Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00947-y
Aman D Moudgil, Dinesh Sharma, Anil K Nehra, Damanpreet Singh, Prashant S Daundkar
The present study aimed to analyze the cladistics and population structure analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks infesting buffaloes in Haryana, India, as well as the assessment of the anti-tick efficacy of the ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula (bark, pod pulp, and flowers) against R. microplus larvae. The molecular characterization and population structure analysis were performed by targeting the amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, whereas anti-tick efficacy was evaluated using a larval packet test. The sequences generated herein revealed a homology of 98.26-100% to the GenBank-archived R. microplus sequences. In population structure analysis, high haplotype (0.500 ± 0.265) and low nucleotide (0.002 ± 0.001) diversities were recorded for the sequences generated in this study. Significantly negative neutrality indices were recorded for the overall dataset. The extracts were found to significantly affect mortality rates in a dose-dependent manner, and the ethanolic extracts of the bark, pod pulp, and flowers of C. fistula exhibited median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 27.989, 40.457, and 49.43 mg/mL, respectively. The LC50 value recorded for the combination of the ethanolic extracts of the bark, flower, and pod pulp of C. fistula was 19.724 mg/mL, whereas the synthetic acaricide ivermectin had an LC50 value of 351.56 mg/mL. In conclusion, R. microplus populations infesting cattle and buffalo hosts in India exhibited negligible genetic differentiation and high gene flow between them. Additionally, the combination of all C. fistula extracts could serve as a potential substitute for the synthetic acaricide.
本研究旨在分析印度哈里亚纳邦水牛所患 Rhipicephalus microplus蜱的支系特征和种群结构分析,以及评估决明子乙醇提取物(树皮、荚果果肉和花)对 R. microplus 幼虫的抗蜱效力。分子特征描述和种群结构分析是通过扩增部分线粒体细胞色素 C 氧化酶亚基 1(cox1)基因进行的,而抗蜱效力则是通过幼虫包测试进行评估的。本文所产生的序列与 GenBank 存档的 R. microplus 序列的同源性为 98.26%-100%。在种群结构分析中,本研究产生的序列具有较高的单体型(0.500 ± 0.265)和较低的核苷酸(0.002 ± 0.001)多样性。整个数据集的中性指数呈显著负值。研究发现,这些提取物以剂量依赖的方式对死亡率有明显影响,瘘管属植物树皮、荚果果肉和花的乙醇提取物的中位致死浓度(LC50)值分别为 27.989、40.457 和 49.43 mg/mL。瘘管树树皮、花和荚果果肉乙醇提取物组合的 LC50 值为 19.724 毫克/毫升,而合成杀螨剂伊维菌素的 LC50 值为 351.56 毫克/毫升。总之,印度为害牛和水牛宿主的 R. microplus 种群的遗传分化微乎其微,它们之间的基因流动性很高。此外,所有瘘管属植物提取物的组合可作为合成杀螨剂的潜在替代品。
{"title":"Cladistics of Rhipicephalus microplus and laboratory assessment of acaricidal efficacy of different Cassia fistula extracts against R. microplus larvae.","authors":"Aman D Moudgil, Dinesh Sharma, Anil K Nehra, Damanpreet Singh, Prashant S Daundkar","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00947-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-024-00947-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to analyze the cladistics and population structure analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks infesting buffaloes in Haryana, India, as well as the assessment of the anti-tick efficacy of the ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula (bark, pod pulp, and flowers) against R. microplus larvae. The molecular characterization and population structure analysis were performed by targeting the amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, whereas anti-tick efficacy was evaluated using a larval packet test. The sequences generated herein revealed a homology of 98.26-100% to the GenBank-archived R. microplus sequences. In population structure analysis, high haplotype (0.500 ± 0.265) and low nucleotide (0.002 ± 0.001) diversities were recorded for the sequences generated in this study. Significantly negative neutrality indices were recorded for the overall dataset. The extracts were found to significantly affect mortality rates in a dose-dependent manner, and the ethanolic extracts of the bark, pod pulp, and flowers of C. fistula exhibited median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) values of 27.989, 40.457, and 49.43 mg/mL, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> value recorded for the combination of the ethanolic extracts of the bark, flower, and pod pulp of C. fistula was 19.724 mg/mL, whereas the synthetic acaricide ivermectin had an LC<sub>50</sub> value of 351.56 mg/mL. In conclusion, R. microplus populations infesting cattle and buffalo hosts in India exhibited negligible genetic differentiation and high gene flow between them. Additionally, the combination of all C. fistula extracts could serve as a potential substitute for the synthetic acaricide.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141563135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00953-0
Boris Mandrapa, Klaus Spohrer, Dominik Wuttke, Ute Ruttensperger, Christine Dieckhoff, Joachim Müller
Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is an important greenhouse pest. In cucumbers, heavy infestations lead to the complete loss of leaf assimilation surface, resulting in plant death. Symptoms caused by spider mite feeding alter the light reflection of leaves and could therefore be optically detected. Machine learning methods have already been employed to analyze spectral information in order to differentiate between healthy and spider mite-infested leaves of crops such as tomatoes or cotton. In this study, machine learning methods were applied to cucumbers. Hyperspectral data of leaves were recorded under controlled conditions. Effective wavelengths were identified using three feature selection methods. Subsequently, three supervised machine learning algorithms were used to classify healthy and spider mite-infested leaves. All combinations of feature selection and classification methods yielded accuracy of over 80%, even when using ten or five wavelengths. These results suggest that machine learning methods are a powerful tool for image-based detection of spider mites in cucumbers. In addition, due to the limited number of wavelengths, there is also substantial potential for practical application.
