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Optimal polyandry in fruit flies. 果蝇的最佳多配偶制
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae148
Janice L Yan, Jack R Rosenbaum, Dan Yang, Reuven Dukas

The study of polyandry has received increasing scientific attention with an emphasis on the fitness benefits and costs that females derive from mating with multiple males. There are still gaps in our understanding of how polyandry affects female fitness, however, as many previous studies compared the fitness outcomes of a single mating vs. two or three matings and did not separate the consequences of multiple mating from the costs of sexual harassment. We therefore conducted controlled mating trials with female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) that could mate at either low (every eight days), medium (every four days), or high (every other day) rates while controlling for exposure to harassment from males. We found that female lifetime fitness was highest under the high followed by the medium mating-rate conditions. Moreover, we did not detect reductions in lifespan as a consequence of higher rates of polyandry. Our results demonstrate that even at realistically high rates, polyandry can lead to net fitness benefits for females, which can have major implications for sexual selection. Specifically, we discuss the significance of our findings as they relate to competition and the evolution of secondary sex characteristics in females, and sperm competition amongst males.

多雄性交配的研究越来越受到科学界的关注,重点是雌性从与多个雄性交配中获得的适应性收益和成本。然而,我们对多雄性交配如何影响雌性适存性的认识仍有差距,因为之前的许多研究都比较了一次交配与两次或三次交配的适存性结果,而没有将多次交配的后果与性骚扰的成本区分开来。因此,我们用雌性果蝇(黑腹果蝇)进行了受控交配试验,这些雌性果蝇的交配率分别为低(每八天一次)、中(每四天一次)或高(每隔一天一次),同时控制雄性果蝇的骚扰暴露。我们发现,在高交配率条件下,雌性的终生适应性最高,其次是中交配率条件。此外,我们也没有发现雌性寿命会因为较高的多雄性交配率而缩短。我们的研究结果表明,即使在现实的高交配率条件下,多育也能为雌性带来净健康益处,这可能对性选择产生重大影响。具体来说,我们将讨论我们的发现与竞争、雌性第二性征的进化以及雄性之间的精子竞争之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The role of pleiotropy and population structure in the evolution of altruism through the greenbeard effect. 多效性和种群结构在通过绿胡子效应实现利他主义进化中的作用。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae147
Thomas G Aubier, Brian A Lerch

Several empirical examples and theoretical models suggest that the greenbeard effect may be an important mechanism in driving the evolution of altruism. However, previous theoretical models rely on assumptions such as spatial structure and specific sets of pleiotropic loci, the importance of which for the evolution of altruism has not been studied. Here, we develop a population-genetic model that clarifies the roles of extrinsic assortment (e.g., due to population viscosity) and pleiotropy in the maintenance of altruism through the greenbeard effect. We show that, when extrinsic assortment is too weak to promote the evolution of altruism on its own, the greenbeard effect can only promote altruism significantly if there is a pleiotropic locus controlling both altruism and signaling. Further, we show that indirect selection via genetic associations is too weak to have a noticeable impact on altruism evolution. We also highlight that, if extrinsic assortment is strong enough to promote the evolution of altruism on its own, it also favors the spread of alleles encoding the other functions of a greenbeard trait (signaling and discriminatory behavior), as well as genetic associations. This occurs despite the fact that the greenbeard effect did not favor the evolution of altruism in the first place. This calls for caution when inferring the causality between greenbeard traits and the evolution of altruism.

