Pub Date : 2022-09-28DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00087
V. Kok
breast, ovary, and endometrium. 3,4 Appar-ently, this Trop-2 gene upregulation provides selective advantages for Trop-2 overexpressing cancer cells. Although further research would be needed to provide more evidence, Trop-2 gene overexpression would correlate with the abundance of the Trop-2 protein on the cell membrane and inside the cytoplasm, which could be detected using immunohistochemical staining of a pathological slide. 5,6 Trop-2 glycoproteins are involved in the cancer cell-cell as well as cell-extracellular matrix communications. As a result, cancer cells could migrate and possess invasive properties within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, research in this arena in the past decade has provided some crucial insights that Trop2 plays a central role in the cleavage by tissue necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE, also known as ADAM17) and activating Beta-1 (β 1 ) integrin-dependent migration through extracellular fibronectin of which the main receptors are primarily Alpha 5 beta 1 (α 5 β 1 ) integrins assembling with the intracellular focal adhesion kinase. 7–10 This cascade of interactions and activations would ul-Trop-2-Cells, Abstract Recently, an anti-trophoblast surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) antibody-drug conjugate targeting Trop-2 positive cancer cells has been approved for treating patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, who have failed two or more lines of systemic chemotherapy. This has renewed the interest in translational research of Trop-2 positive breast cancer, the gene TACSTD2 and microRNAs that interact with it, and the signaling networks sparked by Trop-2 mediated signaling. In addi-tion, this opinion paper argues that exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are released from Trop-2 positive cancer cells, could play a significant role in cancer progression. Furthermore, diagnostic applications using Trop-2-released exosomes, the cargo exosomes carry, which could be any genetic information such as specific miRNAs, adhesion molecules such as integrins, and metabolites, are yet to be explored in breast cancer patients. Most of the evidence and data are obtained from studies in epithelial cancers other than breast cancers, which have been introduced in the current paper. Therefore, this article briefly summarizes previously published data on other cancer types, forms some hypotheses, and proposes research questions and directions that may be explored further.
{"title":"Trop-2-Cells, Their Exosomal Cargo, and the Potential Impact on Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Breast Cancer: The Expanding Frontiers","authors":"V. Kok","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00087","url":null,"abstract":"breast, ovary, and endometrium. 3,4 Appar-ently, this Trop-2 gene upregulation provides selective advantages for Trop-2 overexpressing cancer cells. Although further research would be needed to provide more evidence, Trop-2 gene overexpression would correlate with the abundance of the Trop-2 protein on the cell membrane and inside the cytoplasm, which could be detected using immunohistochemical staining of a pathological slide. 5,6 Trop-2 glycoproteins are involved in the cancer cell-cell as well as cell-extracellular matrix communications. As a result, cancer cells could migrate and possess invasive properties within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, research in this arena in the past decade has provided some crucial insights that Trop2 plays a central role in the cleavage by tissue necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE, also known as ADAM17) and activating Beta-1 (β 1 ) integrin-dependent migration through extracellular fibronectin of which the main receptors are primarily Alpha 5 beta 1 (α 5 β 1 ) integrins assembling with the intracellular focal adhesion kinase. 7–10 This cascade of interactions and activations would ul-Trop-2-Cells, Abstract Recently, an anti-trophoblast surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) antibody-drug conjugate targeting Trop-2 positive cancer cells has been approved for treating patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, who have failed two or more lines of systemic chemotherapy. This has renewed the interest in translational research of Trop-2 positive breast cancer, the gene TACSTD2 and microRNAs that interact with it, and the signaling networks sparked by Trop-2 mediated signaling. In addi-tion, this opinion paper argues that exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are released from Trop-2 positive cancer cells, could play a significant role in cancer progression. Furthermore, diagnostic applications using Trop-2-released exosomes, the cargo exosomes carry, which could be any genetic information such as specific miRNAs, adhesion molecules such as integrins, and metabolites, are yet to be explored in breast cancer patients. Most of the evidence and data are obtained from studies in epithelial cancers other than breast cancers, which have been introduced in the current paper. Therefore, this article briefly summarizes previously published data on other cancer types, forms some hypotheses, and proposes research questions and directions that may be explored further.","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78608285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00094
S. Ren, Jun Wang, Zhongqiu Wang
Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most common malignancy and the second most dominant cause of cancer-related deaths in men in Western countries, with an incidence rate composed over 200 per 100,000 men. 1 The early diagnosis of Pca will lead to an obvious increase of patients’ survival, and as a result, a decrease of treatment costs. 2 Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Pca is for (mp-MRI) anatomic with functional MRI technique, for diagnosis, of T2-weighted contributions to the localization and characterization of abnormalities in the T2WI are of identifying the
{"title":"An Intelligent Diagnosis Method of MRI in Classifying Prostate Cancerous Tissue Using SVM Algorithm with Different Kernels","authors":"S. Ren, Jun Wang, Zhongqiu Wang","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00094","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most common malignancy and the second most dominant cause of cancer-related deaths in men in Western countries, with an incidence rate composed over 200 per 100,000 men. 1 The early diagnosis of Pca will lead to an obvious increase of patients’ survival, and as a result, a decrease of treatment costs. 2 Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Pca is for (mp-MRI) anatomic with functional MRI technique, for diagnosis, of T2-weighted contributions to the localization and characterization of abnormalities in the T2WI are of identifying the","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73757909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00047
Liang Yu, Yi Xu
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of cancer that serves as a harbor where tumor cells com-municate with neighboring cells and non-cancerous components to determine the progression of the tumor. Researchers are increasingly turning their focus away from tumor cells alone and toward the dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment to acquire a stronger insight into malignancies. The active crosstalk on TME and its heterogeneity make it challenging to reveal its characteristics, while details of the regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. A deep understanding of TME remodeling may provide potential biomarkers and treatment targets to enhance tumor therapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are subpopulations of noncoding RNAs with unique characteristics and a wide range of biological properties involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that circRNAs have abnormal expression and mediate signaling pathways. They play various roles in human malignancy events, such as angiogenesis, immune escape, and others. The role of circRNAs in the TME cannot be ignored, which may provide a novel path to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of TME remodeling. This review summarizes the history of TME and circRNAs and their roles and activities in the TME.
