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The heritability of fitness in a wild annual plant population with hierarchical size structure. 具有等级规模结构的野生一年生植物种群的健康遗传率。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae112
Daniel J Schoen, Doug Speed

The relative magnitude of additive genetic vs. residual variation for fitness traits is important in models for predicting the rate of evolution and population persistence in response to changes in the environment. In many annual plants, lifetime reproductive fitness is correlated with end-of-season plant biomass, which can vary significantly from plant to plant in the same population. We measured end-of-season plant biomasses and obtained single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of plants in a dense, natural population of the annual plant species Impatiens capensis with hierarchical size structure. These data were used to estimate the amount of heritable variation for position in the size hierarchy and for plant biomass. Additive genetic variance for a position in the size hierarchy and plant biomass were both significantly different from zero. These results are discussed in relationship to the theory for the heritability of fitness in natural populations and ecological factors that potentially influence heritable variation for fitness in this species.

在预测进化速度和种群持续性以应对环境变化的模型中,适合性状的加性遗传变异与残余变异的相对大小非常重要。在许多一年生植物中,终生繁殖适性与季末植物生物量相关,而同一种群中不同植物的季末生物量可能会有很大差异。我们测量了一年生植物Impatiens capensis的密集自然种群的季末植物生物量,并获得了具有分层大小结构的植物的SNP基因型。这些数据被用来估算大小层次结构中位置和植物生物量的遗传变异量。大小层次结构中的位置和植物生物量的加性遗传变异均显著不同于零。这些结果与自然种群的适应性遗传理论以及可能影响该物种适应性遗传变异的生态因素进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of species recognition when ecology and sexual selection favor signal stasis. 当生态学和性选择有利于信号停滞时,物种识别的进化。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae099
Pratap Singh, Trevor D Price

The process of reproductive character displacement involves divergence and/or the narrowing of variance in traits involved in species recognition, driven by interactions between taxa. However, stabilizing sexual selection may favor stasis and species similarity in these same traits if signals are optimized for transmission through the prevailing environment. Further, sexual selection may promote increased variability within species to facilitate individual recognition. Here we ask how the conflicting selection pressures of species recognition and sexual selection are resolved in a genus of Himalayan birds that sing exceptionally similar songs. We experimentally show that small differences in two traits (note shape and peak frequency) are both necessary and sufficient for species recognition. Song frequency shows remarkable clinal variation along the Himalayan elevational gradient, being most divergent where species co-occur, the classic signature of reproductive character displacement. Note shape shows no such clinal variation but varies more between individuals of an allopatric species than it does among individuals within species that co-occur. We argue that the different note shapes experience similar transmission constraints, and differences produced through species interactions spread back through the entire species range. Our results imply that reproductive character displacement is likely to be common.

在类群间相互作用的驱动下,生殖特征位移过程涉及物种识别特征的分化和/或变异的缩小。然而,如果信号在主要环境中的传播得到优化,稳定的性选择可能有利于这些相同特征的稳定和物种相似性。此外,性选择可能会促进物种内部变异性的增加,以利于个体识别。在这里,我们要问的是,在喜马拉雅鸟属中,物种识别和性选择这两种相互冲突的选择压力是如何解决的?我们通过实验证明,两个特征(音符形状和峰值频率)的微小差异对于物种识别既是必要的也是足够的。沿着喜马拉雅山的海拔梯度,歌声频率显示出显著的支系变异,在物种共存的地方差异最大,这是生殖特征位移的典型特征。音符形状没有显示出这样的支系变异,但同域物种个体之间的差异比共栖物种个体之间的差异更大。我们认为,不同的音符形状经历了类似的传播限制,通过物种间相互作用产生的差异在整个物种范围内回溯传播。我们的研究结果表明,生殖特征位移很可能很常见。
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引用次数: 0
Who cares? Elucidating parental care evolution in extant birds. 谁在乎?阐释现存鸟类的亲职护理进化
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae105
Pablo Lavaniegos-Puebla, Verónica A Rincón-Rubio, Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer

Extant birds stand out among vertebrates in the diversity of parental care types they present, spanning absence of care to uniparental care by either sex, biparental care, or even cooperative care. Despite years of research, key questions remain regarding parental care evolution in birds. Firstly, the parental care type in the most recent ancestor of extant birds is a matter of controversy, with proposed ancestral states including no care, uniparental male or female care, and biparental care. Another unsolved question is the direction, order, and frequency of transitions between parental care types. We address these key questions using a database of 5,438 bird species (~50% of extant diversity) and modern phylogenetic comparative methods controlling simultaneously for model and phylogenetic uncertainty as well as potential confounding effects of state-dependent diversification. Our results indicate that the most likely ancestral state for extant birds is male-only care, with a posterior probability of 0.8. Transition rates across parental care types were generally low and heterogeneous; loss of parental care virtually never occurs and transitions away from female-only or cooperative care most often lead to biparental care. Given the low transition rates, future research should analyze the factors favoring the maintenance of care types.

在脊椎动物中,现存鸟类的亲代照料类型多种多样,包括无亲代照料、单亲照料、双亲照料甚至合作照料。尽管进行了多年的研究,但有关鸟类亲代照料进化的关键问题依然存在。首先,现生鸟类最近祖先的亲代照料类型是一个有争议的问题,提出的祖先状态包括无照料、单亲雄性或雌性照料以及双亲照料。另一个悬而未决的问题是父母照料类型之间的转变方向、顺序和频率。我们利用一个包含 5438 个鸟类物种(约占现存多样性的 50%)的数据库和现代系统发育比较方法来解决这些关键问题,同时控制模型和系统发育的不确定性以及状态依赖性多样化的潜在混杂效应。我们的研究结果表明,现生鸟类最可能的祖先状态是只由雄性照料,后验概率为 0.8。不同亲代照料类型之间的过渡率普遍较低,而且存在差异;几乎从未发生过失去亲代照料的情况,从仅有雌性照料或合作照料过渡到双亲照料的情况最为常见。鉴于过渡率较低,未来的研究应分析有利于维持照料类型的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Digest: Cooperative breeding strategies in birds are shaped by avian predator richness. 摘要鸟类的合作繁殖策略受鸟类捕食者丰富程度的影响。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae113
Marquette Mutchler

Despite their prevalence, family-living and cooperative breeding in birds have received little examination as to how and why they vary across species. Investigating the evolution of these social systems, Bliard et al. (2024) found that the presence of avian predators is associated with birds' social systems, with increases in predator presence corresponding to multiple shifts from non-family-living to cooperative breeding. Phylogenetic comparative analyses indicate that factors outside the breeding season can be selected for family-living and cooperative breeding.

尽管鸟类的家庭生活和合作繁殖普遍存在,但它们如何以及为何在不同物种间存在差异却鲜有研究。Bliard 等人(2024 年)在研究这些社会系统的进化时发现,鸟类捕食者的存在与鸟类的社会系统有关,捕食者存在的增加与鸟类从非家庭生活到合作繁殖的多次转变相对应。系统发育比较分析表明,繁殖季节以外的因素可以选择家庭生活和合作繁殖。
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引用次数: 0
Social selection analysis reveals limited effect of neighbors' traits in Tree swallows. 社会选择分析表明,邻居的特征对树燕的影响有限。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae107
Marie-Ève Labonté-Dupras, Carolyne Houle, Fanie Pelletier, Dany Garant

Social interactions are ubiquitous in nature and can shape the fitness of individuals through social selection. This type of selection arises when phenotypes of neighbors influence the fitness of a focal individual. Quantifying social selection is crucial to better characterize the overall selective landscape. For example, if intraspecific competition is strong, traits that are beneficial for an individual could be detrimental to competitors. In this study, we quantified social selection acting on three key ecological traits (body mass, wing length, and laying date) in wild Tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) females. We used reproductive success measured at three stages throughout the breeding season as fitness proxies to assess selection acting at those decisive moments. We also quantified the effects of environment on selection using measures of conspecifics' density, type of agricultural landscape, and presence of interspecific competitors. Overall, we found no strong evidence of social selection on these traits in our study system, although there were marginally nonsignificant selection gradients suggesting the positive effect of larger neighbors. Environmental variables affected reproductive success but did not strongly affect social selection gradients. Our study calls for more social selection estimates to be reported across environments to better understand its importance in wild populations.

