To study the acaricide resistance status and possible mechanisms of action in conferring resistance to commonly used acaricides (deltamethrin and coumaphos), Hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected from 6 dairy farms of Hisar and Charkhi Dadri districts of Haryana. By using standard larval packet test, H. anatolicum tick larvae of Charkhi Dadri isolates were found to be susceptible (100% mortality) to both the acaricides. Level-I resistance against coumaphos was recorded from four isolates, whereas, level-II was observed in only one isolate, collected from Hisar. One isolates (Kaimri) from Hisar also showed level-I resistance against deltamethrin. Biochemically, the ticks having higher values of resistance factor (RF) against coumaphos were found to possess increased enzymatic activity of α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mono-oxygenase enzymes, whereas, the monoamine oxidase did not show any constant trend. However, the RF showed a statistical significant correlation with GST only. Native PAGE analysis of H. anatolicum ticks revealed the presence of nine types of esterases (EST-1 h to EST-9 h) by using napthyl acetate as substrate. In the inhibitory assay, esterases were found to be inhibited by PMSF, indicating the presence of serine residue at catalytic triad. The partial cds of carboxylesterase and domain II of sodium channel genes were sequenced to determine any proposed mutations in resistant isolates of H. anatolicum ticks, however, no mutations were observed in either gene, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes as a possible mechanism for resistance development, in the current study.
为了研究常用杀螨剂(溴氰菊酯和杀扑磷)的抗药性状况和可能的作用机制,从哈里亚纳邦 Hisar 和 Charkhi Dadri 地区的 6 个奶牛场收集了锐蜱。通过使用标准幼虫包测试,发现 Charkhi Dadri 分离物中的 H. anatolicum 蜱幼虫对两种杀螨剂都敏感(死亡率为 100%)。四个分离株对杀扑磷具有 I 级抗性,而只有一个从 Hisar 采集的分离株具有 II 级抗性。来自 Hisar 的一个分离株(Kaimri)也显示出对溴氰菊酯的一级抗性。从生化角度看,发现对杀扑磷抗性因子(RF)值较高的蜱的α-酯酶、β-酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和单氧酶的酶活性都有所提高,而单胺氧化酶则没有显示出任何恒定的趋势。不过,RF 仅与 GST 存在统计学意义上的显著相关性。通过以乙酸萘酯为底物对锐蜱进行原生 PAGE 分析,发现了九种酯酶(EST-1 h 至 EST-9 h)。在抑制实验中,酯酶被 PMSF 抑制,表明催化三元组中存在丝氨酸残基。对羧基酯酶的部分 cds 和钠通道基因的结构域 II 进行了测序,以确定在具有抗药性的 H. anatolicum 蜱分离株中是否存在突变,但在这两个基因中均未观察到突变,这表明解毒酶的表达增加是目前研究中抗药性产生的可能机制。
{"title":"Acaricide resistance status of deltamethrin and coumaphos in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from different districts of Haryana.","authors":"Surbhi Gupta, Nirmal Sangwan, Arun Kumar Sangwan, Snehil Gupta, Ankit Kumar, Sushila Maan, Aman Kumar, Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00894-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10493-023-00894-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To study the acaricide resistance status and possible mechanisms of action in conferring resistance to commonly used acaricides (deltamethrin and coumaphos), Hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected from 6 dairy farms of Hisar and Charkhi Dadri districts of Haryana. By using standard larval packet test, H. anatolicum tick larvae of Charkhi Dadri isolates were found to be susceptible (100% mortality) to both the acaricides. Level-I resistance against coumaphos was recorded from four isolates, whereas, level-II was observed in only one isolate, collected from Hisar. One isolates (Kaimri) from Hisar also showed level-I resistance against deltamethrin. Biochemically, the ticks having higher values of resistance factor (RF) against coumaphos were found to possess increased enzymatic activity of α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mono-oxygenase enzymes, whereas, the monoamine oxidase did not show any constant trend. However, the RF showed a statistical significant correlation with GST only. Native PAGE analysis of H. anatolicum ticks revealed the presence of nine types of esterases (EST-1 h to EST-9 h) by using napthyl acetate as substrate. In the inhibitory assay, esterases were found to be inhibited by PMSF, indicating the presence of serine residue at catalytic triad. The partial cds of carboxylesterase and domain II of sodium channel genes were sequenced to determine any proposed mutations in resistant isolates of H. anatolicum ticks, however, no mutations were observed in either gene, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes as a possible mechanism for resistance development, in the current study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140049150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00916-5
Jian-Ming Yuan, Jing Su, Zhi-Hai Zhang, Bin Sun, Xue-Li Jiao, Xin Zhang, Yun-Peng Zhai, Yu-Jie Chen
The growing concern about migratory birds potentially spreading ticks due to global warming has become a significant issue. The city of Nantong in this study is situated along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), with numerous wetlands serving as roosting sites for migratory birds. We conducted an investigation of hard ticks and determined the phylogenetic characteristics of tick species in this city. We utilized three different genes for our study: the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), and the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (12 S rRNA) gene. The predominant tick species were Haemaphysalis flava (H. flava) and Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis). Additionally, specimens of Haemaphysalis campanulata (H. campanulata) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (R. sanguineus) were collected. The H. flava specimens in this study showed a close genetic relationship with those from inland provinces of China, as well as South Korea and Japan. Furthermore, samples of H. longicornis exhibited a close genetic relationship with those from South Korea, Japan, Australia, and the USA, as well as specific provinces in China. Furthermore, R. sanguineus specimens captured in Nantong showed genetic similarities with specimens from Egypt, Nigeria, and Argentina.