一些经验实例和理论模型表明,绿胡子效应可能是驱动利他主义进化的一个重要机制。然而,以往的理论模型依赖于空间结构和特定的多效基因座等假设,而这些假设对利他主义进化的重要性尚未得到研究。在这里,我们建立了一个种群遗传模型,通过绿胡子效应阐明了外在变异(如种群粘度导致的外在变异)和多效性在维持利他主义方面的作用。我们的研究表明,当外在分化能力太弱而无法单独促进利他主义的进化时,只有同时控制利他主义和信号传递的多效基因座存在时,绿胡子效应才能显著促进利他主义的进化。此外,我们还表明,通过遗传关联进行的间接选择过于微弱,无法对利他主义的进化产生明显影响。我们还强调,如果外在选择足以促进利他主义本身的进化,那么它也有利于编码绿胡子性状其他功能(信号传递和歧视行为)的等位基因以及遗传关联的扩散。尽管 "绿胡子效应 "首先并不有利于利他主义的进化,但这种情况还是出现了。因此,在推断绿胡子特征与利他主义进化之间的因果关系时需要谨慎。
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引用次数: 0
Making sense of recent models of the "sheltering" hypothesis for recombination arrest between sex chromosomes. 性染色体间重组停滞的 "庇护 "假说的最新模型的意义。
IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae119
Brian Charlesworth, Colin Olito

In their most extreme form, sex chromosomes exhibit a complete lack of genetic recombination along much of their length in the heterogametic sex. Some recent models explain the evolution of such suppressed recombination by the "sheltering" of deleterious mutations by chromosomal inversions that prevent recombination around a polymorphic locus controlling sex. This sheltering hypothesis is based on the following reasoning. An inversion that is associated with the male-determining allele (with male heterogamety) is present only in the heterozygous state. If such an inversion carries a lower-than-average number of deleterious mutations, it will accrue a selective advantage, and will be sheltered from homozygosity for any mutations that it carries due to the enforced heterozygosity for the inversion itself. It can therefore become fixed among all carriers of the male-determining allele. Recent population genetics models of this process are discussed. It is shown that, except under the unlikely scenario of a high degree of recessivity of most deleterious mutations, inversions of this type that lack any other fitness effects will have at best a modest selective advantage; they will usually accumulate on proto-Y chromosomes at a rate close to, or less than, the neutral expectation. While the existence of deleterious mutations does not necessarily prevent the spread of Y-linked inversions, it is unlikely to provide a significant selective advantage to them.

在最极端的情况下,异性染色体的大部分长度完全缺乏基因重组。最近的一些模型解释了这种重组受抑制的进化过程,即染色体倒位 "庇护 "了有害突变,阻止了控制性别的多态位点周围的重组。这种 "庇护 "假说基于以下推理。与决定雄性的等位基因(具有雄性杂合性)相关的倒位只存在于杂合状态。如果这种倒位携带的有害突变数量低于平均水平,那么它就会获得选择性优势,并且由于倒位本身的强制杂合性,它所携带的任何突变都会受到同质性的保护。因此,它可以在所有决定雄性的等位基因携带者中固定下来。本文讨论了这一过程的最新群体遗传学模型。结果表明,除了在大多数有害突变具有高度隐性这种不太可能发生的情况下,这种类型的倒位如果缺乏任何其他适性效应,充其量只会具有适度的选择性优势;它们通常会以接近或低于中性预期的速度在原 Y 染色体上积累。虽然有害突变的存在并不一定会阻止 Y 连锁倒位的扩散,但也不太可能为其带来显著的选择优势。
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引用次数: 0
Sperm competition intensity shapes divergence in both sperm morphology and reproductive genes across murine rodents. 精子竞争强度决定了啮齿类动物精子形态和生殖基因的差异。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae146
Emily E K Kopania, Gregg W C Thomas, Carl R Hutter, Sebastian M E Mortimer, Colin M Callahan, Emily Roycroft, Anang S Achmadi, William G Breed, Nathan L Clark, Jacob A Esselstyn, Kevin C Rowe, Jeffrey M Good

It remains unclear how variation in the intensity of sperm competition shapes phenotypic and molecular evolution across clades. Mice and rats in the subfamily Murinae are a rapid radiation exhibiting incredible diversity in sperm morphology and production. We combined phenotypic and genomic data to perform phylogenetic comparisons of male reproductive traits and genes across 78 murine species. We identified several shifts towards smaller relative testes mass, presumably reflecting reduced sperm competition. Several sperm traits were associated with relative testes mass, suggesting that mating system evolution selects for convergent suites of traits related to sperm competitive ability. We predicted that sperm competition would also drive more rapid molecular divergence in species with large testes. Contrary to this, we found that many spermatogenesis genes evolved more rapidly in species with smaller relative testes mass due to relaxed purifying selection. While some reproductive genes evolved rapidly under recurrent positive selection, relaxed selection played a greater role in underlying rapid evolution in small testes species. Our work demonstrates that postcopulatory sexual selection can impose strong purifying selection shaping the evolution of male reproduction, and that broad patterns of molecular evolution may help identify genes that contribute to male fertility.

