The victory of Constitutional Revolution during Muzaffareddin Shah Qajar is considered as one of the biggest political-religious developments in Iranian contemporary history during which the Shiite Ulema (clergymen) by their serious involvement in this movement and acceptance of its leadership created a modern era of various views about the constitutional political structure through using the huge legacy of the Shiite political jurisprudence. Meanwhile, a group of these Ulema by bringing up the issue of legitimate constitution tried to present a new reading of the Shiite political thinking concerning the criteria of the legitimacy or non-legitimacy of the constitutional system. Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri is considered one of the most leading religious figures whose jurisprudential thinking regarding the Iranian constitutional movement has been reviewed and analyzed in this article historically and jurisprudentially. The main point/question in the article is that why and under what religious and historical necessities a group of the Ulema, particularly Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, stood against the constitutional system and started to bring up the plan of Legitimate Constitutional Theory? The findings of this study show that the Legitimate Constitutional Theory was formed as a result of the Shia jurisprudential necessities and the historical conditions of that period, and that based on the Nouri's viewpoint analyzed in his main works, he in the position of religious authority and religious jurist believed he was defending the bases of Islamic religion, while the sources of proconstitutionalists have considered Nouri's defense of Islam as the result of his support for autocracy.
在Muzaffareddin Shah Qajar期间，宪法革命的胜利被认为是伊朗当代史上最大的政治-宗教发展之一，在此期间，什叶派Ulema(神职人员)通过认真参与这场运动并接受其领导，通过利用什叶派政治法学的巨大遗产，创造了一个关于宪法政治结构的各种观点的现代时代。与此同时，这些乌里玛中的一群人通过提出合法宪法的问题，试图对什叶派关于宪法制度合法性或非合法性标准的政治思想提出一种新的解读。Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri被认为是最重要的宗教人物之一，他对伊朗宪法运动的法理学思想在本文中进行了历史和法理学的回顾和分析。文章的要点/问题是，为何一群乌里玛(Ulema)，尤其是法兹罗拉·努里(Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri)，在何种宗教和历史需要下，站出来反对宪政制度，并开始提出合法宪政理论计划?本研究的结果表明,合理的宪法理论成立的什叶派法律学的必需品和那个时期的历史条件下,基于努里·的观点,分析了他的主要作品,他在宗教权威的地位和宗教法官相信他是捍卫伊斯兰宗教的基地,而proconstitutionalists的来源被认为是努里·捍卫伊斯兰教他支持独裁统治的结果。
{"title":"Contemplation on Jurisprudence Principles and Necessities of Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri's Legitimate Constitutional Theory","authors":"Ali Mohammad Tarafdari","doi":"10.30958/ajhis.5-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.5-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"The victory of Constitutional Revolution during Muzaffareddin Shah Qajar is considered as one of the biggest political-religious developments in Iranian contemporary history during which the Shiite Ulema (clergymen) by their serious involvement in this movement and acceptance of its leadership created a modern era of various views about the constitutional political structure through using the huge legacy of the Shiite political jurisprudence. Meanwhile, a group of these Ulema by bringing up the issue of legitimate constitution tried to present a new reading of the Shiite political thinking concerning the criteria of the legitimacy or non-legitimacy of the constitutional system. Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri is considered one of the most leading religious figures whose jurisprudential thinking regarding the Iranian constitutional movement has been reviewed and analyzed in this article historically and jurisprudentially. The main point/question in the article is that why and under what religious and historical necessities a group of the Ulema, particularly Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri, stood against the constitutional system and started to bring up the plan of Legitimate Constitutional Theory? The findings of this study show that the Legitimate Constitutional Theory was formed as a result of the Shia jurisprudential necessities and the historical conditions of that period, and that based on the Nouri's viewpoint analyzed in his main works, he in the position of religious authority and religious jurist believed he was defending the bases of Islamic religion, while the sources of proconstitutionalists have considered Nouri's defense of Islam as the result of his support for autocracy.","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126271929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The obscurantist Hellenistic poet Lycophron referenced the initiation of Heracles as a beast suckling the breast of the goddess Hera. This was the event that was the mythological origin of the Galaxy and of the lily flower that incarnated the same deifying essence as the celestial milk of the goddess and it was the etiology for the domestication of felines. As the Lion of Nemea, Heracles was the greatest of the wild cats. The lily was an analogue of a sacred mushroom, as the narkissos of Persephone’s abduction by Hades. The event of the lactation of Heracles is depicted on four Etruscan mirrors and a Faliscan-Hellenic red-figure krater. The deifying milk-flower of the goddess was a ritual of adoption into the family of the celestial deities, that Hera performed also with two other bastard sons of Zeus, Hermes and Dionysus. As the beast being initiated, Heracles became a wolf. Like the motif of the domestication of the cat, the lycanthropy of Heracles involves the whole family of canines, from the domesticated dog to its wilder antecedents in the wolf and its analogue as the fox. The lycanthropy initiation is a bacchanalian rite of rootcutters and is a motif of warrior brotherhood widespread among the Indo-European peoples.