由于全球变暖,候鸟可能传播蜱虫的问题日益受到关注。本研究中的南通市位于东亚-澳大利西亚航道(EAAF)沿线,有许多湿地是候鸟的栖息地。我们对该市的硬蜱进行了调查,并确定了蜱类的系统发育特征。我们在研究中使用了三种不同的基因:线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚单位 1 (COX1) 基因、第二内部转录间隔 (ITS2) 基因和线粒体小亚基 rRNA (12 S rRNA) 基因。主要的蜱虫种类是Haemaphysalis flava(H. flava)和Haemaphysalis longicornis(H. longicornis)。此外,研究人员还采集到 Haemaphysalis campanulata(H. campanulata)和 Rhipicephalus sanguineus(R. sanguineus)的标本。本研究中的 H. flava 标本与中国内陆省份以及韩国和日本的标本有密切的遗传关系。此外,H. longicornis样本与来自韩国、日本、澳大利亚、美国以及中国特定省份的样本也有密切的遗传关系。此外,在南通捕获的 R. sanguineus 标本与来自埃及、尼日利亚和阿根廷的标本也有遗传相似性。
{"title":"Initial study and phylogenetic analysis of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Nantong, China along the route of avian migration","authors":"Jian-Ming Yuan, Jing Su, Zhi-Hai Zhang, Bin Sun, Xue-Li Jiao, Xin Zhang, Yun-Peng Zhai, Yu-Jie Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00916-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00916-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing concern about migratory birds potentially spreading ticks due to global warming has become a significant issue. The city of Nantong in this study is situated along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), with numerous wetlands serving as roosting sites for migratory birds. We conducted an investigation of hard ticks and determined the phylogenetic characteristics of tick species in this city. We utilized three different genes for our study: the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (<i>COX1</i>) gene, the second internal transcribed spacer (<i>ITS2</i>), and the mitochondrial small subunit rRNA (<i>12 S rRNA</i>) gene. The predominant tick species were <i>Haemaphysalis flava</i> (<i>H. flava</i>) and <i>Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis)</i>. Additionally, specimens of <i>Haemaphysalis campanulata (H. campanulata)</i> and <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> (<i>R. sanguineus</i>) were collected. The <i>H. flava</i> specimens in this study showed a close genetic relationship with those from inland provinces of China, as well as South Korea and Japan. Furthermore, samples of <i>H. longicornis</i> exhibited a close genetic relationship with those from South Korea, Japan, Australia, and the USA, as well as specific provinces in China. Furthermore, <i>R. sanguineus</i> specimens captured in Nantong showed genetic similarities with specimens from Egypt, Nigeria, and Argentina.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00911-w
Matthew S. Brown, Juang Horng Chong
Bermudagrass mite (Aceria cynodoniensis Sayed) infestation stunts bermudagrass (Cynodon spp. [Poales: Poaceae]) growth, leading to thinned turf and lower aesthetic and recreational value. Bermudagrass mites cause characteristic symptoms called witch’s brooms, including shortened internodes and leaves and the proliferation of tillers. Grass clippings produced by mowing or scalping bermudagrass harbor mites, which abandon the desiccating grass clippings and spread to surrounding turfgrass. Dropped grass clippings can lead to infestation of new turfgrass. Nursery experiments were conducted with potted bermudagrass to determine the effect of removing witch’s brooms or grass clippings after scalping on witch’s broom densities on the recovering bermudagrass. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the potential for mites to abandon detached witch’s brooms and to evaluate mite survival after leaving their hosts. The number of initial witch’s brooms and individually removing witch’s brooms did not affect subsequent witch’s broom densities, suggesting that infested but asymptomatic terminals later developed into witch’s brooms. Removing grass clippings after scalping reduced witch’s broom densities by over 65% in two trials. Most mites (96%) abandoned witch’s brooms within 48 h after detaching witch’s brooms, and adult mites survived an average of 5.6 h after removal from the host plant. Removing clippings after scalping may improve bermudagrass mite management and limit damage on the recovering turfgrass. Additionally, clippings resulting from regular mowing or scalping should be disposed of properly because this study demonstrates that mites abandon desiccating host plants and survive sufficiently long to infest surrounding turfgrass.
