living with schizophrenia.
最新的精神分裂症全球基因组研究荟萃分析发现,有 287 个基因位点达到了全基因组统计学意义(67390 例病例和 94015 例对照)。在这些基因座中,有 120 个基因通过精细作图法、基于孟德尔随机化的总结法(SMR)和增强子-启动子相互作用法(通过 Hi-C)进行了优先排序。然而,这些方法只使用了特定基因座内的信息,忽略了基因组其他部分的信息。事实证明,将基于基因座的方法与包含全基因组信息的工具(如多基因优先级评分(PoPS))相结合,可以提高基因优先级排序的精确度。为了更准确地描述在精神分裂症病因学中发挥作用的基因,我们根据基因与 GWAS 信号的距离、PoPS、精细映射编码变异以及超罕见编码变异负担测试,对 62 个基因进行了优先排序。我们优先选择了 DRD2,它是大多数已批准的抗精神病药物的靶点,而之前的研究并未突出这一靶点。此外,我们还优先选择了 9 个基因,这些基因是已批准药物或在研药物的靶点,因此可能会带来药物再利用的机会。这些基因包括靶向钙通道(CACNA1C 和 CACNB2)、谷氨酸能受体(GRIN2A 和 GRM3)和 GABAB 受体(GABBR2)的药物。我们还强调了另外 3 个基因(PDE4B、VRK2 和 PLCL2),它们的基因位点与最近的一项成瘾 GWAS 研究共享。虽然在啮齿类动物中评估精神病症状具有挑战性,但对于各种物质都存在高质量的啮齿类动物成瘾模型。可以在啮齿类动物成瘾模型中测试对这些基因的调节,如果成功,可能需要在成瘾和/或精神分裂症的人类临床试验中进一步测试。在以往基因优先排序工作的基础上,我们希望我们的优先排序基因列表最终能促进精神分裂症患者新药的开发。
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引用次数: 0
EXPLORING MENTAL HEALTH STIGMA IN THE CONTEXT OF PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS: INSIGHTS FROM THE ISPG STIGMA REDUCTION SIG SURVEY 从精神病遗传学的角度探讨心理健康污名化问题:从国际精神病学协会减少耻辱感 SIG 调查中获得的启示
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.061
Mental health stigma takes many forms and remains a significant barrier to seeking help and achieving equitable conduct in the work environment. This may be particularly relevant within psychiatric genetics, where researchers, clinicians, and individuals with lived experience converge. Characterizing the nature, prevalence and impact of mental health stigma within the psychiatric genetics community will be an important step toward developing strategies to mitigate its effects and promote inclusivity. The ISPG Stigma Reduction Special Interest Group (SIG) aims to explore ISPG members' views and experiences regarding mental health stigma, with the goal of understanding areas in which the SIG might affect change.
The Stigma Reduction SIG developed a survey to capture ISPG members' experiences and perceptions of stigma related to mental health conditions, as well as their advice on how to address it. To assess stigma in the personal environment, we used a question from the Attribution Questionnaire (ref). For the remaining questions, we developed novel items, as there were no suitable validated questionnaires available to address the specific topics relevant to the psychiatric genetics community. The survey was constructed using Qualtrics software, with participants' anonymity ensured. We received ethical approval from the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute. The survey was distributed electronically to ISPG members, including researchers, clinicians, and individuals with lived experience with mental health conditions.
During this talk, the (preliminary) results of the survey data will be presented.
The ISPG Stigma Reduction SIG plans to use the survey insights to develop targeted action points aimed at fostering a more inclusive environment. By sharing these findings at the World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics 2024, we hope to initiate a broader conversation on stigma reduction and inspire collaborative efforts to eliminate prejudice and discrimination against people with mental health conditions, including those working in the psychiatric genetics field.
心理健康污名有多种形式,仍然是寻求帮助和在工作环境中实现平等行为的重大障碍。在研究人员、临床医生和有生活经验的个人汇聚一堂的精神病遗传学中,这一点可能尤为重要。了解精神疾病遗传学界心理健康污名化的性质、普遍程度和影响,将是制定战略以减轻其影响并促进包容性的重要一步。ISPG 减少污名化特别兴趣小组(SIG)旨在探索 ISPG 成员对心理健康污名化的看法和经验,目的是了解 SIG 可能会影响变革的领域。减少污名化特别兴趣小组制定了一项调查,以收集 ISPG 成员对心理健康状况相关污名化的经验和看法,以及他们对如何解决这一问题的建议。为了评估个人环境中的成见,我们使用了归因问卷中的一个问题(参考)。至于其他问题,我们则开发了新的项目,因为目前还没有合适的有效问卷来解决与精神疾病遗传学群体相关的具体问题。调查使用 Qualtrics 软件制作,确保参与者的匿名性。我们获得了 QIMR Berghofer 医学研究所的伦理批准。该调查以电子方式分发给 ISPG 成员,包括研究人员、临床医生和有心理健康问题生活经验的个人。在本次演讲中,我们将介绍调查数据的(初步)结果。ISPG 减少污名化小组计划利用调查结论制定有针对性的行动要点,以营造更具包容性的环境。我们希望通过在2024年世界精神病遗传学大会上分享这些调查结果,发起一场更广泛的关于减少污名化的对话,并激励大家共同努力,消除对精神疾病患者的偏见和歧视,包括对精神病遗传学领域工作者的偏见和歧视。
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引用次数: 0
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF SUICIDAL THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIORS: AN UPDATE FROM THE PSYCHIATRIC GENOMICS CONSORTIUM SUICIDE WORKING GROUP 自杀想法和行为的全基因组关联研究:精神科基因组学联盟自杀问题工作组的最新报告
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.049