精子竞争强度的变化如何影响各支系的表型和分子进化,目前仍不清楚。鼠亚科的小鼠和大鼠是一种快速辐射动物,在精子形态和产生方面表现出惊人的多样性。我们结合表型和基因组数据,对 78 种鼠科动物的雄性生殖特征和基因进行了系统进化比较。我们发现了几种睾丸相对质量较小的变化,这可能反映了精子竞争的减少。一些精子性状与相对睾丸质量相关,这表明交配系统的进化选择了与精子竞争能力相关的趋同性状。我们预测精子竞争也会促使睾丸大的物种出现更快的分子分化。与此相反,我们发现,在相对睾丸质量较小的物种中,许多精子发生基因的进化速度更快,这是由于放松了纯化选择。虽然一些生殖基因在经常性的正选择下快速进化,但在睾丸较小的物种中,松弛选择在快速进化中发挥了更大的作用。我们的研究表明,繁殖后的性选择可以施加强烈的净化选择,从而影响雄性生殖的进化,而分子进化的广泛模式可能有助于识别有助于雄性生育能力的基因。
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引用次数: 0
Coevolution promotes the coexistence of Tasmanian devils and a fatal, transmissible cancer. 共同进化促进了塔斯马尼亚恶魔和一种致命的传染性癌症的共存。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae143
Dale T Clement, Dylan G Gallinson, Rodrigo K Hamede, Menna E Jones, Mark J Margres, Hamish McCallum, Andrew Storfer

Emerging infectious diseases threaten natural populations, and data-driven modeling is critical for predicting population dynamics. Despite the importance of integrating ecology and evolution in models of host-pathogen dynamics, there are few wild populations for which long-term ecological datasets have been coupled with genome-scale data. Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii ) populations have declined range-wide due to devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), a fatal transmissible cancer. Although early ecological models predicted imminent devil extinction, diseased devil populations persist at low densities, and recent ecological models predict long-term devil persistence. Substantial evidence supports evolution of both devils and DFTD, suggesting coevolution may also influence continued devil persistence. Thus, we developed an individual-based, eco-evolutionary model of devil-DFTD coevolution parameterized with nearly two decades of devil demography, DFTD epidemiology, and genome-wide association studies. We characterized potential devil-DFTD coevolutionary outcomes and predicted the effects of coevolution on devil persistence and devil-DFTD coexistence. We found a high probability of devil persistence over 50 devil generations (100 years) and a higher likelihood of devil-DFTD coexistence, with greater devil recovery, than predicted by previous ecological models. These novel results add to growing evidence for long-term devil persistence and highlight the importance of eco-evolutionary modeling for emerging infectious diseases.

新出现的传染病威胁着自然种群,而数据驱动的建模对于预测种群动态至关重要。尽管在宿主-病原体动态模型中整合生态学和进化非常重要,但很少有野生种群的长期生态数据集与基因组尺度数据相结合。塔斯马尼亚魔鬼(Sarcophilus harrisii)种群数量因魔鬼面部肿瘤病(DFTD)--一种致命的传染性癌症--而在整个范围内减少。虽然早期的生态模型预测魔鬼即将灭绝,但患病的魔鬼种群仍以低密度存在,而最近的生态模型预测魔鬼将长期存在。大量证据支持魔鬼和 DFTD 的进化,表明共同进化也可能影响魔鬼的持续生存。因此,我们开发了一个基于个体的魔鬼-DFTTD 共同进化生态模型,该模型以近二十年的魔鬼人口统计、DFTD 流行病学和全基因组关联研究为参数。我们描述了潜在的魔鬼-DFTD共同进化结果,并预测了共同进化对魔鬼持久性和魔鬼-DFTD共存的影响。我们发现,与以前的生态模型预测的结果相比,魔鬼持续生存50代(100年)的可能性很高,魔鬼-DFTD共存的可能性也更高,魔鬼的恢复能力也更强。这些新结果为魔鬼的长期存在提供了越来越多的证据,并凸显了生态进化模型对新发传染病的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evolutionary Adaptation in Heterogeneous and Changing Environments. 异质和不断变化的环境中的进化适应。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae144
Nandita Chaturvedi, Purba Chatterjee