{"title":"Removing grass clippings reduces bermudagrass mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) infestation during turfgrass regrowth","authors":"Matthew S. Brown, Juang Horng Chong","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00911-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00911-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bermudagrass mite (<i>Aceria cynodoniensis</i> Sayed) infestation stunts bermudagrass (<i>Cynodon</i> spp. [Poales: Poaceae]) growth, leading to thinned turf and lower aesthetic and recreational value. Bermudagrass mites cause characteristic symptoms called witch’s brooms, including shortened internodes and leaves and the proliferation of tillers. Grass clippings produced by mowing or scalping bermudagrass harbor mites, which abandon the desiccating grass clippings and spread to surrounding turfgrass. Dropped grass clippings can lead to infestation of new turfgrass. Nursery experiments were conducted with potted bermudagrass to determine the effect of removing witch’s brooms or grass clippings after scalping on witch’s broom densities on the recovering bermudagrass. Additionally, laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the potential for mites to abandon detached witch’s brooms and to evaluate mite survival after leaving their hosts. The number of initial witch’s brooms and individually removing witch’s brooms did not affect subsequent witch’s broom densities, suggesting that infested but asymptomatic terminals later developed into witch’s brooms. Removing grass clippings after scalping reduced witch’s broom densities by over 65% in two trials. Most mites (96%) abandoned witch’s brooms within 48 h after detaching witch’s brooms, and adult mites survived an average of 5.6 h after removal from the host plant. Removing clippings after scalping may improve bermudagrass mite management and limit damage on the recovering turfgrass. Additionally, clippings resulting from regular mowing or scalping should be disposed of properly because this study demonstrates that mites abandon desiccating host plants and survive sufficiently long to infest surrounding turfgrass.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00910-x
William Diymba Dzemo, Oriel Thekisoe, Patrick Vudriko
Application of chemical acaricides in the control of ticks has led to the problem of tick-acaricide control failure. To obtain an understanding of the possible risk factors involved in this tick-acaricide control failure, this study investigated tick control practices on communal farms in the north-eastern part of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. A semi-structured questionnaire designed to document specific farm attributes and acaricide usage practices was administered at 94 communal farms from the Oliver Tambo District municipality of the ECP. Data collected indicated that the main acaricide chemicals used at plunge dips of inland and coastal areas were synthetic pyrethroid formulations. Most (75%) farmers claimed not to have noticed a significant reduction in numbers of actively feeding and growing ticks on cattle after several acaricide treatments. Based on the farmers’ perceptions, leading factors that could have led to tick-acaricide control failure included: weak strength of the dip solution (76%); poor structural state of dip tanks (42%); and irregular tick control (21%). The rearing of crossbreeds of local and exotic cattle breeds, perceived weak strength of the dip solution and high frequency of acaricide treatment, were statistically associated with proportions of farms reporting tick-acaricide control failure. Furthermore, approximately 50% of farms reported at least four tick control malpractices, which could have resulted in the emergence and spread of tick-acaricide control failure. Other sub-optimal tick control practices encountered included incorrect acaricide rotation, and failure to treat all cattle in a herd. This data will inform and guide the development of management strategies for tick-acaricide control failure and resistance in communal farming areas.
应用化学杀螨剂控制蜱虫导致了蜱虫杀螨剂控制失败的问题。为了了解蜱虫杀螨剂控制失败可能涉及的风险因素,本研究调查了南非东开普省(ECP)东北部公共农场的蜱虫控制方法。研究人员在东开普省奥利弗-坦博区(Oliver Tambo District municipality)的94个公社农场发放了一份半结构式问卷,旨在记录农场的具体属性和杀螨剂的使用方法。收集到的数据表明,内陆和沿海地区在浸种时使用的主要杀螨剂是合成拟除虫菊酯制剂。大多数(75%)农民声称,经过几次杀螨剂处理后,没有发现牛身上活跃觅食和生长的蜱虫数量有明显减少。根据养殖户的看法,可能导致蜱虫杀螨剂控制失败的主要因素包括:浸渍溶液的强度弱(76%);浸渍槽的结构状态差(42%);以及蜱虫控制不规范(21%)。饲养本地牛和外来牛的杂交品种、认为浸液强度弱和杀螨剂处理频率高与报告杀蜱灭螨失败的农场比例有统计学关联。此外,约 50%的农场报告了至少四种蜱虫控制不当做法,这可能导致蜱虫杀螨剂控制失败的出现和蔓延。其他次优的蜱虫控制措施还包括不正确的杀螨剂轮换以及未对牛群中的所有牛只进行治疗。这些数据将为制定公社农业区蜱虫杀螨剂控制失败和抗药性的管理策略提供信息和指导。
{"title":"Risk factors contributing to tick-acaricide control failure in communal areas of the Oliver Tambo district eastern cape province, South Africa","authors":"William Diymba Dzemo, Oriel Thekisoe, Patrick Vudriko","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00910-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00910-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Application of chemical acaricides in the control of ticks has led to the problem of tick-acaricide control failure. To obtain an understanding of the possible risk factors involved in this tick-acaricide control failure, this study investigated tick control practices on communal farms in the north-eastern part of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. A semi-structured questionnaire designed to document specific farm attributes and acaricide usage practices was administered at 94 communal farms from the Oliver Tambo District municipality of the ECP. Data collected indicated that the main acaricide chemicals used at plunge dips of inland and coastal areas were synthetic pyrethroid formulations. Most (75%) farmers claimed not to have noticed a significant reduction in numbers of actively feeding and growing ticks on cattle after several acaricide treatments. Based on the farmers’ perceptions, leading factors that could have led to tick-acaricide control failure included: weak strength of the dip solution (76%); poor structural state of dip tanks (42%); and irregular tick control (21%). The rearing of crossbreeds of local and exotic cattle breeds, perceived weak strength of the dip solution and high frequency of acaricide treatment, were statistically associated with proportions of farms reporting tick-acaricide control