<div><div>Suicidal thoughts and behaviors, specifically suicidal ideation (SI), suicide attempt (SA) and suicide death (SD), are substantially heritable, with twin and family studies estimating heritabilities in the range of 30-55%. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reached sufficient sample sizes to conduct well-powered analyses, leading to the identification of 4, 12 and 2 loci associated with SI, SA, and SD, respectively. Importantly, these phenotypes show strong, yet incomplete, genetic correlations with each other, motivating genetic studies of each phenotype separately to understand their underlying biology and the progression from one to the next. Here, we present an update on the progress of the latest and most extensive GWAS of SI, SA, and SD, conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Suicide Working Group (PGC SUI).</div><div><strong>Methods:</strong> Data comprise 30 cohorts contributing to the SI GWAS (N cases=256,257, N controls=1,298,106), 42 cohorts contributing to the SA GWAS (N cases=73,087, N controls=1,327,350), and 6 cohorts contributing to the SD GWAS (N cases=6,775, N controls=841,216). Notably, these cohorts comprise individuals from four diverse genetic ancestry groups: admixed European ancestries (EUR), admixed African ancestries (AA), East Asian ancestries (EA) and admixed Latino ancestries (LAT). New phenotyping and analytic protocols have been developed by PGC SUI to ensure exceptional rigor and comparability across cohorts. GWAS meta-analyses will be conducted via inverse variance-weighted fixed effects models to identify novel genetic risk loci. Post-GWAS analyses include pathway, tissue and drug target enrichment, and examination of the SNP-heritabilities (h2SNP), and genetic relationships between SI, SA, and SD.</div><div>Preliminary analysis using the currently available SA data (SA cases = 47,174, controls = 941,010 from 26 cohorts) yielded a h2SNP of 5.6% (se = 0.003, p = 1.2e-68) and ten replicated and three novel genome-wide significant (GWS) loci, containing FYN, AIG1, and DCC. Eight GWS loci were identified in the EUR meta-analysis (h2SNP = 7%, se = 0.004) which replicated previous findings. No GWS loci were identified in the AA (h2SNP = 9.8%, se = 0.02), EA (h2SNP 5.1%, se = 0.04) or LAT (h2SNP = 10%, se =0.07) GWAS meta-analyses. We also identified significant enrichment in genes expressed in several brain tissues from GTEx and summary data-based Mendelian Randomization revealed two novel genes (GMPPB, FURIN) significantly associated with SA. This SA GWAS showed significant genetic correlations with published GWAS of SI (rg = 0.80, se = 0.04), SD (rg = 0.77, se = 0.05), and several psychiatric disorders (rgs = 0.26-0.70).</div><div>Additional data intake is almost complete within PGC SUI, and this presentation will share the final GWAS results and novel biological insights. Increased sample sizes in combination with streamlined protocols for phenotyping and analyzing suicidal tho
自杀想法和行为,特别是自杀意念(SI)、自杀未遂(SA)和自杀死亡(SD),具有很强的遗传性,双胞胎和家族研究估计其遗传率在 30-55% 之间。最近,全基因组关联研究(GWAS)已经达到了足够的样本量,可以进行强效分析,从而发现了分别与 SI、SA 和 SD 相关的 4、12 和 2 个基因位点。重要的是,这些表型之间显示出很强但不完全的遗传相关性,这促使我们对每种表型分别进行遗传研究,以了解其潜在的生物学特性以及从一种表型到下一种表型的发展过程。在此,我们将介绍精神病基因组学联盟自杀工作组(PGC SUI)对 SI、SA 和 SD 进行的最新、最广泛的 GWAS 研究的最新进展:数据包括参与 SI 基因组研究的 30 个队列(病例数=256,257,对照数=1,298,106),参与 SA 基因组研究的 42 个队列(病例数=73,087,对照数=1,327,350),以及参与 SD 基因组研究的 6 个队列(病例数=6,775,对照数=841,216)。值得注意的是,这些队列包括来自四个不同基因血统群体的个体:混血欧洲血统(EUR)、混血非洲血统(AA)、混血东亚血统(EA)和混血拉丁血统(LAT)。PGC SUI 已经制定了新的表型和分析协议,以确保不同队列之间具有卓越的严谨性和可比性。将通过反方差加权固定效应模型进行 GWAS 元分析,以确定新的遗传风险位点。GWAS 后分析包括途径、组织和药物靶点富集,以及 SNP 遗传性(h2SNP)检查和 SI、SA 和 SD 之间的遗传关系。利用目前可用的 SA 数据(来自 26 个队列的 SA 病例 = 47,174 例,对照 = 941,010 例)进行的初步分析发现,h2SNP 为 5.6%(se = 0.003,p = 1.2e-68),有 10 个重复的和 3 个新的全基因组显著(GWS)位点,包括 FYN、AIG1 和 DCC。在欧洲荟萃分析(h2SNP = 7%,se = 0.004)中确定了 8 个 GWS 位点,这些位点重复了之前的研究结果。在 AA(h2SNP = 9.8%,se = 0.02)、EA(h2SNP 5.1%,se = 0.04)或 LAT(h2SNP = 10%,se = 0.07)GWAS 元分析中未发现 GWS 位点。我们还从 GTEx 中发现了一些脑组织中表达基因的明显富集,基于数据的孟德尔随机化总结发现了两个与 SA 显著相关的新基因(GMPPB 和 FURIN)。该SA GWAS与已发表的SI(rg = 0.80,se = 0.04)、SD(rg = 0.77,se = 0.05)和几种精神疾病(rgs = 0.26-0.70)的GWAS有明显的遗传相关性。样本量的增加与表型和分析自杀想法和行为的简化方案相结合,正在对SI、SA和SD进行强有力的遗传研究。这项研究的结果将描述自杀想法和行为的遗传贡献,并提供对其潜在生物学机制的见解。
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引用次数: 0
LONGITUDINAL GENETIC APPROACHES IN MENTAL HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES 心理健康的纵向遗传方法:国际视角与机遇
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.105
While the longitudinal aspect of mental disorders is critical for investigating disease mechanisms and improving treatment, psychiatric genetics have mostly focused on cross-sectional data. Longitudinal datasets from diverse ancestries are paramount to make progress in understanding mental health and illnesses. Availability of trajectories of phenotypes covering premorbid and prodromal stages, and the course of illnesses, coupled with genetics and other biological material will enable us to chart how mental disorders develop, characterize resilience and treatment, allow population stratification, and pave the way for early detection.