{"title":"The Beast Initiate: The Lycanthropy of Heracles","authors":"C. Ruck","doi":"10.30958/ajhis.5-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.5-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"The obscurantist Hellenistic poet Lycophron referenced the initiation of Heracles as a beast suckling the breast of the goddess Hera. This was the event that was the mythological origin of the Galaxy and of the lily flower that incarnated the same deifying essence as the celestial milk of the goddess and it was the etiology for the domestication of felines. As the Lion of Nemea, Heracles was the greatest of the wild cats. The lily was an analogue of a sacred mushroom, as the narkissos of Persephone’s abduction by Hades. The event of the lactation of Heracles is depicted on four Etruscan mirrors and a Faliscan-Hellenic red-figure krater. The deifying milk-flower of the goddess was a ritual of adoption into the family of the celestial deities, that Hera performed also with two other bastard sons of Zeus, Hermes and Dionysus. As the beast being initiated, Heracles became a wolf. Like the motif of the domestication of the cat, the lycanthropy of Heracles involves the whole family of canines, from the domesticated dog to its wilder antecedents in the wolf and its analogue as the fox. The lycanthropy initiation is a bacchanalian rite of rootcutters and is a motif of warrior brotherhood widespread among the Indo-European peoples.","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127911198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Greeks, Barbarians and Alexander the Great: The Formula for an Empire","authors":"Irina Frasin","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126021512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eza’s agrarian ideology presents multiple dimensions that have not been analyzed systematically until the present day. The approach to Eza has been more punctual or episodic, from a partial or sectarian point of view, without a global consideration of this personage with notable human and social values, recognized for his own labors and employees. Eza provides for posteriori an academic work that offers the opportunity to study a historical period of change in Spanish agriculture, with little attraction among academics for the traditional interest in the study of the II Republic. The agrarian ideology of Eza suggests some relevant elements of interest for the agrarian historiography in the post Franco period, like the regional adaptation of agrarian structures, particularly the latifundios, the relationship between the (rural) individual and the State or the relevance of the micro social agrarian research.
{"title":"Space, Rurality and Power in Spain: The Agrarian Ideology of Vizconde Eza (1873-1945)","authors":"Ángel Paniagua Mazorra","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"Eza’s agrarian ideology presents multiple dimensions that have not been analyzed systematically until the present day. The approach to Eza has been more punctual or episodic, from a partial or sectarian point of view, without a global consideration of this personage with notable human and social values, recognized for his own labors and employees. Eza provides for posteriori an academic work that offers the opportunity to study a historical period of change in Spanish agriculture, with little attraction among academics for the traditional interest in the study of the II Republic. The agrarian ideology of Eza suggests some relevant elements of interest for the agrarian historiography in the post Franco period, like the regional adaptation of agrarian structures, particularly the latifundios, the relationship between the (rural) individual and the State or the relevance of the micro social agrarian research.","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117351444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Discoveries in Iberia and the Application of Post-Colonial Concepts: The Modern Making of a State, Tartessos","authors":"E. Pappa","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121845993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper I show that the nineteenth century classical philology was much less governed by racist values than Martin Bernal argued in his Black Athena (1987) and which many thereafter assume to have been the case. I criticize Bernal’s lack of evidence and examine a number of thinkers and texts from the period c. 1850 to 1920, essentially randomly selected, who and which show few signs of being governed by racism when discussing Greek culture and civilization in comparison with Egyptian and other early civilizations.
