Evolution最新文献

A central challenge in comparative biology is linking present-day trait variation across species with unobserved evolutionary processes that occurred in the past. In this endeavor, phylogenetic comparative methods are invaluable for fitting, comparing, and selecting evolutionary models of varying complexity and biological meaning. Traditionally, evolutionary studies have relied on conventional statistical approaches to assess model fit and identify the one that best explains variation in a given trait. Here we explore an alternative strategy by applying supervised learning to predict evolutionary models via discriminant analysis. We formally introduce Evolutionary Discriminant Analysis (EvoDA) as an addition to the biologist's toolkit, offering a suite of new methods for studying trait evolution. We evaluate the performance of EvoDA alongside conventional model selection through a series of fungal phylogeny case studies, each targeting increasingly challenging analytical tasks. These results showcase the strengths of EvoDA, with substantial improvements over conventional approaches when studying traits subject to measurement error, which likely reflect realistic conditions in empirical datasets. To complement our simulation-based benchmarking, we explore the application of EvoDA for tackling a notoriously difficult task: predicting the mode and tempo of gene expression evolution. This empirical analysis suggests that stabilizing selection acts on a majority of genes, with bursts of expression evolution in a handful of genes related to stress, cellular transportation, and transcription regulation. Collectively, our findings illustrate the promise of EvoDA for predicting trait models across a range of evolutionary and experimental contexts, establishing a new methodological framework for the next era of comparative research.

The inhibitory cascade model (ICM) of morphogenesis is an effort to link development to the production of variation, which can influence evolutionary trajectories. The ICM proposes that serially developing features, such as molar teeth, are governed by the relative magnitudes of one activating and one inhibiting developmental process. The statistical expectations of the ICM are typically expressed and analyzed on a first-element standardized scale and seem to be a good predictor of molar proportions. However, the ICM has been applied to traits that occur in series but do not develop in sequence and still recovers as good a fit as when applied to serially developing traits. Such an undiscriminating result raises questions about whether the fit of the ICM is an artifact of standardization. The mathematical rendition of the ICM does not correspond with the verbal descriptions of the developmental argument. Applying our novel re-articulation of the ICM to biological, non-biological, and simulated data, we demonstrate that the apparent goodness of fit of the ICM to many biological systems is an artifact of scaling correlated values with a common denominator. There is no evidence supporting the ICM at the developmental, variational, or evolutionary levels.

There is great variation across species in how many individuals participate in territorial defense. Here, we test the hypotheses that joint territorial defense by pairs or family groups is more common in songbird species that (1) nest in tropical latitudes, (2) exhibit weak sexual selection, (3) maintain long-term social bonds, (4) defend year-round territories, (5) nest cooperatively, and (6) are sedentary. We conducted the first broad-scale test of these hypotheses by performing 3177 playback experiments across the Americas to measure territorial defense behaviors for 264 species. We found support for three of our six predictions: tropical species, cooperative nesters, and species with long-term social bonds are indeed more likely to jointly defend territories, but other variables were unrelated to joint territorial defense. Latitudinal zone was the strongest predictor, suggesting that tropical environments select for joint territory defense above and beyond the life history traits we included in our analysis. The remaining traits that predicted territorial defense describe aspects of communal living, though the association with long-term social bonds was marginal. Overall, we document a strong latitudinal gradient wherein joint territorial defense is consistently more common in the tropics even when accounting for different life history traits of tropical birds.

Sexual selection has strong effects on gonad size, which has been proposed to shift energetic allocations, resulting in concomitant decreases in brain size. However, mixed findings leave it unclear whether negative correlations reflect direct energetic trade-offs or selection on trait combinations broadly. We tested whether male reproductive tactics impose energetic trade-offs by comparing brain and gonad sizes in Poecilia parae, a fish with discrete alternative male morphs specializing in three reproductive strategies: coercion, display, and sneaking. The obligate sneaker morph had substantially larger gonads and smaller brains than the other morphs, consistent with an energetic trade-off. However, examining individuals within morphs revealed a positive relationship, contradicting the energetic trade-off hypothesis. To resolve which morphs reflect the ancestral tissue state, we also compared gonad and brain sizes of the morphs to two closely related species whose males utilize more flexible reproductive strategies, Poecilia picta and Poecilia reticulata. Again, the Poecilia parae obligate sneaker morph had the largest gonads and the smallest brains. Neuron-to-glia ratio (a proxy for energetic demands) showed no link to gonad size. Our results suggest that reproductive strategies shape brain evolution through correlational selection rather than direct energetic trade-offs, challenging assumptions that sexually selected traits impose constraints through direct resource allocation.

There have been many recent discussions of the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, with an emphasis on its mathematical accuracy. It is argued here that, despite the mathematical problems that have been uncovered, it still has utility for biologists. In particular, it predicts an absence of additive genetic variance for fitness for populations at equilibrium under selection alone, a result that is valid under very general conditions. This raises the question as to why there are such high levels of additive variance in fitness and fitness components, but little evidence for non-additive variance.