{"title":"Machine learning-based hyperspectral wavelength selection and classification of spider mite-infested cucumber leaves.","authors":"Boris Mandrapa, Klaus Spohrer, Dominik Wuttke, Ute Ruttensperger, Christine Dieckhoff, Joachim Müller","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00953-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-024-00953-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is an important greenhouse pest. In cucumbers, heavy infestations lead to the complete loss of leaf assimilation surface, resulting in plant death. Symptoms caused by spider mite feeding alter the light reflection of leaves and could therefore be optically detected. Machine learning methods have already been employed to analyze spectral information in order to differentiate between healthy and spider mite-infested leaves of crops such as tomatoes or cotton. In this study, machine learning methods were applied to cucumbers. Hyperspectral data of leaves were recorded under controlled conditions. Effective wavelengths were identified using three feature selection methods. Subsequently, three supervised machine learning algorithms were used to classify healthy and spider mite-infested leaves. All combinations of feature selection and classification methods yielded accuracy of over 80%, even when using ten or five wavelengths. These results suggest that machine learning methods are a powerful tool for image-based detection of spider mites in cucumbers. In addition, due to the limited number of wavelengths, there is also substantial potential for practical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00955-y
Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek, Agata Beliniak, Wiktoria Malaszewicz, Dagny Krauze-Gryz, Jakub Gryz, Karolina D Jasińska, Dagmara Wężyk, Anna Bajer
The European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is a common host for Ixodes ricinus ticks in urban and rural habitats, however, studies on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of squirrels have not been conducted in Poland yet. Thus, the aims of the current study were to assess and compare the prevalence and abundance of ticks on red squirrels trapped at two sites in the Warsaw area (in an urban forest reserve and an urban park) and using molecular tools, to assess the genetic diversity of three pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia and Babesia spp.) in I. ricinus ticks collected from squirrels. For the detection of Rickettsia spp. a 750 bp long fragment of the citrate synthase gltA gene was amplified; for B. burgdorferi s.l. 132f/905r and 220f/824r primers were used to amplify the bacterial flaB gene fragments (774 and 605 bp, respectively) and for Babesia spp., a 550 bpfragment of 18S rRNA gene was amplified. In total, 91 red squirrels were examined for ticks. There were differences in tick prevalence and mean abundance of infestation in squirrels from the urban forest reserve and urban park. Three species of B. burgdorferi s.l., Rickettsia spp., and Babesia microti were detected in ticks removed from the squirrels. Our results broaden knowledge of S. vulgaris as an important host for immature I. ricinus stages and support the hypothesis that red squirrels act as a reservoir of B. burgdorferi. Moreover, we conclude that red squirrels may also play a role in facilitating the circulation of other pathogens causing serious risk of tick-borne diseases in natural and urban areas.
