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Social mating systems in birds: Resource-defense polygamy-but not lekking-is a macroevolutionarily unstable trait. 鸟类的社会交配系统:资源防御型一夫多妻制是一种宏观进化上不稳定的性状,但并不是卵生。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae123
Rafael S Marcondes, Nicolette Douvas

Our understanding of the evolution of social mating systems is largely based on an atemporal ecological framework, whereas macroevolutionary and phylogenetic perspectives looking at the causes of mating systems variation are less developed. Here, we present analyses of the evolution of social mating systems in birds at an unprecedented scale, including 66% of the world's birds and using trait-dependent speciation and extinction models. We found that lekking (no social bond between the sexes) is very rarely lost, in accordance with the hypothesis that a male shifting to investing in one rather than multiple mates would suffer a severe fitness cost. In contrast, resource-defense polygamous lineages (with a weak, transient socio-sexual bond) frequently revert back to monogamy (strong, durable socio-sexual bond) and have an elevated extinction fraction. We tentatively attribute this to the impossibility for females to settle on an optimal parental care strategy under this system. Finally, we found that most gains of lekking have been directly from monogamy, rather than through an intermediate stage of resource-defense polygamy.

我们对社会交配系统进化的理解主要基于时空生态学框架,而从宏观进化和系统发育的角度研究交配系统变异的原因则较少。在这里,我们以前所未有的规模对鸟类社会交配系统的进化进行了分析,包括世界上66%的鸟类,并使用了依赖于性状的物种演化和灭绝模型。我们发现,lekking(两性之间没有社会纽带)很少消失,这与雄性转而投资于一个而不是多个配偶会遭受严重的适应成本的假设相符。与此相反,资源防御型一夫多妻制种系(社会性结合较弱、短暂)经常恢复到一夫一妻制(社会性结合较强、持久),而且灭绝率较高。我们初步认为,这是由于在这种制度下,雌性无法确定最佳的亲代照料策略。最后,我们发现,大多数lekking的收益直接来自一夫一妻制,而不是通过中间阶段的资源防御一夫多妻制。
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引用次数: 0
Digest: Sexually selected traits can affect individual fitness and trait evolution in a butterfly species. 摘要性选择性状会影响蝴蝶物种的个体适应性和性状进化。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae104
Hernani Fernandes Magalhães Oliveira, Geraldo Freire-Jr, Fabricius Maia Chaves Bicalho Domingos

Wedell and Kemp ([2024]. Examined the importance of female sexual preferences for male UV reflectance on offspring viability and the evolution of male traits in the butterfly Eurema hecabe. Female preferences were found to have multiple consequences, including increased trait value, higher offspring viability, and reduced mutational load. These findings highlight that female sexual preferences for specific male traits can also have further consequences for individual fitness and evolution of specific morphological characteristics.

Wedell 和 Kemp(2024 年)研究了蝴蝶 Eurema hecabe 中雌性对雄性紫外线反射率的偏好对后代生存能力和雄性性状进化的重要性。研究发现雌性偏好会产生多种结果,包括增加性状价值、提高后代生存能力和减少突变负荷。这些发现突出表明,雌性对雄性特定性状的偏好也会对个体适应性和特定形态特征的进化产生进一步的影响。
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引用次数: 0
What does not kill you makes you stronger? Effects of paternal age at conception on fathers and sons. 杀不死你的东西会让你更强大?父亲的受孕年龄对父亲和儿子的影响。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae097
Krish Sanghvi, Tommaso Pizzari, Irem Sepil