This session will present four large diverse longitudinal datasets covering the lifespan – from childhood to old age. The presenters will describe the datasets and new methods developed to take advantage of the longitudinal aspects, and novel results highlighting the opportunities for the field.
Dr. Parekh will introduce the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), an ongoing study following children from birth. This talk will present FEMA (and FEMA-GWAS) statistical methods for longitudinal data and present results that highlight longitudinal, time dependent genetic effects.
Ms. Smith will introduce the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing study on adolescents in the United States. This talk will showcase multimodal imaging-genetics results using FEMA as well as shared resources that will allow any investigator to perform real-time analyses in the ABCD Study.
Dr. Viswanath will introduce the Centre for Brain and Mind (CBM) - Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), an ongoing study on adults in India. This talk will highlight the opportunities and present results linking neuroimaging and rare damaging variants in patients with psychiatric illnesses.
Dr. Namba will introduce the BioBank Japan (BBJ), an ongoing study with extensive registry, biological, laboratory examinations, and other information across a wide range of 47 diseases across the lifespan. This talk will showcase ongoing studies of genetic risk variants, and present opportunities for ongoing collaborative endeavors towards precision medicine.
Dr. Parker, the symposium discussant, will discuss how these lifespan datasets can be integrated and used to generate insights to advance our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric illnesses and the goals of precision psychiatry. We will conclude the symposium with remarks on how diverse lifespan datasets can provide valuable knowledge and provide novel opportunities for the field.
虽然精神疾病的纵向研究对于研究疾病机制和改善治疗至关重要,但精神遗传学大多侧重于横断面数据。要想在了解精神健康和疾病方面取得进展,来自不同祖先的纵向数据集至关重要。表型轨迹涵盖发病前和前驱阶段以及疾病过程,再加上遗传学和其他生物材料,将使我们能够描绘精神障碍的发展过程,描述复原力和治疗方法,进行人群分层,并为早期检测铺平道路。帕雷赫博士将介绍挪威母亲、父亲和儿童队列研究(MoBa),这是一项从儿童出生开始跟踪的持续性研究。史密斯女士将介绍美国正在进行的青少年脑认知发展研究(ABCD)。Viswanath博士将介绍脑与心智中心(CBM)--利用干细胞发现脑部疾病的加速器计划(ADBS),这是一项正在印度进行的成人研究。Namba 博士将介绍日本生物数据库 (BBJ),这是一项正在进行的研究,其中包含广泛的登记、生物、实验室检查和其他信息,涉及人一生中的 47 种疾病。研讨会讨论者帕克博士将讨论如何整合和使用这些生命周期数据集,以提高我们对精神疾病神经生物学和精准精神病学目标的认识。最后,我们将就不同的生命期数据集如何提供有价值的知识并为该领域带来新的机遇发表看法。
{"title":"LONGITUDINAL GENETIC APPROACHES IN MENTAL HEALTH: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES AND OPPORTUNITIES","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the longitudinal aspect of mental disorders is critical for investigating disease mechanisms and improving treatment, psychiatric genetics have mostly focused on cross-sectional data. Longitudinal datasets from diverse ancestries are paramount to make progress in understanding mental health and illnesses. Availability of trajectories of phenotypes covering premorbid and prodromal stages, and the course of illnesses, coupled with genetics and other biological material will enable us to chart how mental disorders develop, characterize resilience and treatment, allow population stratification, and pave the way for early detection.</div><div>This session will present four large diverse longitudinal datasets covering the lifespan – from childhood to old age. The presenters will describe the datasets and new methods developed to take advantage of the longitudinal aspects, and novel results highlighting the opportunities for the field.</div><div>Dr. Parekh will introduce the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), an ongoing study following children from birth. This talk will present FEMA (and FEMA-GWAS) statistical methods for longitudinal data and present results that highlight longitudinal, time dependent genetic effects.</div><div>Ms. Smith will introduce the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing study on adolescents in the United States. This talk will showcase multimodal imaging-genetics results using FEMA as well as shared resources that will allow any investigator to perform real-time analyses in the ABCD Study.</div><div>Dr. Viswanath will introduce the Centre for Brain and Mind (CBM) - Accelerator program for Discovery in Brain disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), an ongoing study on adults in India. This talk will highlight the opportunities and present results linking neuroimaging and rare damaging variants in patients with psychiatric illnesses.</div><div>Dr. Namba will introduce the BioBank Japan (BBJ), an ongoing study with extensive registry, biological, laboratory examinations, and other information across a wide range of 47 diseases across the lifespan. This talk will showcase ongoing studies of genetic risk variants, and present opportunities for ongoing collaborative endeavors towards precision medicine.</div><div>Dr. Parker, the symposium discussant, will discuss how these lifespan datasets can be integrated and used to generate insights to advance our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric illnesses and the goals of precision psychiatry. We will conclude the symposium with remarks on how diverse lifespan datasets can provide valuable knowledge and provide novel opportunities for the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12049,"journal":{"name":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE ADOLESCENT BRAIN COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT STUDY: APPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC GENETICS RESEARCH 青少年大脑认知发展研究:精神病遗传学研究的应用