Organisms that are adapting to long term environmental change almost always deal with mul- tiple environments and trade-offs that affect their optimal phenotypic strategy. Here we combine the idea of repeated variation or heterogeneity, like seasonal shifts, with long-term directional dy- namics. Using the framework of fitness sets, we determine the dynamics of the optimal phenotype in two competing environments encountered with different frequencies, one of which changes with time. When such an optimal strategy is selected for in simulations of evolving populations, we observe rich behavior that is qualitatively different from and more complex than adaptation to long-term change in a single environment. The probability of survival and the critical rate of environmental change above which populations go extinct depend crucially on the relative fre- quency of the two environments and the strength and asymmetry of their selection pressures. We identify a critical frequency for the stationary environment, above which populations can escape the pressure to constantly evolve by adapting to the stationary optimum. In the neighborhood of this critical frequency, we also find the counter-intuitive possibility of a lower bound on the rate of environmental change, below which populations go extinct, and above which a process of evolutionary rescue is possible.

适应长期环境变化的生物几乎总是要面对多重环境和影响其最佳表型策略的权衡。在这里,我们将重复变异或异质性(如季节性变化)与长期方向性动力学结合起来。利用适性集框架,我们确定了在两个不同频率的竞争环境中最优表型的动态,其中一个环境会随着时间的变化而变化。当在模拟进化种群中选择这种最优策略时,我们观察到了丰富的行为,这些行为与适应单一环境中的长期变化有着本质区别,而且更为复杂。种群灭绝的生存概率和临界环境变化率在很大程度上取决于两种环境的相对频率及其选择压力的强度和不对称性。我们确定了静止环境的临界频率,在此频率之上,种群可以通过适应静止的最佳环境来摆脱不断进化的压力。在这个临界频率附近,我们还发现了一种与直觉相反的可能性,那就是环境变化率的下限,低于这个下限,种群就会灭绝,而高于这个下限,种群就有可能得到进化拯救。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution and functional implications of stinger shape in ants. 蚂蚁毒刺形状的进化和功能影响。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae142
Alexandre Casadei-Ferreira, Gabriela Procópio Camacho, Thomas van de Kamp, John E Lattke, Rodrigo Machado Feitosa, Evan P Economo

Trait diversification is often driven by underlying performance tradeoffs in the context of different selective pressures. Evolutionary changes in task specialization may influence how species respond to tradeoffs and alter diversification. We conducted this study to investigate the functional morphology, evolutionary history, and tempo and mode of evolution of the Hymenoptera stinger using Ectatomminae ants as a model clade. We hypothesized that a performance tradeoff surface underlies the diversity of stinger morphology and that shifts between predatory and omnivorous diets mediate the diversification dynamics of the trait. Shape variation was characterized by X-ray microtomography, and the correlation between shape and average values of von Mises stress, as a measure of yield failure criteria under loading conditions typical of puncture scenarios, was determined using finite element analysis. We observed that stinger elongation underlies most of the shape variation but found no evidence of biomechanical tradeoffs in the performance characteristics measured. Additionally, omnivores have increased phenotypic shifts and accelerated evolution in performance metrics, suggesting the evolution of dietary flexibility releases selection pressure on a specific function, resulting in a greater phenotypic evolutionary rate. These results increase our understanding of the biomechanical basis of stinger shape, indicate that shape diversity is not the outcome of simple biomechanical optimization, and reveal connections between diet and trait diversification.