failure. Furthermore, approximately 50% of farms reported at least four tick control malpractices, which could have resulted in the emergence and spread of tick-acaricide control failure. Other sub-optimal tick control practices encountered included incorrect acaricide rotation, and failure to treat all cattle in a herd. This data will inform and guide the development of management strategies for tick-acaricide control failure and resistance in communal farming areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blood feeding and digestion are vital physiological activities essential for the survival and reproduction of ticks. Chemical acaricides viz., ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil, are known to act on the central nervous system, resulting in the mortality of ticks. The present study is focused on the effect of these acaricides on the midgut and gut enzymes of Rhipicephalus microplus. The ultra-thin sections of midgut of ivermectin-treated ticks showed irregular basal membrane and ruptured digestive vesicles. Amitraz treatment resulted in a notable decrease in digestive cells with pleats in the basal membrane, while fipronil-exposed ticks exhibited reduced digestive cells, loss of cellular integrity, and disintegration of the basal membrane and muscle layer. The gut tissue homogenate of ivermectin and fipronil treated ticks showed a significant reduction of cathepsin D level, 76.54 ± 3.20 μg/mL and 92.67 ± 3.72 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to the control group (150.0 ± 3.80 μg/mL). The leucine aminopeptidase level (4.27 ± 0.08 units/mL) was significantly decreased in the ivermectin treated ticks compared to other treatment groups. The acid phosphatase activity (29.16 ± 0.67 μmole/min/L) was reduced in the ivermectin treated group whereas, increased activity was observed in the fipronil and amitraz treated groups. All the treatment groups revealed increased alkaline phosphatase levels (17.47–26.72 μmole/min/L). The present finding suggests that in addition to the established mechanism of action of the tested acaricides on the nervous system, the alterations in the cellular profile of digestive cells and enzymes possibly affect the blood digestion process and thus the synthesis of vital proteins which are essential for vitellogenesis, and egg production in ticks.
{"title":"Effect of ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil on midgut epithelium and digestive enzyme profile in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)","authors":"Nisha Bisht, Ashutosh Fular, Mohini Saini, Satyanshu Kumar, M. Sankar, Anil Kumar Sharma, Srikant Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00913-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00913-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blood feeding and digestion are vital physiological activities essential for the survival and reproduction of ticks. Chemical acaricides viz., ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil, are known to act on the central nervous system, resulting in the mortality of ticks. The present study is focused on the effect of these acaricides on the midgut and gut enzymes of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>. The ultra-thin sections of midgut of ivermectin-treated ticks showed irregular basal membrane and ruptured digestive vesicles. Amitraz treatment resulted in a notable decrease in digestive cells with pleats in the basal membrane, while fipronil-exposed ticks exhibited reduced digestive cells, loss of cellular integrity, and disintegration of the basal membrane and muscle layer. The gut tissue homogenate of ivermectin and fipronil treated ticks showed a significant reduction of cathepsin D level, 76.54 ± 3.20 μg/mL and 92.67 ± 3.72 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to the control group (150.0 ± 3.80 μg/mL). The leucine aminopeptidase level (4.27 ± 0.08 units/mL) was significantly decreased in the ivermectin treated ticks compared to other treatment groups. The acid phosphatase activity (29.16 ± 0.67 μmole/min/L) was reduced in the ivermectin treated group whereas, increased activity was observed in the fipronil and amitraz treated groups. All the treatment groups revealed increased alkaline phosphatase levels (17.47–26.72 μmole/min/L). The present finding suggests that in addition to the established mechanism of action of the tested acaricides on the nervous system, the alterations in the cellular profile of digestive cells and enzymes possibly affect the blood digestion process and thus the synthesis of vital proteins which are essential for vitellogenesis, and egg production in ticks.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00876-2
Clive E. Bowman
The dentition of the chelal moveable digit in cohabiting astigmatids from UK beehives (i.e., Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus), Glycyphagus domesticus (DeGeer), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) is characterised for the first time using quantitative tribological measures within a 2D mechanical model. The trophic function of astigmatid chelae are reviewed in terms of macroscopic tools used by humans including hooking devices, pliers, shears, rasps and saws. Comparisons to oribatid claws and isopod dactyli are made. The overall pattern of the moveable digit form of T. putrescentiae is not just a uniformly shrunken/swollen version between the other two taxa at either the macro- or micro-scale. Mastication surface macro-roughness values are in the range of international Roughness Grade Numbers N5–N6. The moveable digit of C. lactis has low rugosity values compared to the glycyphagid and acarid (which are topographically more similar and match that roughness typical of some coral reef surfaces). C. lactis has the most plesiomorphic moveable digit form. The mastication surface of all three species as a chewing tool is distinctly ornamented despite the moveable digit of C. lactis looking like a bar-like beam. The latter has more opportunities to be a multifunctional tool behaviourally than the other two species. Little evidence of any differences in the ‘spikiness’ of any ‘toothiness’ is found. Some differences with laboratory cultured specimens are found in C. lactis and possibly T. putrescentiae suggesting where selection on the digit may be able to occur. The chelal surface