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The Non-canonical Mechanism of Immune Escape in Cancer: Intercellular Transfer of Immune Checkpoint Molecules 肿瘤免疫逃逸的非规范机制:免疫检查点分子的细胞间转移
Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00062
Xiangyang Li, Tianhang Li
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引用次数: 0
Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned? 印度尼西亚不明原因的严重急性肝炎:我们学到了什么?
Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00092
Daniel Hokinson, Astia Sanjaya, Juandy Jo
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引用次数: 1
Infectious Disease Surveillance in Vietnam: Pathogen Early Detection in Hanoi Wastewater 越南传染病监测:河内市废水中病原体的早期检测
Pub Date : 2022-10-09 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00089
A. Taylor-Robinson, Thanh H. Nguyen
© 2022 The Author(s). This article has been published under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits noncommercial unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the following statement is provided. “This article has been published in Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine at https://doi.org/10.14218/ERHM.2022.00089 and can also be viewed on the Journal’s website at https://www.xiahepublishing.com/journal/erhm ”.
©2022作者。本文遵循知识共享署名-非商业4.0国际许可协议(CC BY-NC 4.0)的条款发布,该协议允许在任何媒体上不受限制地使用、分发和复制,前提是提供以下声明。“这篇文章发表在医学探索性研究和假设网站https://doi.org/10.14218/ERHM.2022.00089上,也可以在该杂志的网站https://www.xiahepublishing.com/journal/erhm上查看。”
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引用次数: 0
Trop-2-Cells, Their Exosomal Cargo, and the Potential Impact on Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Breast Cancer: The Expanding Frontiers trop -2细胞,它们的外泌体货物,以及对乳腺癌诊断和治疗的潜在影响:不断扩大的前沿
Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00087
V. Kok
breast, ovary, and endometrium. 3,4 Appar-ently, this Trop-2 gene upregulation provides selective advantages for Trop-2 overexpressing cancer cells. Although further research would be needed to provide more evidence, Trop-2 gene overexpression would correlate with the abundance of the Trop-2 protein on the cell membrane and inside the cytoplasm, which could be detected using immunohistochemical staining of a pathological slide. 5,6 Trop-2 glycoproteins are involved in the cancer cell-cell as well as cell-extracellular matrix communications. As a result, cancer cells could migrate and possess invasive properties within the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, research in this arena in the past decade has provided some crucial insights that Trop2 plays a central role in the cleavage by tissue necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE, also known as ADAM17) and activating Beta-1 (β 1 ) integrin-dependent migration through extracellular fibronectin of which the main receptors are primarily Alpha 5 beta 1 (α 5 β 1 ) integrins assembling with the intracellular focal adhesion kinase. 7–10 This cascade of interactions and activations would ul-Trop-2-Cells, Abstract Recently, an anti-trophoblast surface antigen-2 (Trop-2) antibody-drug conjugate targeting Trop-2 positive cancer cells has been approved for treating patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, who have failed two or more lines of systemic chemotherapy. This has renewed the interest in translational research of Trop-2 positive breast cancer, the gene TACSTD2 and microRNAs that interact with it, and the signaling networks sparked by Trop-2 mediated signaling. In addi-tion, this opinion paper argues that exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are released from Trop-2 positive cancer cells, could play a significant role in cancer progression. Furthermore, diagnostic applications using Trop-2-released exosomes, the cargo exosomes carry, which could be any genetic information such as specific miRNAs, adhesion molecules such as integrins, and metabolites, are yet to be explored in breast cancer patients. Most of the evidence and data are obtained from studies in epithelial cancers other than breast cancers, which have been introduced in the current paper. Therefore, this article briefly summarizes previously published data on other cancer types, forms some hypotheses, and proposes research questions and directions that may be explored further.
乳房、卵巢和子宫内膜。3,4显然,这种Trop-2基因的上调为Trop-2过表达的癌细胞提供了选择性优势。虽然需要进一步的研究来提供更多的证据,但Trop-2基因的过表达可能与细胞膜和细胞质内Trop-2蛋白的丰度有关,这可以通过病理切片的免疫组织化学染色来检测。5,6 Trop-2糖蛋白参与癌细胞与细胞之间以及细胞与细胞外基质之间的通讯。因此,癌细胞可以在肿瘤微环境中迁移并具有侵袭性。此外,在过去的十年中,该领域的研究提供了一些重要的见解,即Trop2在组织坏死因子-α-转换酶(TACE,也称为ADAM17)的裂解和通过细胞外纤维连接蛋白激活β -1 (β 1)整合素依赖的迁移中起核心作用,其中主要受体主要是α 5 β 1 (α 5 β 1)整合素与细胞内局灶黏附激酶组装。最近,一种靶向Trop-2阳性癌细胞的抗滋养细胞表面抗原-2 (Trop-2)抗体-药物偶联物已被批准用于治疗无法切除的局部晚期或转移性三阴性乳腺癌患者,这些患者已接受两种或两种以上的全身化疗失败。这重新燃起了人们对Trop-2阳性乳腺癌、TACSTD2基因及其相互作用的microrna以及由Trop-2介导的信号传导引发的信号网络的转化研究的兴趣。此外,这篇观点论文认为,从Trop-2阳性癌细胞释放的细胞外囊泡外泌体可能在癌症进展中发挥重要作用。此外,利用trop -2释放的外泌体(货物外泌体携带的任何遗传信息,如特异性mirna、粘附分子(如整合素)和代谢物)在乳腺癌患者中的诊断应用尚待探索。大多数证据和数据来自于对上皮性癌症的研究,而不是乳腺癌,这在本文中已经介绍过。因此,本文简要总结了之前发表的其他癌症类型的数据,形成了一些假设,并提出了可能进一步探索的研究问题和方向。
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引用次数: 0
An Intelligent Diagnosis Method of MRI in Classifying Prostate Cancerous Tissue Using SVM Algorithm with Different Kernels 基于不同核向量机算法的MRI前列腺癌组织分类智能诊断方法
Pub Date : 2022-09-14 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00094
S. Ren, Jun Wang, Zhongqiu Wang
Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most common malignancy and the second most dominant cause of cancer-related deaths in men in Western countries, with an incidence rate composed over 200 per 100,000 men. 1 The early diagnosis of Pca will lead to an obvious increase of patients’ survival, and as a result, a decrease of treatment costs. 2 Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Pca is for (mp-MRI) anatomic with functional MRI technique, for diagnosis, of T2-weighted contributions to the localization and characterization of abnormalities in the T2WI are of identifying the
前列腺癌(Pca)是西方国家男性最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是癌症相关死亡的第二大主要原因,发病率超过200 / 100,000。1前列腺癌的早期诊断会明显提高患者的生存率,从而降低治疗费用。快速准确地诊断前列腺癌是为了(mp-MRI)解剖与功能MRI技术,对于诊断,t2加权贡献的定位和特征的异常在T2WI是识别
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引用次数: 0
Emerging Roles of CircRNAs in Tumor Microenvironment 环状rna在肿瘤微环境中的新作用
Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00047
Liang Yu, Yi Xu
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an integral part of cancer that serves as a harbor where tumor cells com-municate with neighboring cells and non-cancerous components to determine the progression of the tumor. Researchers are increasingly turning their focus away from tumor cells alone and toward the dynamic and intricate tumor microenvironment to acquire a stronger insight into malignancies. The active crosstalk on TME and its heterogeneity make it challenging to reveal its characteristics, while details of the regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. A deep understanding of TME remodeling may provide potential biomarkers and treatment targets to enhance tumor therapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are subpopulations of noncoding RNAs with unique characteristics and a wide range of biological properties involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has shown that circRNAs have abnormal expression and mediate signaling pathways. They play various roles in human malignancy events, such as angiogenesis, immune escape, and others. The role of circRNAs in the TME cannot be ignored, which may provide a novel path to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of TME remodeling. This review summarizes the history of TME and circRNAs and their roles and activities in the TME.
肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)是肿瘤不可缺少的组成部分,是肿瘤细胞与邻近细胞和非癌成分交流的港湾,决定肿瘤的进展。研究人员越来越多地将注意力从肿瘤细胞本身转向动态和复杂的肿瘤微环境,以获得对恶性肿瘤更深入的了解。TME的主动串扰及其异质性使得其特征难以揭示,而其调控机制的细节尚不清楚。对TME重塑的深入了解可能为加强肿瘤治疗提供潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶点。环状rna (circRNAs)是非编码rna的亚群,具有独特的特征和广泛的生物学特性,参与肿瘤的发生和转移。越来越多的证据表明circRNAs具有异常表达并介导信号通路。它们在人类恶性肿瘤事件中发挥着各种作用,如血管生成、免疫逃逸等。circrna在TME中的作用不容忽视,这可能为阐明TME重塑的潜在调控机制提供了新的途径。本文综述了TME和circrna的历史及其在TME中的作用和活性。
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引用次数: 0
Prognostic Value of Selected Histologic Features for Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. 肺鳞状细胞癌部分组织学特征的预后价值。
Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-16 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00071
Justine Fan, Samuel M DeFina, He Wang

The recent histologic subtyping of lung adenocarcinoma has demonstrated the prognostic values of histologic patterns in this malignancy. However, the histological features of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are much less established. This short review discusses several promising histological prognostic markers for SCC, including tumor budding, tumor cell nesting, and the spreading of tumors through air spaces. Wherever appropriate, the biological significance of these morphological features was also discussed. The investigators consider that histological prognostic markers are highly valuable in understanding the cancer biology of SCC, and in guiding clinical treatment. However, larger clinical cohorts are needed to better establish the prognostic values of the aforementioned histological markers. The application of modern technologies, including machine-learning, would make the histological analysis accurate and reproducible.

最近肺腺癌的组织学分型已经证明了这种恶性肿瘤的组织学模式的预后价值。然而,肺鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的组织学特征尚不明确。这篇简短的综述讨论了SCC的几个有希望的组织学预后标志物,包括肿瘤出芽、肿瘤细胞筑巢和肿瘤通过空气空间扩散。在适当的地方,还讨论了这些形态特征的生物学意义。研究人员认为,组织学预后标志物在了解鳞状细胞癌的肿瘤生物学和指导临床治疗方面具有很高的价值。然而,需要更大的临床队列来更好地确定上述组织学标记物的预后价值。现代技术的应用,包括机器学习,将使组织学分析准确和可重复。
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引用次数: 0
Hypothetical Hydrogenase Activity of Human Mitochondrial Complex I and Its Role in Preventing Cancer Transformation 人类线粒体复合体I的氢化酶活性及其在预防癌症转化中的作用
Pub Date : 2022-08-19 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00083
F. Lu
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引用次数: 1
Emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant: Current Treatments and Vaccines for COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2组粒变体的出现:当前的COVID-19治疗和疫苗
Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00084
Valerie Vidian, Dikson, Vivian Litanto, Suawa Natania Abigail Christy, Juandy Jo
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引用次数: 12
Environmental Triggers’ Involvement in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 环境因素在1型糖尿病发病中的作用
Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2022.00051
T. Yahaya, U. U. Liman, Caleb Dikko Obadiah, Z. Zakari, D. Anyebe, Boniface Gomo Clement, Balkisu Marafa Muhammad
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Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine
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