Advancing male age is often hypothesized to reduce both male fertility and offspring quality due to reproductive senescence. However, the effects of advancing male age on reproductive output and offspring quality are not always deleterious. For example, older fathers might buffer the effects of reproductive senescence by terminally investing in reproduction. Similarly, males that survive to reproduce at an old age might carry alleles that confer high viability (viability selection), which are then inherited by offspring, or might have high reproductive potential (selective disappearance). Differentiating these mechanisms requires an integrated experimental study of paternal survival and reproductive performance, as well as offspring quality, which is currently lacking. Using a cross-sectional study in Drosophila melanogaster, we test the effects of paternal age at conception (PAC) on paternal survival and reproductive success, and on the lifespans of sons. We discover that mating at an old age is linked with decreased future male survival, suggesting that mating-induced mortality is possibly due to old fathers being frail. We find no evidence for terminal investment and show that reproductive senescence in fathers does not onset until their late-adult life. Additionally, we find that as a father's lifespan increases, his probability of siring offspring increases for older PAC treatments only. Lastly, we show that sons born to older fathers live longer than those born to younger fathers due to viability selection. Collectively, our results suggest that advancing paternal age is not necessarily associated with deleterious effects for offspring and may even lead to older fathers producing longer-lived offspring.

由于生殖衰老,通常假设雄性年龄的增加会降低雄性的生育能力和后代的质量。然而,男性年龄增长对生殖能力和后代质量的影响并不总是有害的。例如,年长的父亲可能会通过长期投资于生殖来缓冲生殖衰老的影响。同样,年老时还能存活下来进行繁殖的雄性,可能携带着赋予高生存能力的等位基因(生存能力选择),然后由后代继承,也可能具有高繁殖潜力(选择性消失)。要区分这些机制,需要对父代的存活率、生殖能力以及后代的质量进行综合实验研究,而目前还缺乏这方面的研究。通过对黑腹果蝇的横断面研究,我们检验了父代受孕年龄(PAC)对父代生存和繁殖成功率以及子代寿命的影响。我们发现,高龄交配与未来雄性存活率下降有关,这表明交配引起的死亡率可能是由于高龄父亲体弱所致。我们没有发现终端投资的证据,并表明父亲的生殖衰老直到成年晚期才开始。此外,我们还发现,随着父亲寿命的延长,其生育后代的概率也会增加,这仅适用于年长的 PAC 处理。最后,我们还发现,由于生存能力的选择,年长父亲所生的儿子比年轻父亲所生的儿子更长寿。总之,我们的研究结果表明,父亲年龄的增加并不一定会对后代产生有害影响,甚至可能导致年长的父亲生出更长寿的后代。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal dynamics of faster neo-Z evolution in butterflies. 蝴蝶快速新Z进化的时间动力学
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae082
Lars Höök, Roger Vila, Christer Wiklund, Niclas Backström

The faster-Z/X hypothesis predicts that sex-linked genes should diverge faster than autosomal genes. However, studies across different lineages have shown mixed support for this effect. So far, most analyses have focused on old and well-differentiated sex chromosomes, but less is known about the divergence of more recently acquired neo-sex chromosomes. In Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Z-autosome fusions are frequent, but the evolutionary dynamics of neo-Z chromosomes have not been explored in detail. Here, we analyzed the faster-Z effect in Leptidea sinapis, a butterfly with three Z chromosomes. We show that the neo-Z chromosomes have been acquired stepwise, resulting in strata of differentiation and masculinization. While all Z chromosomes showed evidence of the faster-Z effect, selection for genes on the youngest neo-Z chromosome (Z3) appears to have been hampered by a largely intact, homologous neo-W chromosome. However, the intermediately aged neo-Z chromosome (Z2), which lacks W gametologs, showed fewer evolutionary constraints, resulting in particularly fast evolution. Our results therefore support that neo-sex chromosomes can constitute temporary hot-spots of adaptation and divergence. The underlying dynamics are likely causally linked to shifts in selective constraints, evolution of gene expression, and degeneration of W-linked gametologs which gradually expose Z-linked genes to selection.