of T. putrescentiae has been deformed morphologically during evolution the most, that of C. lactis the least. Repeated localised surface differentiation is a feature of the moveable digit in G. domesticus compared to the likely more concerted changes over certain nearby locations in T. putrescentiae. An impactful chelal teeth design is present in G. domesticus but this is more equivocal in T. putrescentiae. Pockets within the mastication surface of the glycyphagid (and to some extent for the acarid) may produce foodstuff crunch forces of the scale of the chelal tips of oribatids. The moveable digit dentition of G. domesticus is adapted to shred foodstuff (like a ripsaw) more than that of the grazing/shearing dentition of T. putrescentiae. The collecting ‘picker‘ design of C. lactis posterior teeth matches the size of Bettsia alvei hyphae which attacks hive-stored pollen. Detritus accumulated in chelal digit gullets through a sawing action matches the smallest observed ingested material. The dentition of C. lactis should produce less friction when moving through food material than G. domesticus. C. lactis is the most hypocarnivorous and may ‘skim’ through fluids when feeding. Astigmatid teeth do matter. The three commensal s
{"title":"Do astigmatid teeth matter: a tribological review of cheliceral chelae in co-occuring mites from UK beehives","authors":"Clive E. Bowman","doi":"10.1007/s10493-023-00876-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00876-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dentition of the chelal moveable digit in cohabiting astigmatids from UK beehives (i.e., <i>Carpoglyphus lactis</i> (Linnaeus), <i>Glycyphagus domesticus</i> (DeGeer), and <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i> (Schrank)) is characterised for the first time using quantitative tribological measures within a 2D mechanical model. The trophic function of astigmatid chelae are reviewed in terms of macroscopic tools used by humans including hooking devices, pliers, shears, rasps and saws. Comparisons to oribatid claws and isopod dactyli are made. The overall pattern of the moveable digit form of <i>T. putrescentiae</i> is not just a uniformly shrunken/swollen version between the other two taxa at either the macro- or micro-scale. Mastication surface macro-roughness values are in the range of international Roughness Grade Numbers N5–N6. The moveable digit of <i>C. lactis</i> has low rugosity values compared to the glycyphagid and acarid (which are topographically more similar and match that roughness typical of some coral reef surfaces). <i>C. lactis</i> has the most plesiomorphic moveable digit form. The mastication surface of all three species as a chewing tool is distinctly ornamented despite the moveable digit of <i>C. lactis</i> looking like a bar-like beam. The latter has more opportunities to be a multifunctional tool behaviourally than the other two species. Little evidence of any differences in the ‘spikiness’ of any ‘toothiness’ is found. Some differences with laboratory cultured specimens are found in <i>C. lactis</i> and possibly <i>T. putrescentiae</i> suggesting where selection on the digit may be able to occur. The chelal surface of <i>T. putrescentiae</i> has been deformed morphologically during evolution the most, that of <i>C. lactis</i> the least. Repeated localised surface differentiation is a feature of the moveable digit in <i>G. domesticus</i> compared to the likely more concerted changes over certain nearby locations in <i>T. putrescentiae</i>. An impactful chelal teeth design is present in <i>G. domesticus</i> but this is more equivocal in <i>T. putrescentiae</i>. Pockets within the mastication surface of the glycyphagid (and to some extent for the acarid) may produce foodstuff crunch forces of the scale of the chelal tips of oribatids. The moveable digit dentition of <i>G. domesticus</i> is adapted to shred foodstuff (like a ripsaw) more than that of the grazing/shearing dentition of <i>T. putrescentiae</i>. The collecting ‘picker‘ design of <i>C. lactis</i> posterior teeth matches the size of <i>Bettsia alvei</i> hyphae which attacks hive-stored pollen. Detritus accumulated in chelal digit gullets through a sawing action matches the smallest observed ingested material. The dentition of <i>C. lactis</i> should produce less friction when moving through food material than <i>G. domesticus</i>. <i>C. lactis</i> is the most hypocarnivorous and may ‘skim’ through fluids when feeding. Astigmatid teeth do matter. The three commensal s","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00904-9
E. Martínez-Villar, B. López-Manzanares, S. Legarrea, I. Pérez-Moreno, V. S. Marco-Mancebón
The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) is widely distributed and it can severely affect pome fruit crops, particularly apple. Pest outbreaks are related to an overuse of non-selective pesticide treatments that lead to the development of resistance and the absence of natural enemies in the orchard. A key aspect to optimize the use of pesticide treatments in the context of IPM is to increase the knowledge on the biology and ecology of the pest to better predict population dynamics and outbreaks. For the European red mite, knowledge on the conditions that lead to diapause breaking by winter eggs is essential to model population dynamics. To increase this knowledge, winter eggs were collected during field surveys in northen Spain during three years and egg hatching was monitored under controlled temperature and photoperiod conditions in the laboratory. The “number of days exposed to cold temperatures” was the most significant factor that positively affected hatching of overwintering eggs. The time required for 50% of the egg population to hatch (T50%) was also negatively modulated by the duration of exposure to cold temperature. The temperature threshold for postdiapause eggs development collected from the field was estimated between 5 and 6 ºC in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Moreover, the degree-days required for post diapause development were estimated between 263.2 and 270.3, depending on the year of collection. Collectively, we provide additional information on the diapause termination and postdiapause development of the European red mite that may effectively contribute to optimize pest population models.