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.107
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引用次数: 0
COORDINATED EPISTASIS DETECTS HETEROGENOUS PATHWAYS ACROSS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND COMORBIDITIES 协调外显检测精神疾病和合并症的异质通路
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.077
Cross-disorder analyses in psychiatry often center around genetic correlation, which quantifies the average similarity of genetic effects across two disorders. For a long time, this has been the only feasible approach, as most cohorts only collect data on a single disorder. However, few studies have examined the genetic architecture of comorbidity itself or how it relates to the genetic architecture of the individual disorders involved. In this study we set out to investigate the genetic architecture of comorbidity between psychiatric disorders in the iPSYCH2015 case-cohort study. This Danish register-based study contains comorbid cases for 10 pairs of five psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), major depressive disorder (MDD), autism (AUT) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)), making it ideal for understanding comorbidity. We develop a novel framework to model both cross-disorder genetic sharing and the genetics of comorbidity based on the concept of Coordinated Epistasis (CE). Within this framework, we can identify synergistic and antagonistic interactions of Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) across each disorder pair. We can also identify how these interactions impact individual disorders involved and delineate established theoretical models of comorbidity. In particular, we test one model of comorbidity where genetic effects distinguish comorbid cases from cases with only one disorder, which shows synergistic PRS interactions between ADHD-AUT comorbid cases and cases of either AUT or ADHD, which replicates in both iPSYCH2015 sub-cohorts: 2012 (P = 1.3E-02) and 2015i (P = 2.9E-02). We next apply our framework to family-based genetic scores (PA-FGRS), using recorded diagnoses from an average of 20 genetic relatives from the Danish medical registry. We find synergistic PA-FGRS interactions in comorbid ADHD-AUT (P = 1.1E-05), validating our PRS results. In summary, we perform the first comprehensive study on the genetics of comorbidity by extending the CE framework using a combination of PRS and PA-FGRS, and for the first time identify coordinated polygenic interactions contributing to cross-disorder genetic sharing and comorbidity among five psychiatric disorders.
精神病学的跨障碍分析通常以遗传相关性为中心,即量化两种障碍的遗传效应的平均相似性。长期以来,这是唯一可行的方法,因为大多数队列只收集单一疾病的数据。然而,很少有研究对合并症本身的遗传结构或其与所涉及的单个疾病的遗传结构之间的关系进行研究。在本研究中,我们着手调查 iPSYCH2015 病例队列研究中精神疾病合并症的遗传结构。这项基于丹麦登记册的研究包含五种精神疾病(精神分裂症(SCZ)、双相情感障碍(BPD)、重度抑郁障碍(MDD)、自闭症(AUT)和注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD))中 10 对合并病例,因此非常适合了解合并症。我们根据协调外显(Coordinated Epistasis,CE)的概念,建立了一个新颖的框架,为跨障碍遗传共享和合并症遗传建模。在这一框架内,我们可以确定每对疾病的多基因风险评分(PRS)之间的协同和拮抗相互作用。我们还能确定这些相互作用如何影响所涉及的单个疾病,并划定已建立的合并症理论模型。特别是,我们测试了一种合并症模型,在该模型中,遗传效应将合并症病例与仅患有一种疾病的病例区分开来,该模型显示,ADHD-AUT 合并症病例与 AUT 或 ADHD 病例之间存在协同的 PRS 相互作用,这在 iPSYCH2015 两个子队列中都得到了复制:2012(P = 1.3E-02)和 2015i(P = 2.9E-02)。接下来,我们将我们的框架应用于基于家族的遗传评分(PA-FGRS),使用丹麦医疗登记册中平均 20 个遗传亲属的诊断记录。我们发现 PA-FGRS 在合并 ADHD-AUT 中具有协同作用(P = 1.1E-05),验证了我们的 PRS 结果。总之,我们通过结合使用 PRS 和 PA-FGRS 来扩展 CE 框架,首次对合并症的遗传学进行了全面研究,并首次确定了导致五种精神疾病的跨障碍遗传共享和合并症的协调多基因相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: THE IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE IN A DIVERSE WORLD 科学传播:语言在多元化世界中的重要性
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.100
Our aim as the PGC Outreach Committee is to improve visibility, accessibility, and understanding of psychiatric genetics amongst both the general public and the wider scientific community. But how accessible are we really? How easily interpreted is the information we share to non-scientists? And how can we improve?
A systematic review of media coverage and readability in genome-wide association studies, published earlier this year, concluded that the language used to describe genetics research is too complex to be understood by the public. Over 95% of the online news sites examined would require more than twelve years of formal education for a full understanding of their content. The importance of language, particularly in genetics research, can extend beyond ‘readability’ to even more fundamental issues. For instance, another recent systematic review emphasised the need for defining ancestry based on the type of data used for its measurement (e.g., “genetic ancestry”), as failure to do so can result in reduced clarity concerning the distinction between genetic and social identities.