社会互动在自然界无处不在,它可以通过社会选择影响个体的适应性。当邻居的表型影响焦点个体的适应性时,就会产生这种选择。量化社会选择对于更好地描述整体选择景观至关重要。例如,如果种内竞争激烈,对个体有利的性状可能对竞争者不利。在这项研究中,我们对野生树燕(Tachycineta bicolor)雌鸟的三个关键生态特征(体重、翅长和产卵日期)进行了量化社会选择。我们使用在整个繁殖季节的三个阶段测量的繁殖成功率作为适应性代用指标,以评估在这些决定性时刻的选择作用。我们还利用同种鸟密度、农业景观类型和种间竞争者的存在情况等指标,量化了环境对选择的影响。总体而言,在我们的研究系统中,我们没有发现社会选择对这些性状产生影响的有力证据,尽管存在一些不显著的选择梯度,表明较大的邻居会产生积极影响。环境变量会影响繁殖成功率,但对社会选择梯度的影响不大。我们的研究要求报告更多不同环境下的社会选择估计值,以更好地了解其在野生种群中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of spontaneous mutations on survival and reproduction of Drosophila serrata infected with Drosophila C virus. 自发突变对感染 C 病毒的血清果蝇存活和繁殖的影响
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae101
Bonita M Mendel, Angelique K Asselin, Karyn N Johnson, Katrina McGuigan

The impact of selection on host immune function genes has been widely documented. However, it remains essentially unknown how mutation influences the quantitative immune traits that selection acts on. Applying a classical mutation accumulation (MA) experimental design in Drosophila serrata, we found the mutational variation in susceptibility (median time of death, LT50) to Drosophila C virus (DCV) was of similar magnitude to that reported for intrinsic survival traits. Mean LT50 did not change as mutations accumulated, suggesting no directional bias in mutational effects. Maintenance of genetic variance in immune function is hypothesized to be influenced by pleiotropic effects on immunity and other traits that contribute to fitness. To investigate this, we assayed female reproductive output for a subset of MA lines with relatively long or short survival times under DCV infection. Longer survival time tended to be associated with lower reproductive output, suggesting that mutations affecting susceptibility to DCV had pleiotropic effects on investment in reproductive fitness. Further studies are needed to uncover the general patterns of mutational effect on immune responses and other fitness traits, and to determine how selection might typically act on new mutations via their direct and pleiotropic effects.

选择对宿主免疫功能基因的影响已被广泛记录。然而,变异如何影响选择所作用的定量免疫特征,这一点基本上还是未知数。通过在血清果蝇中应用经典的突变累积(MA)实验设计,我们发现C型果蝇病毒(DCV)易感性(中位死亡时间,LT50)的突变变异程度与报道的内在生存性状的突变变异程度相似。LT50的平均值不会随着突变的累积而改变,这表明突变效应不存在方向性偏差。据推测,免疫功能遗传变异的维持会受到对免疫和其他有助于提高适应性的性状的多效应的影响。为了研究这一点,我们对在 DCV 感染下存活时间相对较长或较短的 MA 品系进行了雌性繁殖力测定。较长的存活时间往往与较低的生殖产量有关,这表明影响对DCV易感性的突变对生殖适应性投资具有多向效应。还需要进一步的研究来揭示突变对免疫反应和其他体能性状影响的一般模式,并确定选择通常如何通过其直接效应和多效应作用于新的突变。
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引用次数: 0
The contributions of direct and indirect selection to the evolution of mating preferences. 直接和间接选择对交配偏好进化的贡献。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae139
Maria R Servedio

Many influential mathematical models of sexual selection have stressed that mating preferences evolve due to correlations that build between mating preferences and preferred display traits - that is, through indirect selection. Nevertheless, there is a perception that indirect selection should generally be overwhelmed by direct selection, for example in the form of search costs. Recent work by Fry has used quantitative genetic models to argue that in many cases, including when there are direct benefits (a fecundity advantage to mating with the preferred male), direct and indirect selection may be of similar magnitude. Here I use population genetic models, in which the strength of the genetic correlation is an emergent property of evolution at mating preference and display trait loci, to assess the relative contributions of direct and indirect selection to the evolution of mating preferences. For the cases of direct benefits and of indirect benefits with fixed and frequency-dependent search costs, I outline parameter values of fecundity benefits, preference strengths, and search costs for which indirect selection on female preferences can potentially predominate. I also analyze male mate choice under polygyny, showing that direct selection will always outweigh indirect selection except when there are direct benefits.