{"title":"Emerging Roles of CircRNAs in Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"Liang Yu, Yi Xu","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00047","url":null,"abstract":"The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of cancer that serves as a harbor where tumor cells com-municate with neighboring cells and non-cancerous components to determine the progression of the tumor. Researchers are increasingly turning their focus away from tumor cells alone and toward the dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment to acquire a stronger insight into malignancies. The active crosstalk on TME and its heterogeneity make it challenging to reveal its characteristics, while details of the regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. A deep understanding of TME remodeling may provide potential biomarkers and treatment targets to enhance tumor therapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are subpopulations of noncoding RNAs with unique characteristics and a wide range of biological properties involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that circRNAs have abnormal expression and mediate signaling pathways. They play various roles in human malignancy events, such as angiogenesis, immune escape, and others. The role of circRNAs in the TME cannot be ignored, which may provide a novel path to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of TME remodeling. This review summarizes the history of TME and circRNAs and their roles and activities in the TME.","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87069789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01Epub Date: 2022-03-16DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00071
Justine Fan, Samuel M DeFina, He Wang
The recent histologic subtyping of lung adenocarcinoma has demonstrated the prognostic values of histologic patterns in this malignancy. However, the histological features of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are much less established. This short review discusses several promising histological prognostic markers for SCC, including tumor budding, tumor cell nesting, and the spreading of tumors through air spaces. Wherever appropriate, the biological significance of these morphological features was also discussed. The investigators consider that histological prognostic markers are highly valuable in understanding the cancer biology of SCC, and in guiding clinical treatment. However, larger clinical cohorts are needed to better establish the prognostic values of the aforementioned histological markers. The application of modern technologies, including machine-learning, would make the histological analysis accurate and reproducible.
{"title":"Prognostic Value of Selected Histologic Features for Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Justine Fan, Samuel M DeFina, He Wang","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2021.00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2021.00071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent histologic subtyping of lung adenocarcinoma has demonstrated the prognostic values of histologic patterns in this malignancy. However, the histological features of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are much less established. This short review discusses several promising histological prognostic markers for SCC, including tumor budding, tumor cell nesting, and the spreading of tumors through air spaces. Wherever appropriate, the biological significance of these morphological features was also discussed. The investigators consider that histological prognostic markers are highly valuable in understanding the cancer biology of SCC, and in guiding clinical treatment. However, larger clinical cohorts are needed to better establish the prognostic values of the aforementioned histological markers. The application of modern technologies, including machine-learning, would make the histological analysis accurate and reproducible.</p>","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"7 3","pages":"165-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/07/47/nihms-1790146.PMC9563092.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33514326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00083
F. Lu
{"title":"Hypothetical Hydrogenase Activity of Human Mitochondrial Complex I and Its Role in Preventing Cancer Transformation","authors":"F. Lu","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00083","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88559237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant: Current Treatments and Vaccines for COVID-19","authors":"Valerie Vidian, Dikson, Vivian Litanto, Suawa Natania Abigail Christy, Juandy Jo","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00084","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76327891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-27DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00051
T. Yahaya, U. U. Liman, Caleb Dikko Obadiah, Z. Zakari, D. Anyebe, Boniface Gomo Clement, Balkisu Marafa Muhammad
{"title":"Environmental Triggers’ Involvement in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"T. Yahaya, U. U. Liman, Caleb Dikko Obadiah, Z. Zakari, D. Anyebe, Boniface Gomo Clement, Balkisu Marafa Muhammad","doi":"10.14218/erhm.2022.00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14218/erhm.2022.00051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12074,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82137821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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