This symposium will delve into the critical role of language in the effective communication of scientific concepts to diverse audiences. Our presenters will first each discuss what the importance of language in a diverse world means from their own unique perspective (10 minutes each). They will cover topics such as the importance of the choice of words in relation to genetic ancestry and other complex concepts in psychiatric genetics such as heritability, and the impact of language in discussions surrounding the lived experience of those with psychiatric disorders. Broadly, the presentations will highlight how we can bridge the gap between technical jargon and layman's terms, making complex ideas accessible to a broader audience including those living with psychiatric conditions and their families, as well as how we can more accurately use language in our communications within the scientific community.
We will then have a panel discussion (30 minutes) in which the presenters will share insights into, for example, some of the challenges they have faced in science communication, such as combating misinformation, and what they believe the consequences for our field will be if we do not carefully consider the role of accurate and responsible communication in psychiatric genetics. We will conclude the session with questions from the audience (15 minutes).
Ultimately, the symposium will demonstrate that effective science communication is a dynamic interplay of language, empathy, and engagement, and will encourage attendees to consider the impact of their words in shaping public perceptions and attitudes towards psychiatric genetics.
作为PGC外联委员会,我们的目标是提高精神遗传学在公众和广大科学界的知名度、可及性和理解度。但是,我们到底有多容易接近呢?我们分享给非科学家的信息有多容易解读?今年早些时候发表的一篇关于全基因组关联研究的媒体报道和可读性的系统综述得出结论:描述遗传学研究的语言过于复杂,公众难以理解。在接受审查的在线新闻网站中,超过 95% 的网站需要接受过 12 年以上的正规教育才能完全理解其内容。语言的重要性,尤其是在遗传学研究中的重要性,可能超出 "可读性 "的范畴,而涉及更根本的问题。例如,最近的另一篇系统综述强调了根据用于测量的数据类型(如 "遗传祖先")来定义祖先的必要性,因为如果不这样做,就会降低遗传身份与社会身份之间区别的清晰度。我们的发言人将首先从各自独特的角度讨论语言在多元化世界中的重要性(每人 10 分钟)。他们将讨论的话题包括:选择与遗传祖先和精神遗传学中其他复杂概念(如遗传率)相关的词语的重要性,以及语言在围绕精神疾病患者生活经历的讨论中的影响。从广义上讲,演讲将强调我们如何缩小专业术语与通俗用语之间的差距,让更多受众(包括精神疾病患者及其家人)了解复杂的概念,以及我们如何在科学界的交流中更准确地使用语言。然后,我们将进行小组讨论(30 分钟),发言人将分享他们在科学交流中遇到的一些挑战,例如如何与错误信息作斗争,以及如果我们不认真考虑准确和负责任的交流在精神病遗传学中的作用,他们认为会给我们的领域带来什么后果。最后,我们将以听众提问的形式结束本场会议(15 分钟)。本次研讨会将证明,有效的科学传播是语言、移情和参与的动态互动,并鼓励与会者考虑他们的言辞在塑造公众对精神遗传学的看法和态度方面所产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
EXPLORING THE IMMUNOGENETIC BASIS OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 探索创伤后应激障碍的免疫遗传基础
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.017
<div><div>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric condition that develops following exposure to traumatic experiences. Its core symptoms include intrusive thoughts, avoidant behavior, and a persistent state of hyperarousal. Although it is widely recognized that stress exacerbates inflammation across tissues, a growing body of evidence suggests a reciprocal relationship, with immune function influencing susceptibility to PTSD. This relationship may be driven by shared underlying biology, such as from pleiotropy. The most recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PTSD identified 95 risk loci, including endocrine and immune regulators, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC harbors numerous genetic variants such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles that are crucial for immune function. However, the complex linkage disequilibrium structure of the MHC poses challenges in isolating individual signals through SNP-based imputation. Here, we present a large-scale cross-ancestry analysis assessing the association of HLA alleles with PTSD.</div><div>We conducted HLA imputation and association analysis in a genotyped sample of individuals of African, European, or Latin American ancestry from 38 studies included in the latest PTSD GWAS published by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. The outcome phenotype was assessed as either case-control or on a continuous scale (e.g. the PTSD Checklist for DSM-IV or V). The 1000 Genomes Reference Panel, comprised of individuals from African, East Asian, European, South Asian, and American populations was employed to impute around 350 HLA alleles via SHAPEIT5 and MINIMAC4. Additionally, we introduced 21 long-range HLA haplotypes into the reference. Regression analyses were conducted using PLINK 2.0, while the first five principal components were included as covariates to adjust for population stratification. Finally, we employed METAL, using the sample-size weighting approach, to meta-analyze results from dichotomous and continuous outcomes.