许多有影响的性选择数学模型都强调,交配偏好的进化是由于交配偏好与偏好的显示特征之间建立的相关性--即通过间接选择。然而,有一种观点认为,间接选择通常会被直接选择(例如搜索成本)所压倒。弗莱(Fry)的最新研究利用定量遗传模型论证了在许多情况下,包括在有直接利益(与偏好雄性交配的繁殖力优势)的情况下,直接选择和间接选择的程度可能相似。在这里,我使用种群遗传模型来评估直接选择和间接选择对交配偏好进化的相对贡献,在种群遗传模型中,遗传相关性的强度是交配偏好和显示性状位点进化的新兴属性。对于直接收益和间接收益与固定搜索成本和频率相关搜索成本的情况,我概述了繁殖力收益、偏好强度和搜索成本的参数值,在这些参数值下,对雌性偏好的间接选择可能占主导地位。我还分析了一夫多妻制下雄性的配偶选择,结果表明除非存在直接利益,否则直接选择总是大于间接选择。
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引用次数: 0
Sexually antagonistic co-evolution can explain female display signals and male sensory adaptations. 性别对抗性共同进化可以解释雌性显示信号和雄性感官适应性。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae133
R Axel W Wiberg, Rosalind L Murray, Elizabeth Herridge, Varpu Pärssinen, Darryl T Gwynne, Luc F Bussière

The prevalence and diversity of female ornaments poses a challenge to evolutionary theory because males should prefer mates that spend resources on offspring rather than ornaments. Among dance flies, there is extraordinary variation in sexual dimorphism. Females of many species have conspicuous ornaments (leg scales and inflatable abdominal sacs). Meanwhile males of some species have exaggerated regions of their eyes with larger ommatidial facets that allow for regionally elevated photosensitivity and/or acuity. Here, we conduct a comparative study of these traits using both species descriptions available from the literature, as well as quantitative measures of eyes and ornaments from wild-caught flies. We show a conspicuous covariance across species between exaggerated male dorsal eye regions and the extent of female ornaments: species with highly ornamented females have males with more exaggerated eyes. We discuss this pattern in the context of competing hypotheses for the evolution of these traits and propose a plausible role for sexually antagonistic coevolution.

雌性装饰品的普遍性和多样性对进化理论提出了挑战,因为雄性应该更喜欢把资源花在后代而不是装饰品上的配偶。在舞蝇中,性二态的差异非常大。许多物种的雌蝇都有明显的装饰物(腿鳞和腹部充气囊)。与此同时,一些物种的雄性眼睛有夸张的区域,具有较大的眶面,从而使该区域的光敏感性和/或敏锐度提高。在这里,我们利用文献中对物种的描述,以及从野生捕获的苍蝇中对眼睛和装饰物的定量测量,对这些特征进行了比较研究。我们发现,在不同物种中,雄蝇夸张的背眼区域与雌蝇装饰物的程度之间存在明显的协方差:雌蝇装饰物多的物种,雄蝇的眼睛更夸张。我们结合这些性状进化的竞争性假说讨论了这一模式,并提出了性拮抗共同进化的合理作用。
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引用次数: 0
Does brain size of Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) trade-off with other energetically expensive organs along altitudinal gradients? 亚洲蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)的脑容量是否会在海拔梯度上与其他耗能器官进行权衡?
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae137
Zhongyi Yao, Kun Huang, Yin Qi, Jinzhong Fu