欧洲红松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)是蓖麻蜱(Ixodes ricinus)在城市和乡村栖息地的常见宿主,但波兰尚未开展过有关红松鼠蜱虫和蜱传病原体(TBPs)的研究。因此,本研究的目的是评估和比较华沙地区两个地点(城市森林保护区和城市公园)诱捕的红松鼠身上蜱虫的流行率和丰度,并使用分子工具评估从松鼠身上采集的蓖麻蜱虫中三种病原体(普通鲍氏立克次体、立克次体和巴贝西亚原虫)的遗传多样性。为检测立克次体,扩增了柠檬酸合成酶 gltA 基因的 750 bp 长片段;为检测勃氏杆菌,使用了 132f/905r 和 220f/824r 引物扩增细菌 flaB 基因片段(分别为 774 和 605 bp);为检测巴贝西亚原虫,扩增了 18S rRNA 基因的 550 bp 片段。总共对 91 只红松鼠进行了蜱虫检查。来自城市森林保护区和城市公园的松鼠的蜱流行率和平均侵扰丰度存在差异。从松鼠身上取下的蜱虫中检测到了三种伯氏蜱、立克次体和小巴贝斯虫。我们的研究结果拓宽了人们对 S. vulgaris 作为蓖麻蜱幼虫重要宿主的认识,并支持了红松鼠作为 B. burgdorferi 库的假设。此外,我们还得出结论,红松鼠还可能在促进其他病原体的流通方面发挥作用,从而在自然和城市地区造成严重的蜱媒疾病风险。
{"title":"Pathogens detected in ticks (Ixodes ricinus) feeding on red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from city parks in Warsaw.","authors":"Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek, Agata Beliniak, Wiktoria Malaszewicz, Dagny Krauze-Gryz, Jakub Gryz, Karolina D Jasińska, Dagmara Wężyk, Anna Bajer","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00955-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-024-00955-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is a common host for Ixodes ricinus ticks in urban and rural habitats, however, studies on ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) of squirrels have not been conducted in Poland yet. Thus, the aims of the current study were to assess and compare the prevalence and abundance of ticks on red squirrels trapped at two sites in the Warsaw area (in an urban forest reserve and an urban park) and using molecular tools, to assess the genetic diversity of three pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia and Babesia spp.) in I. ricinus ticks collected from squirrels. For the detection of Rickettsia spp. a 750 bp long fragment of the citrate synthase gltA gene was amplified; for B. burgdorferi s.l. 132f/905r and 220f/824r primers were used to amplify the bacterial flaB gene fragments (774 and 605 bp, respectively) and for Babesia spp., a 550 bpfragment of 18S rRNA gene was amplified. In total, 91 red squirrels were examined for ticks. There were differences in tick prevalence and mean abundance of infestation in squirrels from the urban forest reserve and urban park. Three species of B. burgdorferi s.l., Rickettsia spp., and Babesia microti were detected in ticks removed from the squirrels. Our results broaden knowledge of S. vulgaris as an important host for immature I. ricinus stages and support the hypothesis that red squirrels act as a reservoir of B. burgdorferi. Moreover, we conclude that red squirrels may also play a role in facilitating the circulation of other pathogens causing serious risk of tick-borne diseases in natural and urban areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00964-x
Érica C Calvet, Nataly de La Pava, Ramony K B Oliveira, Arodí P Favaris, José M S Bento, Manoel G C Godim
Raoiella indica Hirst has rapidly and widely spread throughout the New World since 2004, primarily infesting coconut palms and interacting with the predator Amblyseius largoensis (Muma). Although A. largoensis feeds on R. indica at all stages of development, it cannot naturally reduce its population to levels that do not impact the host plant. Raoiella indica possesses dorsal setae that secrete exudates during all post-embryonic developmental stages, and females have a behavior that deliberately deposits droplets on the freshly laid egg, possibly as a defense strategy against predation in vulnerable stages. In this context, we analyzed whether the presence or absence of droplets in R. indica eggs affects predation using A. largoensis as a biological model. Thus, we evaluated whether some biological and behavioral characteristics of A. largoensis could be affected by the consumption of R. indica egg masses washed or unwashed with water. Also, we performed a chemical analysis of the droplets exuded by R. indica and provided a description of the oviposition behavior of R. indica. The predator showed a higher consumption rate and preference for washed eggs. The results suggest that the exudate droplets have defensive functions, which are incorporated by the female onto the egg during oviposition and subsequently during a patrolling behavior, as they lose their effect after being washed with water. Although the droplets do not prevent the predator from feeding, they reduce the number of R. indica eggs consumed without affecting the growth of A. largoensis.