根据 "更快-Z/X 假说 "的预测,性连锁基因的分化速度应该快于常染色体基因。然而,不同世系的研究显示,对这一效应的支持程度不一。迄今为止,大多数分析都集中在古老而分化良好的性染色体上,但对较新获得的新性染色体的分化却知之甚少。在鳞翅目昆虫(飞蛾和蝴蝶)中,Z-自体融合非常频繁,但新Z染色体的进化动态尚未得到详细探讨。在这里,我们分析了 Leptidea sinapis(一种有三条 Z 染色体的蝴蝶)的快速 Z 效应。我们发现,新 Z 染色体是逐步获得的,导致了分化和男性化的分层。虽然所有的 Z 染色体都显示出较快的 Z 效应,但最年轻的新 Z 染色体(Z3)上的基因选择似乎受到了基本完整的同源新 W 染色体的阻碍。然而,中间年龄的新Z染色体(Z2)缺乏W配子体,其进化限制较少,进化速度特别快。因此,我们的研究结果支持新性染色体可以构成适应和分化的临时热点。其潜在的动态变化可能与选择性限制的变化、基因表达的进化以及 W 连锁配子体的退化有关,这些因素使 Z 连锁基因逐渐暴露于选择之下。
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引用次数: 0
Fission as a source of variation for group selection. 裂变是群体选择的变异源。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae087
Burton Simon, Yaroslav Ispolatov, Michael Doebeli

Without heritable variation natural selection cannot effect evolutionary change. In the case of group selection, there must be variation in the population of groups. Where does this variation come from? One source of variation is from the stochastic birth-death processes that occur within groups. This is where variation between groups comes from in most mathematical models of group selection. Here, we argue that another important source of variation between groups is fission, the (generally random) group-level reproduction where parent groups split into two or more offspring groups. We construct a simple model of the fissioning process with a parameter that controls how much variation is produced among the offspring groups. We then illustrate the effect of that parameter with some examples. In most models of group selection in the literature, no variation is produced during group reproduction events; that is, groups "clone" themselves when they reproduce. Fission is often a more biologically realistic method of group reproduction, and it can significantly increase the efficacy of group selection.

没有遗传变异,自然选择就无法实现进化变化。就群体选择而言,群体中必须存在变异。这种变异从何而来?变异的一个来源是群体内部随机的出生-死亡过程。在大多数群体选择的数学模型中,群体间的变异就来自于此。在这里,我们认为群体间变异的另一个重要来源是裂变,即亲代群体分裂成两个或多个子代群体的群体级繁殖(通常是随机的)。我们构建了一个裂变过程的简单模型,其中有一个参数可以控制后代群体间产生变异的程度。然后,我们用一些例子来说明该参数的影响。在大多数文献中的群体选择模型中,群体繁殖过程中不会产生变异,也就是说,群体在繁殖时会自我 "克隆"。裂变通常是一种更符合生物现实的群体繁殖方式,它能显著提高群体选择的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Ongoing introgression of a secondary sexual plumage trait in a stable avian hybrid zone. 一个稳定的鸟类杂交区中第二性羽状性状的持续导入。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae076
Kira M Long, Angel G Rivera-Colón, Kevin F P Bennett, Julian M Catchen, Michael J Braun, Jeffrey D Brawn

Hybrid zones are dynamic systems where natural selection, sexual selection, and other evolutionary forces can act on reshuffled combinations of distinct genomes. The movement of hybrid zones, individual traits, or both are of particular interest for understanding the interplay between selective processes. In a hybrid zone involving two lek-breeding birds, secondary sexual plumage traits of Manacus vitellinus, including bright yellow collar and olive belly color, have introgressed ~50 km asymmetrically across the genomic center of the zone into populations more genetically similar to Manacus candei. Males with yellow collars are preferred by females and are more aggressive than parental M. candei, suggesting that sexual selection was responsible for the introgression of male traits. We assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of this hybrid zone using historical (1989-1994) and contemporary (2017-2020) transect samples to survey both morphological and genetic variation. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data and several male phenotypic traits show that the genomic center of the zone has remained spatially stable, whereas the olive belly color of male M. vitellinus has continued to introgress over this time period. Our data suggest that sexual selection can continue to shape phenotypes dynamically, independent of a stable genomic transition between species.