{"title":"Influence of abiotic factors on diapause termination and temperature requirements for postdiapause development in the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae)","authors":"E. Martínez-Villar, B. López-Manzanares, S. Legarrea, I. Pérez-Moreno, V. S. Marco-Mancebón","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00904-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00904-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European red mite <i>Panonychus ulmi</i> (Koch) is widely distributed and it can severely affect pome fruit crops, particularly apple. Pest outbreaks are related to an overuse of non-selective pesticide treatments that lead to the development of resistance and the absence of natural enemies in the orchard. A key aspect to optimize the use of pesticide treatments in the context of IPM is to increase the knowledge on the biology and ecology of the pest to better predict population dynamics and outbreaks. For the European red mite, knowledge on the conditions that lead to diapause breaking by winter eggs is essential to model population dynamics. To increase this knowledge, winter eggs were collected during field surveys in northen Spain during three years and egg hatching was monitored under controlled temperature and photoperiod conditions in the laboratory. The “number of days exposed to cold temperatures” was the most significant factor that positively affected hatching of overwintering eggs. The time required for 50% of the egg population to hatch (T<sub>50%</sub>) was also negatively modulated by the duration of exposure to cold temperature. The temperature threshold for postdiapause eggs development collected from the field was estimated between 5 and 6 ºC in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Moreover, the degree-days required for post diapause development were estimated between 263.2 and 270.3, depending on the year of collection. Collectively, we provide additional information on the diapause termination and postdiapause development of the European red mite that may effectively contribute to optimize pest population models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140627036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00907-6
Clive E. Bowman
Changes in the functional shape of astigmatan mite moveable digit profiles are examined to test if Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) is a trophic intermediate between a typical micro-saprophagous carpoglyphid (Carpoglyphus lactis) and a common macro-saprophagous glycyphagid (Glycyphagus domesticus). Digit tip elongation in these mites is decoupled from the basic physics of optimising moveable digit inertia. Investment in the basal ramus/coronoid process compared to that for the moveable digit mastication length varies with feeding style. A differentiated ascending ramus is indicated in C. lactis and in T. putrescentiae for different trophic reasons. Culturing affects relative investments in C. lactis. A markedly different style of feeding is inferred for the carpoglyphid. The micro-saprophagous acarid does not have an intermediate pattern of trophic functional form between the other two species. Mastication surface shape complexity confirms the acarid to be heterodontous. T. putrescentiae is a particularly variably formed species trophically. A plausible evolutionary path for the gradation of forms is illustrated. Digit form and strengthening to resist bending under occlusive loads is explored in detail. Extensions to the analytical approach are suggested to confirm the decoupling of moveable digit pattern from cheliceral and chelal adaptations. Caution is expressed when interpreting ordinations of multidimensional data in mites.