自 2004 年以来,Raoiella indica Hirst 在新世界迅速广泛传播,主要侵袭椰子树,并与天敌 Amblyseius largoensis(Muma)发生相互作用。虽然 A. largoensis 在 R. indica 的各个发育阶段都以其为食,但它无法自然地将其数量减少到不影响寄主植物的水平。籼稻雷氏菌的背侧刚毛在胚后的所有发育阶段都会分泌渗出液,雌虫有一种故意将液滴沉积在刚产下的卵上的行为,这可能是一种在脆弱阶段抵御捕食的防御策略。在这种情况下,我们以拉戈金蝇(A. largoensis)为生物模型,分析了籼稻蝇卵中是否存在液滴是否会影响捕食。因此,我们评估了食用用水清洗过或未清洗过的 R. indica 卵块是否会影响长尾杓鹬的一些生物和行为特征。此外,我们还对 R. indica 排出的液滴进行了化学分析,并对 R. indica 的产卵行为进行了描述。捕食者表现出更高的消耗率和对水洗卵的偏好。结果表明,渗出液滴具有防御功能,雌虫在产卵过程中将其滴在卵上,随后在巡视行为中将其滴在卵上,因为这些液滴在用水冲洗后就失去了作用。虽然这些液滴并不能阻止捕食者取食,但它们减少了 R. indica 卵的消耗量,而不会影响 A. largoensis 的生长。
{"title":"Exudate droplets incorporated on eggs by Raoiella indica Hirst female during oviposition may avoid the predation of Amblyseius largoensis (Muma).","authors":"Érica C Calvet, Nataly de La Pava, Ramony K B Oliveira, Arodí P Favaris, José M S Bento, Manoel G C Godim","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00964-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00964-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Raoiella indica Hirst has rapidly and widely spread throughout the New World since 2004, primarily infesting coconut palms and interacting with the predator Amblyseius largoensis (Muma). Although A. largoensis feeds on R. indica at all stages of development, it cannot naturally reduce its population to levels that do not impact the host plant. Raoiella indica possesses dorsal setae that secrete exudates during all post-embryonic developmental stages, and females have a behavior that deliberately deposits droplets on the freshly laid egg, possibly as a defense strategy against predation in vulnerable stages. In this context, we analyzed whether the presence or absence of droplets in R. indica eggs affects predation using A. largoensis as a biological model. Thus, we evaluated whether some biological and behavioral characteristics of A. largoensis could be affected by the consumption of R. indica egg masses washed or unwashed with water. Also, we performed a chemical analysis of the droplets exuded by R. indica and provided a description of the oviposition behavior of R. indica. The predator showed a higher consumption rate and preference for washed eggs. The results suggest that the exudate droplets have defensive functions, which are incorporated by the female onto the egg during oviposition and subsequently during a patrolling behavior, as they lose their effect after being washed with water. Although the droplets do not prevent the predator from feeding, they reduce the number of R. indica eggs consumed without affecting the growth of A. largoensis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00957-w
Bassma S M Elsawy, Hoda S M Abdel-Ghany, Heba F Alzan, Sobhy Abdel-Shafy, Yasser E Shahein
Piroplasmosis, a disease of domestic and wild animals, is caused by tick-borne protozoa of the genera Babesia and Theileria, while anaplasmosis is caused by tick-borne bacteria of genera Anaplasma. Hyalomma dromedarii is the most dominant tick species infesting camels in Egypt and act as a vector of piroplasms, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Ehrlichia spp. The available information concerning the detection of these pathogens in H. dromedarii infesting camels is limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the status of these pathogens in H. dromedarii ticks over four seasons of a year, in addition to investigate the infections of piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae besides their genetic diversity starting from June 2021 till April 2022. A total of 275 semi-engorged females of H. dromedarii were collected from different slaughtered camels, Toukh city slaughterhouse then investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect piroplasms (Babesia spp., Theileria spp.) and Anaplasmataceae DNA targeting 18 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA genes, respectively followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Overall, piroplasms were detected in 38 ticks (13.8%), Babesia spp. was detected in 35 ticks (12.7%), while Theileria spp. was detected in one tick (0.4%). Anaplasmataceae was detected in 57 ticks (20.7%). Mixed infections of piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae were detected in 13 ticks (5%). Single infection either with piroplasms or Anaplasmataceae was detected in 25 (9%) and 44 (16%) ticks, respectively. The highest monthly rate of piroplasms was in April (spring) and Anaplasmataceae was in July (summer). Sequence analysis revealed that Babesia bigemina, Wolbachia spp. and Anaplasma marginale are the most dominant species in the examined tick samples. To the best of our knowledge, this study confirms the presence of B. bigemina, Wolbachia spp. and A. marginale in H. dromedarii in Egypt by sequencing.