During range expansion, differences in traits can evolve between populations at the core and expanding edge of a range. While theory and experimental work have focused on range expansions across uniform environments, natural range expansions often occur over environmental gradients, which present novel selection pressures. We study phenotypic evolution at the core and edge of an active range expansion across an environmental gradient, and how adaptation may be constrained if the expression of genetic variation in novel environments is reduced. We focus on the timing of winter dormancy in a beetle (Diorhabda carinulata), expanding from northern areas with cold winters to southern areas with milder, shorter winters. We examine, first, the pattern of evolution of winter dormancy timing in core and edge environments, and second, how heritable genetic variation of a core population is expressed in local and edge environments. Phenotypes of core populations are consistent with adaptation to northern environments and maladaptation to southern ones. However, phenotypes of edge populations varied, indicating potential adaptation to more variable conditions across the southern sites. Clear shifts in phenotype at the expanding edge relative to the core suggest rapid evolution at the edge in response to southern climates. Heritability in a core population was high in a local environment but undetectable in a novel (edge) environment. These results show that core populations have adapted to their local environments, likely fueled by high heritability, but that long-distance movement into novel environments may reduce the heritable genetic variation on which selection can act, and thus hinder adaptation.

Sex determination was once thought to be unstable in ectothermic vertebrates, but several highly diversified groups of non-avian reptiles, such as iguanas sensu lato (Pleurodonta), appear to have conserved sex chromosomes. However, this statement has been criticized as being based on a parsimonious conclusion from limited sampling. Here, we tested sex chromosome homology in a further 35 species of pleurodont lizards, mainly of the family Anolidae. We demonstrated sex chromosome homology based on the comparison of the gene dosage of X-specific genes by quantitative PCR. Including these new data, the homology of sex chromosomes has so far been supported in 92 out of over 1,200 recently recognized species of Pleurodonta, representing all but one family of this clade. These very conserved sex chromosomes are at least as old as the basal split of Pleurodonta (estimated over 90 MY). In the case of the family Corytophanidae, all genera share different XX/XY sex chromosomes, which are thus over 25 million years old. We discuss the efficiency and limitations of the approach used for tests of the homology of sex chromosomes, as well as the reasons for the evolutionary stability of sex chromosomes in some lineages. We argue that to obtain a complete picture, all extant species should be tested for homology; however, until we reach this ambitious goal, parsimonious estimates in lineages where fragmentary data suggest stability of sex chromosomes, as in Pleurodonta, are substantiated.

Some trilobites underwent drastic morphological transformations through their development. The Ordovician trilobite Lonchodomas chaziensis transformed, in a single molt, from a globular protaspid larva to a drastically different adult-like meraspid juvenile. This metamorphosis may be related to a complete shift in lifestyle from a free-floating planktic life-mode into a bottom-dwelling benthic life-mode. By focusing on variation between individuals at distinct ontogenetic stages, shifts in covariation patterns through development can be identified to better understand this transformation. Organisms are composed of parts conceptualized in terms of modules i.e., semi-autonomous packages of highly correlated traits. Modularity is theorized to increase through ontogeny especially in arthropods which undergo metamorphosis. To test this hypothesis, we examine covariation patterns coincident with the restructuring of the trilobite head. Analyses show a decrease in the structure of modularity during metamorphosis and major shifts in the degree of modularity/integration during and preceding transformation. Further, the part which undergoes the most shape change becomes more integrated with other parts. As shape variation is organized in a mosaic fashion through ontogeny, modularity may have played a role in coordinated ontogenetic change among parts leading up to shifts in form and lifestyle occurring during the 'Plankton Revolution' of the early Paleozoic.

Sexual selection potentially drives the evolution of exaggerated traits used in intrasexual contests. However, the extent to which mating systems influence weapon morphology remains unclear. In fiddler crab males, an exaggerated claw functions both as a weapon and a signaling tool, varying according to the species' mating system. We examined claw evolution in male fiddler crabs, differentiating between two main mating strategies: (1) males defend their mating burrows (= "burrow"); (2) males do not mate in their own burrows (= "surface"). We measured claw morphological traits and tested whether the mating system affects their evolutionary rates, expecting "burrow" species to exhibit higher evolutionary rates. In general, claw size scales isometrically with body size across species. Both systems showed no correlation between claw elements and mechanical advantage, indicating the necessity of maintaining a conspicuous signaling tool alongside an efficient lever system for grip strength as body size increases. Contrary to predictions, however, "burrow" males exhibited lower evolutionary rates in claw traits than "surface" males, suggesting stronger stabilizing selection. These findings highlight the nuanced effects of sexual selection on male fiddler crab weapon evolution, suggesting that mating systems can modulate evolutionary trajectories, yet functional demands for dual weapon-signal roles constrain claw morphology.