杂交区是一个动态系统,在这里,自然选择、性选择和其他进化力量可以作用于不同基因组的重组组合。杂交区、个体性状或两者的运动对于了解选择过程之间的相互作用具有特别的意义。在一个涉及两只卵繁殖鸟类的杂交区中,Manacus vitellinus的第二性羽色特征,包括亮黄色衣领和橄榄色腹部,以非对称方式从该区基因组中心约50公里处引入到与Manacus candei基因更为相似的种群中。与亲代Manacus candei相比,有黄色项圈的雄性更受雌性青睐,而且更具攻击性,这表明雄性特征的引入是性选择的结果。我们利用历史(1989 - 1994年)和当代(2017 - 2020年)横断面样本调查形态和遗传变异,评估了这一杂交区的时空动态。全基因组SNP数据和几种雄性表型性状表明,该区域的基因组中心在空间上保持稳定,而雄性M. vitellinus的橄榄色腹部在这一时期内继续内向增殖。我们的数据表明,性选择可以继续动态地塑造表型,而与物种间稳定的基因组过渡无关。
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引用次数: 0
Is adaptation associated with long-term persistence beyond a geographic range limit? 适应是否与超越地理范围限制的长期持久性有关?
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae092
Regan L Cross, Christopher G Eckert

Adaptation to new habitats might facilitate species' range shifts in response to climate change. In 2005, we transplanted experimental populations of coastal dune plant Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia into 4 sites within and 1 site beyond its poleward range limit. Beyond-range transplants had high fitness but often delayed reproduction. To test for adaptation associated with experimental range expansion, we transplanted descendants from beyond- and within-range populations after 10 generations in situ into 2 sites within the range, 1 at the range edge, and 2 sites beyond the range. We expected to detect adaptation to beyond-range conditions due to substantial genetic variation within experimental populations and environmental variation among sites. However, individuals from beyond-range experimental populations were not fitter than those from within the range when planted at either beyond-range site, indicating no adaptation to the beyond-range site or beyond-range environments in general. Beyond-range descendants also did not suffer lower fitness within the range. Although reproduction was again delayed beyond the range, late reproduction was not favored more strongly beyond than within the range, and beyond-range descendants did not delay reproduction more than within-range descendants. Persistence in beyond-range environments may not require adaptation, which could allow a rapid response to climate change.

适应新的栖息地可能会促进物种因气候变化而发生分布区转移。2005 年,我们将沿海沙丘植物 Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia 的实验种群移植到其极地分布范围内的四个地点和一个地点之外。超出范围的移植种群具有很高的适应性,而且通常会延迟繁殖。为了检测与实验性范围扩大相关的适应性,我们将范围外和范围内种群在原地繁殖10代后的后代移植到范围内的两个地点、范围边缘的一个地点和范围外的两个地点。由于实验种群内部存在大量遗传变异,且不同地点之间存在环境差异,我们预计会检测到对范围外条件的适应。然而,在任何一个超出范围的地点种植时,来自超出范围的实验种群的个体并不比来自范围内的个体更适合,这表明它们并不适应超出范围的地点或超出范围的总体环境。超出范围的后代在范围内的适应性也没有降低。虽然范围外的繁殖再次延迟,但范围外的晚期繁殖并不比范围内的繁殖更受青睐,而且范围外的后代也没有比范围内的后代更延迟繁殖。在超出范围的环境中存活可能不需要适应,这样就可以对气候变化做出快速反应。
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引用次数: 0
Genetic drift drives faster-Z evolution in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. 遗传漂变推动了鲑虱 Lepeophtheirus salmonis 的快速进化。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae090
Andrew J Mongue, Robert B Baird

How sex chromosomes evolve compared to autosomes remains an unresolved question in population genetics. Most studies focus on only a handful of taxa, resulting in uncertainty over whether observed patterns reflect general processes or idiosyncrasies in particular clades. For example, in female heterogametic (ZW) systems, bird Z chromosomes tend to evolve quickly but not adaptively, while in Lepidopterans they evolve adaptively, but not always quickly. To understand how these observations fit into broader evolutionary patterns, we explore Z chromosome evolution outside of these two well-studied clades. We utilize a publicly available genome, gene expression, population, and outgroup data in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, an important agricultural pest copepod. We find that the Z chromosome is faster evolving than autosomes, but that this effect is driven by increased drift rather than adaptive evolution. Due to high rates of female reproductive failure, the Z chromosome exhibits a slightly lower effective population size than the autosomes which is nonetheless to decrease efficiency of hemizygous selection acting on the Z. These results highlight the usefulness of organismal life history in calibrating population genetic expectations and demonstrate the value of the ever-expanding wealth of publicly available data to help resolve outstanding evolutionary questions.