{"title":"Molecular screening of piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae agents in Hyalomma dromedarii ticks from camels over different seasons in Egypt.","authors":"Bassma S M Elsawy, Hoda S M Abdel-Ghany, Heba F Alzan, Sobhy Abdel-Shafy, Yasser E Shahein","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00957-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00957-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Piroplasmosis, a disease of domestic and wild animals, is caused by tick-borne protozoa of the genera Babesia and Theileria, while anaplasmosis is caused by tick-borne bacteria of genera Anaplasma. Hyalomma dromedarii is the most dominant tick species infesting camels in Egypt and act as a vector of piroplasms, Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Ehrlichia spp. The available information concerning the detection of these pathogens in H. dromedarii infesting camels is limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the status of these pathogens in H. dromedarii ticks over four seasons of a year, in addition to investigate the infections of piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae besides their genetic diversity starting from June 2021 till April 2022. A total of 275 semi-engorged females of H. dromedarii were collected from different slaughtered camels, Toukh city slaughterhouse then investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect piroplasms (Babesia spp., Theileria spp.) and Anaplasmataceae DNA targeting 18 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA genes, respectively followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Overall, piroplasms were detected in 38 ticks (13.8%), Babesia spp. was detected in 35 ticks (12.7%), while Theileria spp. was detected in one tick (0.4%). Anaplasmataceae was detected in 57 ticks (20.7%). Mixed infections of piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae were detected in 13 ticks (5%). Single infection either with piroplasms or Anaplasmataceae was detected in 25 (9%) and 44 (16%) ticks, respectively. The highest monthly rate of piroplasms was in April (spring) and Anaplasmataceae was in July (summer). Sequence analysis revealed that Babesia bigemina, Wolbachia spp. and Anaplasma marginale are the most dominant species in the examined tick samples. To the best of our knowledge, this study confirms the presence of B. bigemina, Wolbachia spp. and A. marginale in H. dromedarii in Egypt by sequencing.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00958-9
Kayla N. Earls, Kennan J. Oyen
Respiration in ticks is highly efficient and exceptionally low. Ticks can survive years between bloodmeals by having low activity and respiration to conserve energetic resources. Our objective was to compare metabolic (VCO2) and activity rates across 6 tick species. We predicted that VCO2 would be different among species and scale linearly with activity and body mass. Activity and CO2 production were measured for 32 h in 6 tick species: Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. microplus, and R. sanguineus. Individual ticks were measured for 30 min three times to ensure breathing occurred. Absolute and mass-specific VCO2, total activity, body mass, and ventilation patterns were compared among species. As expected, ticks did not always breathe during the 30-minute measurements, especially R. sanguineus. Ventilation patterns differed among species with R. microplus having primarily cyclic patterns and R. appendiculatus having discontinuous gas exchange. VCO2 did not scale with body mass in most species. Haemaphysalis longicornis and R. sanguineus had the lowest VCO2; however, H. longicornis was the second most active species. Life history, including questing behavior and range expansion, could be contributing to differences between species. For instance, H. longicornis had exceptionally low metabolic rates despite above average activity levels, suggesting an energetic advantage which may underlie recently documented range expansions in North America. Our results demonstrate how ticks utilize energetic resources to maximize longevity. Future research describing questing behavior and distribution modeling may help explain differences in metabolic rates and activity and impacts on life history traits.
{"title":"Metabolic rate does not scale with body size or activity in some tick species","authors":"Kayla N. Earls, Kennan J. Oyen","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00958-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00958-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Respiration in ticks is highly efficient and exceptionally low. Ticks can survive years between bloodmeals by having low activity and respiration to conserve energetic resources. Our objective was to compare metabolic (VCO<sub>2</sub>) and activity rates across 6 tick species. We predicted that VCO<sub>2</sub> would be different among species and scale linearly with activity and body mass. Activity and CO<sub>2</sub> production were measured for 32 h in 6 tick species: <i>Dermacentor andersoni</i>, <i>D. variabilis</i>, <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i>, <i>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus</i>, <i>R. microplus</i>, and <i>R. sanguineus</i>. Individual ticks were measured for 30 min three times to ensure breathing occurred. Absolute and mass-specific VCO<sub>2</sub>, total activity, body mass, and ventilation patterns were compared among species. As expected, ticks did not always breathe during the 30-minute measurements, especially <i>R. sanguineus</i>. Ventilation patterns differed among species with <i>R. microplus</i> having primarily cyclic patterns and <i>R. appendiculatus</i> having discontinuous gas exchange. VCO<sub>2</sub> did not scale with body mass in most species. <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis</i> and <i>R. sanguineus</i> had the lowest VCO<sub>2</sub>; however, <i>H. longicornis</i> was the second most active species. Life history, including questing behavior and range expansion, could be contributing to differences between species. For instance, <i>H. longicornis</i> had exceptionally low metabolic rates despite above average activity levels, suggesting an energetic advantage which may underlie recently documented range expansions in North America. Our results demonstrate how ticks utilize energetic resources to maximize longevity. Future research describing questing behavior and distribution modeling may help explain differences in metabolic rates and activity and impacts on life history traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00962-z
Adeel Mumtaz Abbasi, Shiza Nasir, Amna Arshad Bajwa, Haroon Akbar, Sara Artigas-Jerónimo, Clara Muñoz-Hernández, Marta Sánchez-Sánchez, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Isabel G. Fernández de Mera, José de la Fuente, Muhammad Imran Rashid
