In this contribution the performance of two methods for monitoring the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of a transmission line without data traffic interruption are analyzed and compared using numerical simulations. The monitored PMD is used as control signal to set a PMD compensator and the Q- factor after the compensator is taken to assess the performance of the monitoring method. It is shown for the first time that an accurately measured PMD does not necessarily result in an optimal setting of a feed-forward compensator and vice versa.
{"title":"Q-Factor Based Performance Analysis of PMD Measurement Methods","authors":"S. Boehm, K. Schumacher, P. Meissner","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348367","url":null,"abstract":"In this contribution the performance of two methods for monitoring the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of a transmission line without data traffic interruption are analyzed and compared using numerical simulations. The monitored PMD is used as control signal to set a PMD compensator and the Q- factor after the compensator is taken to assess the performance of the monitoring method. It is shown for the first time that an accurately measured PMD does not necessarily result in an optimal setting of a feed-forward compensator and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"519 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116263174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A two-quantum spontaneous emission of a medium with periodically time-dependent optical length is considered. The emission results from the zero-point fluctuations of the medium. Usually this emission is very weak. However, it can be strongly enhanced if the resonant condition omega0 = 2.94 c/l0 is fulfilled (here omega0 and l0 are the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations of the optical length of the medium, respectively, and c is the speed of light in vacuum).
{"title":"Dynamical Casimir effect: quantum emission of a medium with time-dependent refractive index","authors":"V. Hizhnyakov, H. Kaasik","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348364","url":null,"abstract":"A two-quantum spontaneous emission of a medium with periodically time-dependent optical length is considered. The emission results from the zero-point fluctuations of the medium. Usually this emission is very weak. However, it can be strongly enhanced if the resonant condition omega0 = 2.94 c/l0 is fulfilled (here omega0 and l0 are the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations of the optical length of the medium, respectively, and c is the speed of light in vacuum).","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117259115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simulations of photonic crystals slabs (PCSs) in thin films of lead-lanthanum zirconate-titanate (PLZT) show band gaps larger than 27 % of the mid-gap frequency for a hexagonal hole-type photonic crystal. The vertical asymmetry caused by the introduction of electrode and buffer layers in a thin film stack, required for epitaxial growth on silicon, does not appreciably affect the photonic crystal properties. Waveguides can be formed in the PCS by removing rows of holes from the crystal lattice. We find that the propagation losses in such waveguide are strongly affected by the thickness and optical attenuation coefficient of the electrode layer, and that the transmission through a 60 degree waveguide bend can be substantially increased by introduction of additional defects.
{"title":"Simulation of Photonic Band Gap Waveguides in Lead-Lanthanum Zirconate-Titanate","authors":"O. Nordseth, T. Tybell, J. Grepstad","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348372","url":null,"abstract":"Simulations of photonic crystals slabs (PCSs) in thin films of lead-lanthanum zirconate-titanate (PLZT) show band gaps larger than 27 % of the mid-gap frequency for a hexagonal hole-type photonic crystal. The vertical asymmetry caused by the introduction of electrode and buffer layers in a thin film stack, required for epitaxial growth on silicon, does not appreciably affect the photonic crystal properties. Waveguides can be formed in the PCS by removing rows of holes from the crystal lattice. We find that the propagation losses in such waveguide are strongly affected by the thickness and optical attenuation coefficient of the electrode layer, and that the transmission through a 60 degree waveguide bend can be substantially increased by introduction of additional defects.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124144795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Hansen, N. Agersnap, A. Kuhle, J. Garnaes, J. Petersen
Recent developments In optical profile characterisation using optical diffraction microscopy are described. Grating profiles are characterized from the measured diffraction efficiencies. The surface topography Is found by varying model topography and matching the calculated and measured diffraction efficiencies. The model parameters Include height, filling degree and sidewall angles. In the present work the method has been applied to gratings having various material composition. A series of gratings with periods ranging from 399 nm to 1245 nm has been Investigated. It Is shown that optical diffraction microscopy Is a simple and fast method for retrieving grating profiles and the material boundary between the grating materials. The results show good agreement with atomic force microscope measurements.
{"title":"Profile characterization using optical diffraction microscopy","authors":"P. Hansen, N. Agersnap, A. Kuhle, J. Garnaes, J. Petersen","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348369","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments In optical profile characterisation using optical diffraction microscopy are described. Grating profiles are characterized from the measured diffraction efficiencies. The surface topography Is found by varying model topography and matching the calculated and measured diffraction efficiencies. The model parameters Include height, filling degree and sidewall angles. In the present work the method has been applied to gratings having various material composition. A series of gratings with periods ranging from 399 nm to 1245 nm has been Investigated. It Is shown that optical diffraction microscopy Is a simple and fast method for retrieving grating profiles and the material boundary between the grating materials. The results show good agreement with atomic force microscope measurements.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126332401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The communication quality of terrestrial optical wireless links (TOWL) depends on the link characteristics and weather conditions. For the TOWL purposes, beam propagation through the atmosphere can be modeled using the combination of the ABCD law and the mean irradiance concept. In the model of beam propagation through the atmosphere, not only the circular symmetry of the optical elements (transmitting and receiving lenses) but also the circular symmetry of the Gaussian beam is assumed. In practice, however, a laser diode with elliptical spot as a transmitter is used. Modeling of the TOWL function can be modified to calculate the performance for each axis separately. In this contribution, a possible way to obtain a nearly-circular symmetrical beam using two separate laser diode sources is shown. The main part of the contribution deals with the calculation of atmospheric effects and definition of necessary parameters of optical intensity distribution at the receiver aperture.