性染色体进化是群体遗传学的一个复杂分支领域,与常染色体相比,性染色体进化的速度和适应性如何等问题尚未解决。现有知识的一个主要局限是只集中于少数几个类群,导致无法确定观察到的模式是反映了一般过程,还是被广泛研究的类群的特异性。特别是,在鸟类中,雌性异配子(ZW)系统的 Z 染色体倾向于快速进化,但不是适应性进化;而在蝴蝶和蛾类中,Z 染色体倾向于适应性进化,但并不总是快于常染色体。为了了解这两个观察结果如何与更广泛的进化模式相适应,我们探索了这两个研究得比较清楚的支系之外的 Z 染色体进化模式。我们利用公开的高质量基因组、基因表达、种群以及鲑虱 Lepeophtheirus salmonis(一种重要的水产养殖害虫桡足类)的外群数据。我们发现 Z 染色体的进化速度快于常染色体,但这种效应是由漂移增加而非适应性进化驱动的。由于雌性繁殖失败率较高,Z 染色体的有效种群规模仅略低于常染色体,但这足以降低作用于 Z 染色体的半等位选择的效率。这些结果突出了生物体生活史在校准种群遗传预期方面的作用,并证明了不断扩大的现代公开基因组数据的价值,有助于解决悬而未决的进化问题。
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引用次数: 0
Digest: Individual- and population-level effects of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and changing preventative measures. 摘要:SARS-CoV-2 演变对个人和人群的影响以及不断变化的预防措施。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae098
Sehan Punchihewa

Although COVID-19 is no longer classified as a pandemic, variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to arise. It is critical to understand how changes in viral characteristics, public policy, and behavior affect disease load and mortality. An analysis by Otto et al. (2024) shows that changes in transmission rate and immunological properties have differing effects on disease load, even among variants with similar selective advantages. The impact of various strategies aimed at countering disease spread is also analyzed.

尽管 COVID-19 已不再被列为大流行病,但 SARS-CoV-2 的变种仍在不断出现。了解病毒特征、公共政策和行为的变化如何影响发病率和死亡率至关重要。Otto 等人(2024 年)的分析表明,即使在具有相似选择优势的变种中,传播率和免疫特性的变化对疾病量的影响也各不相同。此外,还分析了旨在遏制疾病传播的各种战略的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Digest: Morphological diversity in urban dark-eyed juncos. 文摘:城市黑眼杜鹃的形态多样性。
IF 3.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae102
Abigail E Magland

Populations living in cities face challenges from these novel environments that are expected to drive evolutionary adaptation. Do separate populations of a species living in different cities show similar adaptations to the selection pressures imposed by urban environments? Diamant and Yeh (2024) address this question by comparing the morphological characteristics of dark-eyed juncos in 3 California cities to non-urban junco morphologies. They find that wing size is consistently smaller in more urbanized environments regardless of the population, but bill size tends to vary between urban populations.

生活在城市中的种群面临着来自这些新环境的挑战,这些挑战有望推动种群的进化适应。一个物种生活在不同城市的不同种群对城市环境施加的选择压力是否表现出相似的适应性?Diamant 和 Yeh(2024 年)通过比较加利福尼亚州三个城市的黑眼杜鹃与非城市杜鹃的形态特征来解决这个问题。他们发现,在城市化程度较高的环境中,无论人口多少,翅膀的尺寸都一直较小,但喙的尺寸在不同的城市人口中往往有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
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Evolution
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