Hyalomma anatolicum is a tick of significant one-health importance due to its role as a vector for various pathogens affecting humans, animals and the environment, such as Theileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis in cattle, leading to severe economic losses. When infected with pathogens like T. annulata, the salivary glands of H. anatolicum undergo gene expression changes, secrete modified proteins and activate immune responses, all of which facilitate pathogen survival and transmission by modulating the host immune response and optimizing conditions for pathogen development. Understanding these responses is crucial for developing control strategies for tick-borne diseases. To understand the interaction between H. anatolicum and T. annulata, we performed a differential gene expression analysis of H. anatolicum salivary glands. An average of approximately 25 million raw sequencing reads were generated in each replicate using Illumina Sequencing. The sequenced reads were de novo assembled and the assembled transcriptome yielded approximately 50,231 non-redundant transcripts after clustering with CD-HIT using a sequence identity of 95% and alignment coverage of 90%. The assembly quality was evaluated with BUSCO analysis and found to be 86% complete using the Arachnida dataset and then blasted against non-redundant protein sequence database from NCBI followed by counting of reads and differential expression analysis. Overall, around 2400 and 400 genes were found differentially expressed with logFC > 1 and logFC > 2 respectively at FDR < 0.05. Top up-regulated genes included Calpain, Papilin, Neprilysin, and Ankyrin repeat-containing protein. Top down-regulated genes included Scoloptoxin, and Selenoprotein S and other uncharacterized proteins. Many other up-regulated proteins with high significance were uncharacterized suggesting room for further H. anatolicum functional and structural characterization studies. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of H. anatolicum sialotranscriptome which greatly contributes to sialotranscriptome information not only as sequence database but also indicates the potential targets for development of vaccine against ticks and transmission-blocking vaccines against T. annulata.
{"title":"De novo assembly of sialotranscriptome of Hyalomma anatolicum and insights into expression dynamics in response to Theileria annulata infection","authors":"Adeel Mumtaz Abbasi, Shiza Nasir, Amna Arshad Bajwa, Haroon Akbar, Sara Artigas-Jerónimo, Clara Muñoz-Hernández, Marta Sánchez-Sánchez, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Isabel G. Fernández de Mera, José de la Fuente, Muhammad Imran Rashid","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00962-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00962-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Hyalomma anatolicum</i> is a tick of significant one-health importance due to its role as a vector for various pathogens affecting humans, animals and the environment, such as <i>Theileria annulata</i>, which causes tropical theileriosis in cattle, leading to severe economic losses. When infected with pathogens like <i>T. annulata</i>, the salivary glands of <i>H. anatolicum</i> undergo gene expression changes, secrete modified proteins and activate immune responses, all of which facilitate pathogen survival and transmission by modulating the host immune response and optimizing conditions for pathogen development. Understanding these responses is crucial for developing control strategies for tick-borne diseases. To understand the interaction between <i>H. anatolicum</i> and <i>T. annulata,</i> we performed a differential gene expression analysis of <i>H. anatolicum</i> salivary glands. An average of approximately 25 million raw sequencing reads were generated in each replicate using Illumina Sequencing. The sequenced reads were de novo assembled and the assembled transcriptome yielded approximately 50,231 non-redundant transcripts after clustering with CD-HIT using a sequence identity of 95% and alignment coverage of 90%. The assembly quality was evaluated with BUSCO analysis and found to be 86% complete using the Arachnida dataset and then blasted against non-redundant protein sequence database from NCBI followed by counting of reads and differential expression analysis. Overall, around 2400 and 400 genes were found differentially expressed with logFC > 1 and logFC > 2 respectively at FDR < 0.05. Top up-regulated genes included Calpain, Papilin, Neprilysin, and Ankyrin repeat-containing protein. Top down-regulated genes included Scoloptoxin, and Selenoprotein S and other uncharacterized proteins. Many other up-regulated proteins with high significance were uncharacterized suggesting room for further <i>H. anatolicum</i> functional and structural characterization studies. To our best knowledge, this is the first study of <i>H. anatolicum</i> sialotranscriptome which greatly contributes to sialotranscriptome information not only as sequence database but also indicates the potential targets for development of vaccine against ticks and transmission-blocking vaccines against <i>T. annulata</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142265773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00963-y
Neby M. Mérida-Torres, Edith Garay-Serrano, Samuel Cruz-Esteban
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), are pests commonly found in strawberry crops and pose significant challenges to production. However, the specific dynamics of their interactions with both healthy and infested plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the attraction of TSSM and WFT to volatile compounds emitted by healthy plants versus those of plants damaged by either or both species. Plant choice bioassays were conducted under varying conditions, including both healthy and those previously damaged by both TSSM and WFT. Additionally, behavioral tests were carried out using a Y-tube olfactometer, with extracts obtained via dynamic aeration from the plants in different states. The results revealed distinct preferences: TSSM exhibited a strong attraction to both healthy plants and those previously infested by their own specifics, whereas WFT showed a higher preference for healthy plants and those damaged by TSSM. Consistent behaviors were observed in the bioassays conducted with plant extracts. This research sheds light on the intricate interactions between strawberry plants and these pests and offers insights into the probable sequence of attack when both pests are present concurrently. The findings are valuable when implementing management strategies for these two pests in strawberry cultivation, considering the order in which they appear in the crop to help mitigate the damage caused by infestation in a more precise manner and order.