{"title":"Modeling of Gaussian Beam for Terrestrial Optical Wireless Links","authors":"P. Krivak, O. Wilfert","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348378","url":null,"abstract":"The communication quality of terrestrial optical wireless links (TOWL) depends on the link characteristics and weather conditions. For the TOWL purposes, beam propagation through the atmosphere can be modeled using the combination of the ABCD law and the mean irradiance concept. In the model of beam propagation through the atmosphere, not only the circular symmetry of the optical elements (transmitting and receiving lenses) but also the circular symmetry of the Gaussian beam is assumed. In practice, however, a laser diode with elliptical spot as a transmitter is used. Modeling of the TOWL function can be modified to calculate the performance for each axis separately. In this contribution, a possible way to obtain a nearly-circular symmetrical beam using two separate laser diode sources is shown. The main part of the contribution deals with the calculation of atmospheric effects and definition of necessary parameters of optical intensity distribution at the receiver aperture.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124195176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Double-exponential fading of healthy and pathologic human skin autofluorescence intensity during continuous exposure to 405 nm and 532 nm laser irradiation in the intensity range 14-242 mW/cm2 has been studied on 10 volunteers of different skin types.
{"title":"Skin Autofluorescence Fading at 405/532nm Laser Excitation","authors":"A. Lihachev, J. Spigulis","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348375","url":null,"abstract":"Double-exponential fading of healthy and pathologic human skin autofluorescence intensity during continuous exposure to 405 nm and 532 nm laser irradiation in the intensity range 14-242 mW/cm2 has been studied on 10 volunteers of different skin types.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131956597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Klapshina, I. S. Grigoryev, V. Semenov, W. Douglas, B. A. Bushuk, S. B. Bushuk, A. Lukianov, A. Afanasev, R. Benfield, H. Bookey, A. Kar, I. Nurgaleev, A. Korytin, A. Sergeev
Novel non-linear optical polymeric film-producing nanocomposites based on bis(arene)chromium complexes incorporated into CN-containing matrices have been developed. Measurements by the spectrally resolved two-beam coupling method with a femtosecond range of pulse widths (central wavelength 795-800 nm) confirmed that the test composites exhibited a significant cubic nonlinear optical susceptibility of the ultra-fast electronic type. An open aperture Z-scan of the polymer film at 1550 nm showed a value of 9 x 10-19 cm3 W-2 for the three- photon absorption coefficient. The electro-optical measurements of the polymer composite showed a high electro-optical response (r33.n3 = 4.245 pm V-1 at modulation frequency 210 Hz and poling DC voltage 2.16 V). A significant enhancement of the signals with a decrease in modulation frequency was observed consistent with an essential contribution of orientation effects to the electro- optical response. The measurements in the absence of external electrical fields showed a natural anisotropy resulting from self- organization taking place during the film formation process as confirmed by electron diffraction studies. A single Cr-C distance was found in the EXAFS data refinement, showing that the arene rings are parallel and symmetric as in bis(benzene)chromium.
{"title":"Chromium-containing Organometallic Self-organized Materials for Nanophotonics","authors":"L. Klapshina, I. S. Grigoryev, V. Semenov, W. Douglas, B. A. Bushuk, S. B. Bushuk, A. Lukianov, A. Afanasev, R. Benfield, H. Bookey, A. Kar, I. Nurgaleev, A. Korytin, A. Sergeev","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348368","url":null,"abstract":"Novel non-linear optical polymeric film-producing nanocomposites based on bis(arene)chromium complexes incorporated into CN-containing matrices have been developed. Measurements by the spectrally resolved two-beam coupling method with a femtosecond range of pulse widths (central wavelength 795-800 nm) confirmed that the test composites exhibited a significant cubic nonlinear optical susceptibility of the ultra-fast electronic type. An open aperture Z-scan of the polymer film at 1550 nm showed a value of 9 x 10-19 cm3 W-2 for the three- photon absorption coefficient. The electro-optical measurements of the polymer composite showed a high electro-optical response (r33.n3 = 4.245 pm V-1 at modulation frequency 210 Hz and poling DC voltage 2.16 V). A significant enhancement of the signals with a decrease in modulation frequency was observed consistent with an essential contribution of orientation effects to the electro- optical response. The measurements in the absence of external electrical fields showed a natural anisotropy resulting from self- organization taking place during the film formation process as confirmed by electron diffraction studies. A single Cr-C distance was found in the EXAFS data refinement, showing that the arene rings are parallel and symmetric as in bis(benzene)chromium.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128539430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work we propose a massively parallel self-mixing imaging system, based on an array of VCSELs, to measure surface profiles of displacement, distance, velocity and liquid flow rate. The feasibility of this concept is demonstrated by the successful operation of a small scale prototype consisting of eight individual commercial VCSELs with integrated photodetectors. The system is used to accurately measure the velocity at different radial points on a rotating disk. The results show no influence of crosstalk. A massive version of the system will be useful in many industrial and biomedical applications where real-time surface profiling, vibrometry and velocimetry will be very beneficial.
{"title":"A Massively Parallel Imaging System Based on the Self-Mixing Effect in a Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Array","authors":"J. Tucker, Y. Lim, A. Zvyagin, A. Rakić","doi":"10.1109/NO.2006.348370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NO.2006.348370","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we propose a massively parallel self-mixing imaging system, based on an array of VCSELs, to measure surface profiles of displacement, distance, velocity and liquid flow rate. The feasibility of this concept is demonstrated by the successful operation of a small scale prototype consisting of eight individual commercial VCSELs with integrated photodetectors. The system is used to accurately measure the velocity at different radial points on a rotating disk. The results show no influence of crosstalk. A massive version of the system will be useful in many industrial and biomedical applications where real-time surface profiling, vibrometry and velocimetry will be very beneficial.","PeriodicalId":120519,"journal":{"name":"2006 Northern Optics","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129214227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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