</div><div>We have generated preliminary results in a multi-ancestry sample (N = 60,159) that highlight HLA-DRB1*01:01 as the top risk-conferring allele across three ancestries (Z = 3.255, P = 1.14e-03). HLA-DRB1*01:01 was also the most significant HLA allele (Z = 2.380, P = 1.73e-02) in the Latin American sample (n = 7,072). In the African sample (n = 14,883), HLA-B*51:01 (Z = 3.553, P = 3.82e-04) emerged as the most significant HLA allele, while in Europeans (n = 38,204), the most significant allele HLA-B*08:01 showed a negative association with PTSD (Z = -2.555, P = 1.06e-02).</div><div>Our association analysis has identified multiple HLA alleles nominally associated with PTSD, with HLA-DRB1*01:01 emerging as the most significant possibly risk-conferring variant across ancestries. Notably, a protective effect of HLA-B*08:01 has previously been observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In the next steps, we will conduct imput
创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一种复杂的精神疾病,是在遭受创伤后出现的症状。其核心症状包括侵入性思维、回避行为和持续的过度焦虑状态。尽管人们普遍认为压力会加剧各组织的炎症反应,但越来越多的证据表明两者之间存在互为因果的关系,免疫功能会影响创伤后应激障碍的易感性。这种关系可能是由共同的潜在生物学因素驱动的,如多生物效应(pleiotropy)。创伤后应激障碍的最新全基因组关联研究(GWAS)确定了 95 个风险基因位点,包括内分泌和免疫调节剂,如主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)。主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)中存在大量遗传变异,如对免疫功能至关重要的人类白细胞抗原(HLA)等位基因。然而,MHC 复杂的连锁不平衡结构给通过基于 SNP 的估算分离个体信号带来了挑战。我们从精神疾病基因组学联盟(Psychiatric Genomics Consortium)最新发布的创伤后应激障碍 GWAS 中纳入的 38 项研究中,对非洲、欧洲或拉丁美洲血统的基因分型样本进行了 HLA 估算和关联分析。结果表型以病例对照或连续量表(如 DSM-IV 或 V 的创伤后应激障碍核对表)的形式进行评估。由非洲、东亚、欧洲、南亚和美洲人群组成的 1000 基因组参照组通过 SHAPEIT5 和 MINIMAC4 估算了约 350 个 HLA 等位基因。此外,我们还在参照中引入了 21 个长程 HLA 单倍型。使用 PLINK 2.0 进行回归分析,同时将前五个主成分作为协变量来调整人群分层。最后,我们采用了 METAL,使用样本量加权法对二分法和连续法的结果进行了元分析。我们在多血统样本(N = 60,159)中得出的初步结果显示,HLA-DRB1*01:01 是三个血统中风险最大的等位基因(Z = 3.255,P = 1.14e-03)。在拉丁美洲样本(n = 7 072)中,HLA-DRB1*01:01 也是最重要的 HLA 等位基因(Z = 2.380,P = 1.73e-02)。在非洲样本(n = 14883)中,HLA-B*51:01(Z = 3.553,P = 3.82e-04)是最重要的 HLA 等位基因,而在欧洲样本(n = 38204)中,最重要的等位基因 HLA-B*08:01 与创伤后应激障碍呈负相关(Z = -2.我们的关联分析发现了多个与创伤后应激障碍名义上相关的 HLA 等位基因,其中 HLA-DRB1*01:01 是不同血统中最重要的风险诱导变体。值得注意的是,以前曾在精神分裂症和躁狂症中观察到 HLA-B*08:01 的保护作用。下一步,我们将对位于 MHC III 类区的补体成分 4 进行估算和关联分析,并进行条件分析以确定其独立效应。最后,我们还将纳入更多大规模样本,如百万退伍军人计划和英国生物库,以提高统计能力。
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引用次数: 0
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL SEX ON ADHD PRESENTATION, PREVALENCE, AND GENETIC RISK 评估生理性别对 adhd 表现、发病率和遗传风险的影响
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.076
<div><div>Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs executive functioning, vigilance-attention, and motivation. Due to this, individuals with ADHD are at higher risk of addiction, poor academic and professional outcomes, and social deficits. Heterogeneity in presenting symptoms is well-established and may result in a delayed or missed diagnosis. The prevalence of ADHD is reported from two to seven times higher for males than females. The prevalence of ADHD appears consistent in childhood and adulthood. Only half of those diagnosed in childhood report persisting symptoms, implying many are first diagnoses as adults and those first diagnosed in adulthood tend towards a different symptom profile. Such sex and age trends may reflect protective effects of “female sex”, children “growing out of” ADHD, or adults experiencing a different clinical entity. However, others argue that the high heritability of ADHD (0.6-0.85) and similar genetic risk in females suggests that these trends may be due to a heterogenous expression of symptoms in response to the environment (e.g., modulated by the female or adult experience). We use Vanderbilt University Medical Center's (VUMC) biobank (n=3,285,882 electronic health records (EHR) and 119,750 genotyped samples) to analyze ADHD prevalence and genetic architecture. We observed the ADHD-associated ICD codes (n=38,419) were less frequent in EHR-recorded females relative to males (n=14,395 vs. 24,024) and the median age at first diagnosis was substantially older (21.72 years, IQR=20.96 vs.15.05 years, IQR=9.1). Among subset of European ancestry patient genotyped in VUMC (n=69,397), we observed an ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) was significant independent predictor of diagnosis, with stronger effects on females (males, beta= 13.47, p=0.03; females, beta=16.90, p=7.4e-7), and female cases having higher average PRS than male cases (p=0.04). In a sex-specific phenome-wide association study (PheWAS), the ADHD PRS was associated with similar phenotypes regardless of sex, including substance/tobacco use, other psychiatric disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory problems. Our findings that female patients with ADHD appear to have higher genetic liability for the condition despite lower rates of diagnosis are consistent with previous studies. Additionally, ADHD PRS did not demonstrate differential comorbidity structures based on sex in VUMC. One explanation for this is that established genetic proxies of disease inadequately reflect the nuances of particular behaviors of ADHD subtypes, including but not limited to exhibition of externalizing hyperactive subtype (ADHD-H) opposed to internalizing inattentive subtype (ADHD-I), which is reported more frequently in females. Therefore, obtaining clinical diagnoses in females may require symptom manifestations that are largely overlapping with their male counterparts. Additional work in various EHR resources may shed