{"title":"Effect of variation in plant-emitted volatiles on the infestation behavior of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in strawberry crops","authors":"Neby M. Mérida-Torres, Edith Garay-Serrano, Samuel Cruz-Esteban","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00963-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00963-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch, and the Western flower thrips (WFT), <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> (Pergande), are pests commonly found in strawberry crops and pose significant challenges to production. However, the specific dynamics of their interactions with both healthy and infested plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the attraction of TSSM and WFT to volatile compounds emitted by healthy plants versus those of plants damaged by either or both species. Plant choice bioassays were conducted under varying conditions, including both healthy and those previously damaged by both TSSM and WFT. Additionally, behavioral tests were carried out using a Y-tube olfactometer, with extracts obtained via dynamic aeration from the plants in different states. The results revealed distinct preferences: TSSM exhibited a strong attraction to both healthy plants and those previously infested by their own specifics, whereas WFT showed a higher preference for healthy plants and those damaged by TSSM. Consistent behaviors were observed in the bioassays conducted with plant extracts. This research sheds light on the intricate interactions between strawberry plants and these pests and offers insights into the probable sequence of attack when both pests are present concurrently. The findings are valuable when implementing management strategies for these two pests in strawberry cultivation, considering the order in which they appear in the crop to help mitigate the damage caused by infestation in a more precise manner and order.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00961-0
Shuo-Fang Kang, Yu Chen, Jun Chen
Heritable endosymbionts widely occur in arthropod and nematode hosts. Among these endosymbionts, Wolbachia has been extensively detected in many arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. Maternal inheritance is the most basic and dominant mode of transmission of Wolbachia, and it might regulate the reproductive system of the host in four ways: feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. There is a relatively high percentage (10%) of thelytokous species in Oribatida, a suborder under the subclass Acari of arthropods, but the study of the endosymbionts in oribatid mites is almost negligible. In this paper, we detected endosymbiotic bacteria in two parthenogenetic oribatid species, Nothrus anauniensis Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877, which has never been tested for endosymbionts, and Oppiella nova, in which Wolbachia and Cardinium have been reported before. The results showed that Wolbachia was first found in N. anauniensis with an infection rate of 100% across three populations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Wolbachia in N. anauniensis belonged to the supergroup K, marking the second supergroup of Wolbachia found in oribatid mites. Unlike previous studies, our study did not detect Wolbachia in O. nova, leading to the exclusion of Wolbachia’s role in mediating thelytoky in this species.