性状多样化通常是由不同选择压力下的潜在性能权衡驱动的。任务专业化的进化变化可能会影响物种如何应对权衡并改变多样化。我们进行了这项研究,以外蚁目蚂蚁为模式支系,调查膜翅目螫针的功能形态、进化历史、进化速度和模式。我们假设,螫针形态多样性的基础是一种性能权衡表面,而捕食性和杂食性之间的转变介导了该性状的多样化动态。我们用 X 射线显微层析技术描述了毒刺的形状变化,并用有限元分析确定了毒刺形状与 von Mises 应力平均值之间的相关性。我们观察到,毒刺的伸长是大部分形状变化的基础,但在测量的性能特征中没有发现生物力学折衷的证据。此外,杂食动物的表型变化增加,性能指标的进化加快,这表明饮食灵活性的进化释放了对特定功能的选择压力,导致表型进化速度加快。这些结果增加了我们对毒刺形状的生物力学基础的了解,表明形状多样性不是简单的生物力学优化的结果,并揭示了饮食与性状多样性之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution from mixed to fixed handedness in mirror-image flowers: insights from adaptive dynamics. 镜像花从混合手性到固定手性的进化:适应动力学的启示。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae140
Marco Saltini, Spencer C H Barrett, Eva E Deinum

Mirror-image flowers (enantiostyly) involve a form of sexual asymmetry in which a flower's style is deflected either to the left or right side, with a pollinating anther orientated in the opposite direction. This curious floral polymorphism, which was known but not studied by Charles Darwin, occurs in at least 11 unrelated angiosperm families and represents a striking example of adaptive convergence in form and function associated with cross-pollination by insects. In several lineages, dimorphic enantiostyly (one stylar orientation per plant, both forms occurring within populations) has evolved from monomorphic enantiostyly, in which all plants can produce both style orientations. We use a modelling approach to investigate the emergence of dimorphic enantiostyly from monomorphic enantiostyly under gradual evolution. We show using adaptive dynamics that depending on the balance between inbreeding depression following geitonogamy, pollination efficiency and plant density, dimorphism can evolve from an ancestral monomorphic population. In general, the newly emergent dimorphic population is stable against invasion of a monomorphic mutant. However, our model predicts that under certain ecological conditions, e.g., a decline of pollinators, dimorphic enantiostyly may revert to a monomorphic state. We demonstrate using population genetics simulations that the observed evolutionary transitions are possible assuming a plausible genetic architecture.

镜像花(enantiostyly)是一种性不对称形式,花柱向左或向右偏转,授粉花药的方向则相反。这种奇特的花朵多态性在查尔斯-达尔文(Charles Darwin)之前就已经知道,但却没有进行过研究,它至少出现在 11 个不相关的被子植物科中,是昆虫异花授粉引起的形式和功能适应性趋同的一个突出例子。在几个品系中,二态对映体(每种植物有一种花柱方向,在种群中两种花柱方向都有)是从单态对映体进化而来的,在单态对映体中,所有植物都能产生两种花柱方向。我们采用建模方法研究了在渐进进化过程中从单态对映体进化出二态对映体的过程。我们利用适应动力学证明,根据同株异花授粉后近亲繁殖抑制、授粉效率和植物密度之间的平衡,二态对映体可以从祖先的单态种群进化而来。一般来说,新出现的二态种群在单态突变体入侵时是稳定的。然而,我们的模型预测,在某些生态条件下,例如传粉者减少,二态对映体可能会恢复到单态状态。我们利用群体遗传学模拟证明,假设遗传结构可信,观察到的进化转变是可能的。
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引用次数: 0
An assemblage-level comparison of genetic diversity and population genetic structure between island and mainland ant populations. 岛屿和大陆蚂蚁种群遗传多样性和种群遗传结构的集合级比较。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae103
Ida Naughton, Neil D Tsutsui, Philip S Ward, David A Holway