注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是一种神经发育障碍,会损害执行功能、警觉-注意力和动机。因此,注意力缺陷多动障碍患者有较高的成瘾风险,在学业和职业方面表现不佳,并存在社交障碍。表现症状的异质性是公认的,可能导致诊断延迟或漏诊。据报道,多动症的发病率男性是女性的 2 到 7 倍。多动症的发病率在儿童期和成年期似乎是一致的。在儿童期被诊断为多动症的人中,只有一半人报告症状持续存在,这意味着许多人是在成年后首次被诊断,而那些在成年后首次被诊断的人往往会有不同的症状特征。这种性别和年龄趋势可能反映了 "女性性别 "的保护作用、儿童 "成长出 "多动症或成人经历了不同的临床实体。不过,也有人认为,ADHD 的高遗传率(0.6-0.85)和女性相似的遗传风险表明,这些趋势可能是由于症状在环境中的异质性表现(如受女性或成人经历的影响)。我们利用范德比尔特大学医学中心(VUMC)的生物库(n=3,285,882 份电子健康记录(EHR)和 119,750 份基因分型样本)来分析多动症的患病率和遗传结构。我们观察到,与 ADHD 相关的 ICD 代码(n=38,419)在 EHR 记录的女性中出现的频率低于男性(n=14,395 vs. 24,024),而且首次诊断的中位年龄要大得多(21.72 岁,IQR=20.96 vs. 15.05 岁,IQR=9.1)。在 VUMC 进行基因分型的欧洲血统患者子集中(n=69,397),我们观察到多动症多基因风险评分(PRS)是诊断的重要独立预测因子,对女性的影响更大(男性,β=13.47,p=0.03;女性,β=16.90,p=7.4e-7),女性病例的平均多基因风险评分高于男性病例(p=0.04)。在一项性别特异性全表型关联研究(PheWAS)中,无论性别如何,ADHD PRS 都与相似的表型相关,包括药物/烟草使用、其他精神疾病、肥胖、糖尿病和呼吸系统问题。我们的研究结果表明,尽管多动症的诊断率较低,但女性多动症患者似乎具有更高的遗传易感性,这与之前的研究结果是一致的。此外,在弗吉尼亚大学医学院,ADHD PRS 并未显示出基于性别的不同合并症结构。造成这种情况的原因之一是,已有的疾病遗传替代物不能充分反映多动症亚型的特定行为的细微差别,包括但不限于外显多动亚型(ADHD-H)与内隐注意力不集中亚型(ADHD-I)的表现,后者在女性中的报告频率更高。因此,要对女性患者进行临床诊断,可能需要其症状表现在很大程度上与男性患者重叠。在各种电子病历资源方面开展的其他工作可能会进一步揭示 ADHD 相关合并表型的性别特异性趋势的复杂性和细微差别。
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引用次数: 0
JOINT MULTI-FAMILY HISTORY AND MULTI-POLYGENIC SCORE PREDICTION OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 联合多家族史和多基因评分预测重度抑郁障碍
IF 6.1 2区 医学 Q1 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.064
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex psychiatric disorder influenced by genetic, social, and environmental factors. Family history and polygenic risk scores of MDD and related psychiatric disorders are strong predictors for MDD, while childhood trauma (CT) also plays a crucial role. This study aimed to jointly model the predictive effect of multi-family history (mFH), multi-PRS (mPRS), and childhood trauma on the development of MDD and the number of MDD episodes experienced. Our aim was to identify predictive model useful for stratification to more or less intensive treatment plans and interventions.
Data were obtained from the NIHR BioResource Genetic Links to Anxiety and Depression (GLAD) study and UK Biobank (UKB). MDD diagnosis followed DSM-V criteria using the same online mental health questionnaire data in GLAD and UKB. Family history (Yes/No) was reported for up to 22 psychiatric disorders. MegaPRS was used to calculate PRSs based on large genome-wide association studies. Reported childhood trauma was identified via the5-item childhood trauma screener questionnaire. Elastic net regression with nested cross-validation was applied.
In GLAD (9,927 MDD cases, 4,452 controls), mFH explained 16.85% of MDD variance, followed by CT (10.62%), demographics (9.92%), and mPRS (7.73%). All predictors together explained 33.87% of MDD variance, with corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.84 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.81. In UKB (40,667 MDD cases, 70,755 controls), mFH explained 13.56% of MDD variance, followed by demographics (5.95%), CT (5.87%), and mPRS (3.69%). Together, all predictors explained 23.68% of variance (AUC=0.74, PPV=0.66). The strongest individual predictor in both cohorts is family history of depression, followed by CT, sex, family history of anxiety, and PRS for depression. The modal number of MDD episodes among MDD cases is ≥ 13 episodes in GLAD, compared to 1 episode in UKB. Additionally, the mean age of onset is 21 years in GLAD and 33 years in UKB. When the model was applied to other MDD phenotypes, all predictors accounted for 25.80% of the variances for the number of MDD episodes and 8.41% for age of onset in GLAD, and 11.92% and 6.01% in UKB, respectively.
Integrating multi-family history, multi-PRS, childhood trauma, and demographics enhances MDD prediction. The prediction model performs effectively in both severe MDD cohort (GLAD) and population-based cohort (UKB), suggesting its potential generalizability to broader populations. The strongest predictors are family history of depression and childhood trauma, both of which are easily measurable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the model trained for MDD prediction also proves to be a strong predictor for the number of MDD episodes and age of onset, indicating its effectiveness in predicting the severity of MDD.
