Plantar heel pain (PHP) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that is effectively treated with extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and exercise. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined ESWT and exercise versus other interventions in treating PHP. A systematic review of effectiveness was conducted, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Five databases were searched for studies published between January 2000 and September 2021 with 12 studies (n = 861) meeting the inclusion criteria, which compared ESWT and stretching to various other treatments. High-quality evidence indicates that combined ESWT and stretching interventions are more effective than their individual use or botulinum toxin injections, and low-quality evidence of superiority versus ultrasound and stretching. There was moderate quality evidence that combined ESWT and stretching is no more effective than corticosteroid injection, and high-quality evidence that the combination is no more effective than blood-derived injection therapies, custom orthotics, or low-level laser therapy combined with stretching. There is high-quality evidence that topical corticosteroid or laser therapy in combination with ESWT and stretching increases its effectiveness and moderate-quality evidence for the additive effective of dry needling. Overall, combined ESWT and stretching treatments are effective and may be recommended where they are available and practical to implement. Further high-quality studies comparing combined interventions for PHP, including different exercise activities like resistance training, are required. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020213286
Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1) is a potent transcriptional co-activator and functions as an important downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, which is key to regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and organ growth. YAP1 has been implicated as an oncogene for various human cancers including gastrointestinal cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). YAP1 promotes tumorigenesis and cancer progression by multiple mechanisms, such as by promoting malignant phenotypes, expanding cancer stem cells, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. YAP1 overexpression or its activated forms are associated with advanced pathological grades and poor prognosis of cancer, and therefore targeting YAP1 may open a fertile avenue for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence regarding the role of YAP1 in the carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers and HCC.
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