{"title":"Classical Philology and Racism: A Historiographical Critique of Bernal's Black Athena and the Assumption That the Nineteenth-century Classical Philology Was Strongly Governed by Racism","authors":"T. Brobjer","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I show that the nineteenth century classical philology was much less governed by racist values than Martin Bernal argued in his Black Athena (1987) and which many thereafter assume to have been the case. I criticize Bernal’s lack of evidence and examine a number of thinkers and texts from the period c. 1850 to 1920, essentially randomly selected, who and which show few signs of being governed by racism when discussing Greek culture and civilization in comparison with Egyptian and other early civilizations.","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127773011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Augustus – Making a Legacy of the Pax Deorum Aspects of a Pagan Attempt at Religious Revival Shortly Before the Birth of Christ","authors":"D. Wick","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125893213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Technology and Cultural Heritage","authors":"R. Bašić","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127405355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first of several interrelated articles on the Colossus of Rhodes submitted to ATINER journals (Kebric 2019a, 2019b). No literary or archaeological evidence exists to demonstrate the configuration or the precise location of the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The result has been a variety of recreations over the years, the most enduring placing it high above Rhodes harbor, its legs straddling the entrance. A variety of practical reasons entirely eliminates that possibility, and in this investigation, dealing specifically with its location, the best site for the Colossus was with the other most sacred Rhodian temples and shrines on the highest point of the city‘s acropolis, on what today is known as Monte Smith. There, it could also most effectively serve one of the busiest harbors in the Mediterranean as a giant light tower for vessels approaching and leaving Rhodes. This study combines relevant ancient literary evidence about the Colossus with observations about humans‘ most primitive instincts and beliefs concerning their geographical surroundings, their understanding of the movement of heavenly bodies-most particularly at Rhodes that of its patron deity, Helios, god of the sun-and other salient contributing factors to reach the most compelling conclusion about the Colossus‘ location. The latter include geological considerations which were necessary to support the weight of such a huge statue, about 160 feet tall including its pedestal. The apex of Monte Smith is also where the subservient Rhodians would later raise a second, smaller colossal statue in honor of the people of Rome. Numerous photographs and maps complement the study, a presentation at ATINER‘S 12 th Annual International Conference on Mediterranean Studies (April 15-18, 2019).
{"title":"The Colossus of Rhodes: Some Observations about Its Location","authors":"R. B. Kebric","doi":"10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/AJHIS.5-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first of several interrelated articles on the Colossus of Rhodes submitted to ATINER journals (Kebric 2019a, 2019b). No literary or archaeological evidence exists to demonstrate the configuration or the precise location of the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The result has been a variety of recreations over the years, the most enduring placing it high above Rhodes harbor, its legs straddling the entrance. A variety of practical reasons entirely eliminates that possibility, and in this investigation, dealing specifically with its location, the best site for the Colossus was with the other most sacred Rhodian temples and shrines on the highest point of the city‘s acropolis, on what today is known as Monte Smith. There, it could also most effectively serve one of the busiest harbors in the Mediterranean as a giant light tower for vessels approaching and leaving Rhodes. This study combines relevant ancient literary evidence about the Colossus with observations about humans‘ most primitive instincts and beliefs concerning their geographical surroundings, their understanding of the movement of heavenly bodies-most particularly at Rhodes that of its patron deity, Helios, god of the sun-and other salient contributing factors to reach the most compelling conclusion about the Colossus‘ location. The latter include geological considerations which were necessary to support the weight of such a huge statue, about 160 feet tall including its pedestal. The apex of Monte Smith is also where the subservient Rhodians would later raise a second, smaller colossal statue in honor of the people of Rome. Numerous photographs and maps complement the study, a presentation at ATINER‘S 12 th Annual International Conference on Mediterranean Studies (April 15-18, 2019).","PeriodicalId":120643,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133213313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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