{"title":"Transitional chelal digit patterns in saprophagous astigmatan mites","authors":"Clive E. Bowman","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00907-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00907-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Changes in the functional shape of astigmatan mite moveable digit profiles are examined to test if <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i> (Acaridae) is a trophic intermediate between a typical micro-saprophagous carpoglyphid (<i>Carpoglyphus lactis</i>) and a common macro-saprophagous glycyphagid (<i>Glycyphagus domesticus</i>). Digit tip elongation in these mites is decoupled from the basic physics of optimising moveable digit inertia. Investment in the basal ramus/coronoid process compared to that for the moveable digit mastication length varies with feeding style. A differentiated ascending ramus is indicated in <i>C. lactis</i> and in <i>T. putrescentiae</i> for different trophic reasons. Culturing affects relative investments in <i>C. lactis</i>. A markedly different style of feeding is inferred for the carpoglyphid. The micro-saprophagous acarid does not have an intermediate pattern of trophic functional form between the other two species. Mastication surface shape complexity confirms the acarid to be heterodontous. <i>T. putrescentiae</i> is a particularly variably formed species trophically. A plausible evolutionary path for the gradation of forms is illustrated. Digit form and strengthening to resist bending under occlusive loads is explored in detail. Extensions to the analytical approach are suggested to confirm the decoupling of moveable digit pattern from cheliceral and chelal adaptations. Caution is expressed when interpreting ordinations of multidimensional data in mites.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00915-6
Tatsuya Yoshida, Yasuyuki Choh
Some predators prefer to settle on leaf patches with microstructures (e.g., trichomes and domatia), leaving traces on the patches. Herbivorous arthropods, in turn, select leaf patches in response to these traces left by predators. It remains unclear whether traces of predators on leaf patches affect the distribution of herbivorous prey within plants through plant microstructure. Therefore, we examined the distribution of herbivorous mite (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mite (Phytoseiulus persimilis) by investigating their oviposition pattern. We used a kidney bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with two expanded primary leaves and the first trifoliate leaf, focusing on leaf trichomes as the microstructure. The density of trichomes was higher on the first trifoliate leaf than on the primary leaves and on the abaxial surface of the leaves than on the adaxial surface. Adult female P. persimilis laid more eggs on the first trifoliate leaf to the primary leaves. Although adult female T. urticae preferred to oviposit on the abaxial surface of primary leaves, previous exposure of plants to predators diminished this preference. The altered egg distribution would be a response to the traces of P. persimilis rather than eggs of P. persimilis. Our findings indicate that T. urticae reproduces on leaf patches with traces of predators without altering their oviposition preference. Given that the presence of predator traces is known to reduce the reproduction of T. urticae, it may have a substantial effect on the population of T. urticae in the next generations on kidney bean plants.
有些捕食者喜欢在有微结构(如毛状体和穹隆)的叶片上定居,在叶片上留下痕迹。食草节肢动物则会根据捕食者留下的痕迹选择叶片。捕食者在叶片上留下的痕迹是否会通过植物微观结构影响草食性猎物在植物中的分布,目前仍不清楚。因此,我们通过研究食草螨(Tetranychus urticae)和捕食螨(Phytoseiulus persimilis)的产卵模式,考察了它们在植物中的分布。我们以芸豆植株(Phaseolus vulgaris)的两片展开的主叶和第一片三叶叶为研究对象,以叶片毛状体为微观结构。第一三叶叶片上的毛状体密度高于主叶,叶背面的毛状体密度高于叶正面的毛状体密度。柿树雌成虫在三叶一心叶片上产卵多于主叶片。虽然雌性 T. urticae 成虫更喜欢在主叶背面产卵,但之前植物暴露于捕食者的情况会降低这种偏好。卵分布的改变是对持久性有机污染物痕迹的反应,而不是对持久性有机污染物卵的反应。我们的研究结果表明,T. urticae 在有天敌痕迹的叶片上繁殖,不会改变其产卵偏好。众所周知,天敌痕迹的存在会降低荨麻蝇的繁殖能力,这可能会对芸豆植株上荨麻蝇的下一代种群数量产生重大影响。
{"title":"Leaf trichome-mediated predator effects on the distribution of herbivorous mites within a kidney bean plant","authors":"Tatsuya Yoshida, Yasuyuki Choh","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00915-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00915-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Some predators prefer to settle on leaf patches with microstructures (e.g., trichomes and domatia), leaving traces on the patches. Herbivorous arthropods, in turn, select leaf patches in response to these traces left by predators. It remains unclear whether traces of predators on leaf patches affect the distribution of herbivorous prey within plants through plant microstructure. Therefore, we examined the distribution of herbivorous mite (<i>Tetranychus urticae</i>) and predatory mite (<i>Phytoseiulus persimilis</i>) by investigating their oviposition pattern. We used a kidney bean plant (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) with two expanded primary leaves and the first trifoliate leaf, focusing on leaf trichomes as the microstructure. The density of trichomes was higher on the first trifoliate leaf than on the primary leaves and on the abaxial surface of the leaves than on the adaxial surface. Adult female <i>P. persimilis</i> laid more eggs on the first trifoliate leaf to the primary leaves. Although adult female <i>T. urticae</i> preferred to oviposit on the abaxial surface of primary leaves, previous exposure of plants to predators diminished this preference. The altered egg distribution would be a response to the traces of <i>P. persimilis</i> rather than eggs of <i>P. persimilis</i>. Our findings indicate that <i>T. urticae</i> reproduces on leaf patches with traces of predators without altering their oviposition preference. Given that the presence of predator traces is known to reduce the reproduction of <i>T. urticae</i>, it may have a substantial effect on the population of <i>T. urticae</i> in the next generations on kidney bean plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic polymorphism in key metabolic genes plays a pivotal role in shaping phenotypes and adapting to varying environments. Polymorphism in the metabolic gene 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6Pgdh) in bulb mites, Rhizoglyphus robini is characterized by two alleles, S and F, that differ by a single amino acid substitution and correlate with male reproductive fitness. The S-bearing males demonstrate a reproductive advantage. Although the S allele rapidly fixes in laboratory settings, the persistence of polymorphic populations in the wild is noteworthy. This study examines the prevalence and stability of 6Pgdh polymorphism in natural populations across Poland, investigating potential environmental influences and seasonal variations. We found widespread 6Pgdh polymorphism in natural populations, with allele frequencies varying across locations and sampling dates but without clear geographical or seasonal clines. This widespread polymorphism and spatio-temporal variability may be attributed to population demography and gene flow between local populations. We found some correlation between soil properties, particularly cation content (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and 6Pgdh allele frequencies, showcasing the connection between mite physiology and soil characteristics and highlighting the presence of environment-dependent balancing selection. We conducted experimental fitness assays to determine whether the allele providing the advantage in male–male competition has antagonistic effects on life-history traits and if these effects are temperature-dependent. We found that temperature does not differentially influence development time or juvenile survival in different 6Pgdh genotypes. This study reveals the relationship between genetic variation, environmental factors, and reproductive fitness in natural bulb mite populations, shedding light on the dynamic mechanisms governing 6Pgdh polymorphism.