Island biotas provide unparalleled opportunities to examine evolutionary processes. Founder effects and bottlenecks, e.g., typically decrease genetic diversity in island populations, while selection for reduced dispersal can increase population structure. Given that support for these generalities mostly comes from single-species analyses, assemblage-level comparisons are needed to clarify how (i) colonization affects the gene pools of interacting insular organisms, and (ii) patterns of genetic differentiation vary within assemblages of organisms. Here, we use genome-wide sequence data from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to compare the genetic diversity and population structure of mainland and island populations of nine ant species in coastal southern California. As expected, island populations (from Santa Cruz Island) had lower expected heterozygosity and Watterson's theta compared to mainland populations (from the Lompoc Valley). Island populations, however, exhibited smaller genetic distances among samples, indicating less population subdivision. Within the focal assemblage, pairwise Fst values revealed pronounced interspecific variation in mainland-island differentiation, which increases with gyne body size. Our results reveal population differences across an assemblage of interacting species and illuminate general patterns of insularization in ants. Compared to single-species studies, our analysis of nine conspecific population pairs from the same island-mainland system offers a powerful approach to studying fundamental evolutionary processes.

岛屿生物群落为研究进化过程提供了无与伦比的机会。例如,创始人效应和瓶颈通常会降低岛屿种群的遗传多样性,而减少扩散的选择则会增加种群结构。鉴于对这些普遍性的支持大多来自单物种分析,因此需要进行集合水平的比较,以阐明(i)殖民如何影响相互作用的岛屿生物的基因库,以及(ii)生物集合内部的遗传分化模式是如何变化的。在这里,我们利用来自超保守元素(UCE)的全基因组序列数据,比较了南加州沿海地区九种蚂蚁的大陆种群和岛屿种群的遗传多样性和种群结构。不出所料,与大陆种群(来自隆波克山谷)相比,岛屿种群(来自圣克鲁斯岛)的预期杂合度和沃特森θ较低。然而,岛屿种群样本间的遗传距离较小,表明种群细分程度较低。在焦点种群中,成对的 Fst 值显示出大陆与岛屿之间存在明显的种间差异,这种差异随着雌鸟体型的增大而增大。我们的研究结果揭示了相互影响的物种群的种群差异,并阐明了蚂蚁岛化的一般模式。与单一物种研究相比,我们对来自同一岛屿-大陆系统的九个同种种群对的分析为研究基本进化过程提供了一种强有力的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Complex vaccination strategies prevent the emergence of vaccine resistance. 复杂的疫苗接种策略可防止出现疫苗抗药性。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae106
Simon A Rella, Yuliya A Kulikova, Aygul R Minnegalieva, Fyodor A Kondrashov

Vaccination is the most effective tool to control infectious diseases. However, the evolution of vaccine resistance, exemplified by vaccine resistance in SARS-CoV-2, remains a concern. Here, we model complex vaccination strategies against a pathogen with multiple epitopes-molecules targeted by the vaccine. We found that a vaccine targeting one epitope was ineffective in preventing vaccine escape. Vaccine resistance in highly infectious pathogens was prevented by the full-epitope vaccine, that is, one targeting all available epitopes, but only when the rate of pathogen evolution was low. Strikingly, a bet-hedging strategy of random administration of vaccines targeting different epitopes was the most effective in preventing vaccine resistance in pathogens with the low rate of infection and high rate of evolution. Thus, complex vaccination strategies, when biologically feasible, may be preferable to the currently used single-vaccine approaches for long-term control of disease outbreaks, especially when applied to livestock with near 100% vaccination rates.

疫苗接种是控制传染病最有效的工具。然而,疫苗抗药性的演变(如 SARS-CoV-2 中的疫苗抗药性)仍然令人担忧。在这里,我们模拟了针对具有多个表位(疫苗所针对的分子)的病原体的复杂疫苗接种策略。我们发现,针对一个表位的疫苗无法有效防止疫苗逃逸。而全表位疫苗(即针对所有可用表位的疫苗)则能防止高传染性病原体的疫苗抗性,但只有在病原体进化速度较低时才能做到这一点。引人注目的是,在感染率低而进化率高的病原体中,随机接种针对不同表位的疫苗的对冲策略在防止疫苗抗药性方面最为有效。因此,在生物学上可行的情况下,复合疫苗接种策略可能比目前使用的单一疫苗接种方法更适合长期控制疾病爆发,尤其是在牲畜的疫苗接种率接近 100%的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
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