可遗传的内生共生体广泛存在于节肢动物和线虫宿主中。在这些内生共生体中,沃尔巴克氏体已在许多节肢动物(如昆虫和甲壳类动物)中被广泛发现。母体遗传是沃尔巴克氏体最基本、最主要的传播方式,它可能通过四种方式调节宿主的生殖系统:雌性化、孤雌生殖、雄性杀伤和细胞质不相容。在节肢动物螨亚纲(Acari)下的眶螨亚目(Oribatida)中,内生菌的比例较高(10%),但对眶螨内生菌的研究几乎可以忽略不计。本文在两个孤雌生殖的口螨物种(Nothrus anauniensis Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877,从未检测过内生细菌)和 Oppiella nova 中检测到了内生细菌,前者体内的 Wolbachia 和 Cardinium 之前已有报道。结果显示,首先在 N. anauniensis 中发现了 Wolbachia,在三个种群中的感染率为 100%。系统进化分析表明,N. anauniensis体内的沃尔巴克氏体属于K超群,这标志着在口螨中发现的第二个沃尔巴克氏体超群。与之前的研究不同,我们的研究没有在 O. nova 中检测到沃尔巴克氏体,因此排除了沃尔巴克氏体在该物种中介导lytoky的作用。
{"title":"Wolbachia of phylogenetic supergroup K identified in oribatid mite Nothrus anauniensis (Acari: Oribatida: Nothridae)","authors":"Shuo-Fang Kang, Yu Chen, Jun Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00961-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00961-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heritable endosymbionts widely occur in arthropod and nematode hosts. Among these endosymbionts, <i>Wolbachia</i> has been extensively detected in many arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. Maternal inheritance is the most basic and dominant mode of transmission of <i>Wolbachia</i>, and it might regulate the reproductive system of the host in four ways: feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. There is a relatively high percentage (10%) of thelytokous species in Oribatida, a suborder under the subclass Acari of arthropods, but the study of the endosymbionts in oribatid mites is almost negligible. In this paper, we detected endosymbiotic bacteria in two parthenogenetic oribatid species, <i>Nothrus anauniensis</i> Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877, which has never been tested for endosymbionts, and <i>Oppiella nova</i>, in which <i>Wolbachia</i> and <i>Cardinium</i> have been reported before. The results showed that <i>Wolbachia</i> was first found in <i>N. anauniensis</i> with an infection rate of 100% across three populations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>N. anauniensis</i> belonged to the supergroup K, marking the second supergroup of <i>Wolbachia</i> found in oribatid mites. Unlike previous studies, our study did not detect <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>O. nova</i>, leading to the exclusion of <i>Wolbachia</i>’s role in mediating thelytoky in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00960-1
Peter Cordes, Xue Pan, Maka Murvanidze, Anna Seniczak, Stefan Scheu, Ina Schaefer, Mark Maraun, Bastian Heimburger
A reliable phylogeny is crucial for understanding the evolution and radiation of animal taxa. Phylogenies based on morphological data may be misleading due to frequent convergent evolution of traits-a problem from which molecular phylogenies suffer less. This may be particularly relevant in oribatid mites, an ancient soil animal taxon with more than 11,000 species, where the classification of species into high-ranking taxa such as superfamilies is equivocal. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of 317 oribatid, 4 astigmatid and 17 endeostigmatid mite species/taxa based on 18S rDNA sequences. We aimed at testing the validity of the 41 superfamilies of oribatid mites recognized by Norton and Behan-Pelletier (in Krantz and Walter, A manual of Acarology, 3rd ed., Texas Technical University Press, Lubbock, 2009). The results indicate that 17 of the 41 oribatid mite superfamilies are monophyletic but that 18 superfamilies are paraphyletic or polyphyletic (5 superfamilies were only included with one species and Microzetoidea were not included). Our findings point to the importance of convergent evolution in polyphyletic oribatid mite taxa. Convergent evolution and the old age of mites likely resulted in a mosaic-like distribution of morphological characters impeding phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphology, calling for molecular approaches to improve oribatid mite systematics.
{"title":"Convergent evolution revealed by paraphyly and polyphyly of many taxa of oribatid mites: A molecular approach.","authors":"Peter Cordes, Xue Pan, Maka Murvanidze, Anna Seniczak, Stefan Scheu, Ina Schaefer, Mark Maraun, Bastian Heimburger","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00960-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00960-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A reliable phylogeny is crucial for understanding the evolution and radiation of animal taxa. Phylogenies based on morphological data may be misleading due to frequent convergent evolution of traits-a problem from which molecular phylogenies suffer less. This may be particularly relevant in oribatid mites, an ancient soil animal taxon with more than 11,000 species, where the classification of species into high-ranking taxa such as superfamilies is equivocal. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of 317 oribatid, 4 astigmatid and 17 endeostigmatid mite species/taxa based on 18S rDNA sequences. We aimed at testing the validity of the 41 superfamilies of oribatid mites recognized by Norton and Behan-Pelletier (in Krantz and Walter, A manual of Acarology, 3rd ed., Texas Technical University Press, Lubbock, 2009). The results indicate that 17 of the 41 oribatid mite superfamilies are monophyletic but that 18 superfamilies are paraphyletic or polyphyletic (5 superfamilies were only included with one species and Microzetoidea were not included). Our findings point to the importance of convergent evolution in polyphyletic oribatid mite taxa. Convergent evolution and the old age of mites likely resulted in a mosaic-like distribution of morphological characters impeding phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphology, calling for molecular approaches to improve oribatid mite systematics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}