关键代谢基因的遗传多态性在形成表型和适应不同环境方面起着关键作用。球茎螨(Rhizoglyphus robini)的代谢基因6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6Pgdh)的多态性表现为两个等位基因(S和F),这两个等位基因只有一个氨基酸替换,并且与雄性的生殖能力相关。携带 S 的雄性具有繁殖优势。虽然 S 等位基因在实验室环境中会迅速固定下来,但值得注意的是多态种群在野外的持续存在。本研究考察了波兰各地自然种群中 6Pgdh 多态性的普遍性和稳定性,调查了潜在的环境影响和季节性变化。我们发现自然种群中广泛存在 6Pgdh 多态性,等位基因频率因地点和采样日期而异,但没有明显的地理或季节性脉络。这种广泛的多态性和时空变异性可能是由于种群数量和当地种群之间的基因流动造成的。我们发现土壤特性,尤其是阳离子含量(Na、K、Ca 和 Mg)与 6Pgdh 等位基因频率之间存在一定的相关性,这表明了螨虫生理机能与土壤特性之间的联系,并突出了环境依赖性平衡选择的存在。我们进行了适配性实验,以确定在雄螨-雌螨竞争中提供优势的等位基因是否会对生命史特征产生拮抗作用,以及这些作用是否依赖于温度。我们发现,温度对不同 6Pgdh 基因型的发育时间或幼体存活率没有不同的影响。这项研究揭示了自然球茎螨种群中遗传变异、环境因素和生殖适应性之间的关系,揭示了 6Pgdh 多态性的动态机制。
{"title":"6Pgdh polymorphism in wild bulb mite populations: prevalence, environmental correlates and life history trade-offs","authors":"Pranav Unnikrishnan, Szymon Grzesik, Magdalena Trojańska, Beata Klimek, Agata Plesnar-Bielak","doi":"10.1007/s10493-024-00909-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-024-00909-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetic polymorphism in key metabolic genes plays a pivotal role in shaping phenotypes and adapting to varying environments. Polymorphism in the metabolic gene <i>6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase</i> (<i>6Pgdh</i>) in bulb mites, <i>Rhizoglyphus robini</i> is characterized by two alleles, S and F, that differ by a single amino acid substitution and correlate with male reproductive fitness. The S-bearing males demonstrate a reproductive advantage. Although the S allele rapidly fixes in laboratory settings, the persistence of polymorphic populations in the wild is noteworthy. This study examines the prevalence and stability of <i>6Pgdh</i> polymorphism in natural populations across Poland, investigating potential environmental influences and seasonal variations. We found widespread <i>6Pgdh</i> polymorphism in natural populations, with allele frequencies varying across locations and sampling dates but without clear geographical or seasonal clines. This widespread polymorphism and spatio-temporal variability may be attributed to population demography and gene flow between local populations. We found some correlation between soil properties, particularly cation content (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and <i>6Pgdh</i> allele frequencies, showcasing the connection between mite physiology and soil characteristics and highlighting the presence of environment-dependent balancing selection. We conducted experimental fitness assays to determine whether the allele providing the advantage in male–male competition has antagonistic effects on life-history traits and if these effects are temperature-dependent. We found that temperature does not differentially influence development time or juvenile survival in different <i>6Pgdh</i> genotypes. This study reveals the relationship between genetic variation, environmental factors, and reproductive fitness in natural bulb mite populations, shedding light on the dynamic mechanisms governing <i>6Pgdh</i> polymorphism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12088,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and Applied Acarology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}