Brain size variation is often attributed to energetic trade-offs with other metabolically expensive tissues and organs, which is a prediction of the expensive brain hypothesis (EBH). Here we examine Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) along altitudinal gradients, and test size trade-offs between brain and four visceral organs (heart, liver, alimentary tract, and kidney) with altitude. Body size and scaled mass index (SMI; a proxy for total energy intake) decline with altitude, implying stronger energetic constraints at high altitudes. Relative brain size decreases along altitudinal gradients while visceral organs mostly increase in relative sizes. Using structural equation modelling, a significant negative relationship between brain size and a latent variable 'budget', which represents the energy allocation to the four visceral organs, is detected among high-altitudinal toads. Heart appears to have the largest and most consistent response to changes of energy allocation. No such relationships are observed among toads at middle and low altitudes, where high energy intake may allow individuals to forego energetic trade-offs. When applying EBH to poikilotherms, a great emphasis should be placed on total energy intake in addition to energy allocation. Future research on EBH will benefit from more intra-specific comparisons and the evaluation of fitness consequences beyond energy limitation.

大脑大小的变化通常归因于与其他代谢昂贵的组织和器官之间的能量权衡,这也是昂贵大脑假说(EBH)的预言。在这里,我们沿着海拔梯度对亚洲蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)进行了研究,并检验了大脑与四个内脏器官(心脏、肝脏、消化道和肾脏)之间的大小权衡随海拔高度的变化。体型和比例质量指数(SMI,代表总能量摄入)随着海拔的升高而下降,这意味着高海拔地区的能量限制更强。大脑的相对大小随海拔梯度下降,而内脏器官的相对大小大多增加。通过结构方程建模,在高海拔地区的蟾蜍中发现脑的大小与代表四个内脏器官能量分配的潜在变量 "预算 "之间存在显著的负相关。心脏似乎对能量分配的变化具有最大和最一致的反应。在中海拔和低海拔地区的蟾蜍中没有观察到这种关系,在这些地区,高能量摄入可能允许个体放弃能量权衡。在将 EBH 应用于食肉动物时,除能量分配外,还应高度重视总能量摄入。未来对EBH的研究将受益于更多的特异性内部比较以及对能量限制之外的适应性后果的评估。
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引用次数: 0
Interacting phenotypic plasticities: Do male and female responses to the sociosexual environment interact to determine fitness? 相互作用的表型可塑性:雄性和雌性对社会性环境的反应是否相互影响,从而决定适应性?
IF 3.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae122
Leigh W Simmons,Maxine Lovegrove
Socially induced plasticity in reproductive effort is a widely documented phenomenon. However, few empirical studies have examined how male and female plastic responses to the social environment might interact in determining fitness outcomes. In field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, males respond to rival song by increasing expenditure on seminal fluid proteins that enhance competitive fertilization success at the cost of reduced embryo survival. It remains unknown whether plastic responses in females could moderate the effects of male competitiveness on offspring performance. Here we used a fully factorial design to explore the interacting effects on fitness of male and female plasticity to the sociosexual environment. We found that female crickets exposed to male song increased the number of eggs produced during early life reproduction, which came at a cost of reduced offspring size. There was evidence, albeit weak, that interacting effects of male and female sociosexual environment contributed to variation in the hatching success of eggs laid by females. Lifetime offspring production was unaffected by the sociosexual environments to which upstream male and female plastic responses were made. Our data offer a rare test of the theoretical expectation that male and female plasticities should interact in their effects on female fitness.
社会诱导的生殖努力可塑性是一种广泛记录的现象。然而,很少有实证研究探讨雄性和雌性对社会环境的可塑性反应如何相互作用,以决定适应性结果。在田野蟋蟀(Teleogryllus oceanicus)中,雄性会通过增加精液蛋白的消耗来回应对手的鸣叫,从而提高竞争性受精的成功率,但代价是降低胚胎的存活率。雌性的可塑性反应是否能缓和雄性竞争力对后代表现的影响仍是未知数。在此,我们采用全因子设计来探讨雄性和雌性对社会性环境的可塑性对适应性的交互影响。我们发现,接触雄性歌声的雌性蟋蟀在生命早期的繁殖过程中产卵数量增加,但其代价是后代体型减小。有证据表明(尽管很微弱),雄性和雌性社会性环境的相互作用导致了雌性产卵孵化成功率的变化。雌雄对上游社会性环境的可塑性反应并不影响后代的终生产量。我们的数据为雄性和雌性可塑性在影响雌性适应性方面相互作用的理论预期提供了一个罕见的检验。
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引用次数: 0
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Evolution
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