重度抑郁障碍(MDD)是一种受遗传、社会和环境因素影响的复杂精神疾病。多发性抑郁症及相关精神障碍的家族史和多基因风险评分是预测多发性抑郁症的有力因素,而儿童创伤(CT)也起着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在联合模拟多家族史(mFH)、多PRS(mPRS)和童年创伤对 MDD 发病和 MDD 发作次数的预测作用。我们的目的是确定预测模型,以便对强化或非强化治疗计划和干预措施进行分层。数据来自美国国立卫生研究院生物资源与焦虑和抑郁的遗传联系(GLAD)研究和英国生物库(UKB)。MDD诊断遵循DSM-V标准,使用GLAD和UKB中相同的在线心理健康问卷数据。报告了多达 22 种精神疾病的家族史(是/否)。MegaPRS 用于计算基于大型全基因组关联研究的 PRS。报告的童年创伤通过 5 项童年创伤筛查问卷确定。在 GLAD(9927 例 MDD 病例,4452 例对照)中,mFH 解释了 16.85% 的 MDD 变异,其次是 CT(10.62%)、人口统计学(9.92%)和 mPRS(7.73%)。所有预测因子加在一起可解释 33.87% 的 MDD 变异,相应的接收器操作特征曲线下面积 (AUC) 为 0.84,阳性预测值 (PPV) 为 0.81。在 UKB(40667 例 MDD 病例,70755 例对照)中,mFH 可解释 13.56% 的 MDD 变异,其次是人口统计学(5.95%)、CT(5.87%)和 mPRS(3.69%)。所有预测因子加在一起可解释 23.68% 的变异(AUC=0.74,PPV=0.66)。在两个队列中,最强的个体预测因子是抑郁症家族史,其次是 CT、性别、焦虑症家族史和抑郁症 PRS。在GLAD中,MDD病例的平均发作次数≥13次,而在UKB中为1次。此外,GLAD 的平均发病年龄为 21 岁,UKB 为 33 岁。当该模型应用于其他 MDD 表型时,在 GLAD 中,所有预测因子分别占 MDD 发作次数方差的 25.80%和发病年龄方差的 8.41%,在 UKB 中分别占 11.92% 和 6.01%。该预测模型在严重MDD队列(GLAD)和基于人群的队列(UKB)中都表现良好,这表明该模型可能适用于更广泛的人群。最强的预测因素是抑郁症家族史和童年创伤,这两个因素在临床环境中都很容易测量。此外,为预测 MDD 而训练的模型对 MDD 的发作次数和发病年龄也有很强的预测作用,这表明该模型在预测 MDD 的严重程度方面非常有效。
{"title":"JOINT MULTI-FAMILY HISTORY AND MULTI-POLYGENIC SCORE PREDICTION OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.08.064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex psychiatric disorder influenced by genetic, social, and environmental factors. Family history and polygenic risk scores of MDD and related psychiatric disorders are strong predictors for MDD, while childhood trauma (CT) also plays a crucial role. This study aimed to jointly model the predictive effect of multi-family history (mFH), multi-PRS (mPRS), and childhood trauma on the development of MDD and the number of MDD episodes experienced. Our aim was to identify predictive model useful for stratification to more or less intensive treatment plans and interventions.</div><div>Data were obtained from the NIHR BioResource Genetic Links to Anxiety and Depression (GLAD) study and UK Biobank (UKB). MDD diagnosis followed DSM-V criteria using the same online mental health questionnaire data in GLAD and UKB. Family history (Yes/No) was reported for up to 22 psychiatric disorders. MegaPRS was used to calculate PRSs based on large genome-wide association studies. Reported childhood trauma was identified via the5-item childhood trauma screener questionnaire. Elastic net regression with nested cross-validation was applied.</div><div>In GLAD (9,927 MDD cases, 4,452 controls), mFH explained 16.85% of MDD variance, followed by CT (10.62%), demographics (9.92%), and mPRS (7.73%). All predictors together explained 33.87% of MDD variance, with corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.84 and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.81. In UKB (40,667 MDD cases, 70,755 controls), mFH explained 13.56% of MDD variance, followed by demographics (5.95%), CT (5.87%), and mPRS (3.69%). Together, all predictors explained 23.68% of variance (AUC=0.74, PPV=0.66). The strongest individual predictor in both cohorts is family history of depression, followed by CT, sex, family history of anxiety, and PRS for depression. The modal number of MDD episodes among MDD cases is ≥ 13 episodes in GLAD, compared to 1 episode in UKB. Additionally, the mean age of onset is 21 years in GLAD and 33 years in UKB. When the model was applied to other MDD phenotypes, all predictors accounted for 25.80% of the variances for the number of MDD episodes and 8.41% for age of onset in GLAD, and 11.92% and 6.01% in UKB, respectively.</div><div>Integrating multi-family history, multi-PRS, childhood trauma, and demographics enhances MDD prediction. The prediction model performs effectively in both severe MDD cohort (GLAD) and population-based cohort (UKB), suggesting its potential generalizability to broader populations. The strongest predictors are family history of depression and childhood trauma, both of which are easily measurable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the model trained for MDD prediction also proves to be a strong predictor for the number of MDD episodes and age of onset, indicating its effectiveness in predicting the severity of MDD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12049,"journal":{"name":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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European Neuropsychopharmacology
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