Fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) offer various benefits for bridge construction. Lightweight, durability, design flexibility and fast erection in inaccessible areas are their unique selling points for bridge engineering. FRPs are used in four bridge applications: (1) FRP rebars/tendons in concrete; (2) repair and strengthening of existing bridges; (3) new hybrid–FRP bridges with conventional materials and (4) all–FRP composite new bridges made entirely of FRP materials. This paper reviews FRP bridges, including all–FRP and hybrid–FRP bridges. FRP bridges’ history, materials, processes and bridge components—deck, girder, truss, moulded parts and cables/rebars are considered. This paper does not discuss the use of FRP as an architectural element and a strengthening system. While lack of design codes, material specifications and recycling are the major challenges, the high cost of FRPs still remains the most critical barrier to the progress of FRPs in bridges.
{"title":"A Review of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bridges","authors":"J. Qureshi","doi":"10.3390/fib11050040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050040","url":null,"abstract":"Fibre-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) offer various benefits for bridge construction. Lightweight, durability, design flexibility and fast erection in inaccessible areas are their unique selling points for bridge engineering. FRPs are used in four bridge applications: (1) FRP rebars/tendons in concrete; (2) repair and strengthening of existing bridges; (3) new hybrid–FRP bridges with conventional materials and (4) all–FRP composite new bridges made entirely of FRP materials. This paper reviews FRP bridges, including all–FRP and hybrid–FRP bridges. FRP bridges’ history, materials, processes and bridge components—deck, girder, truss, moulded parts and cables/rebars are considered. This paper does not discuss the use of FRP as an architectural element and a strengthening system. While lack of design codes, material specifications and recycling are the major challenges, the high cost of FRPs still remains the most critical barrier to the progress of FRPs in bridges.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41908109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Dolgin, S. N. Hanumantharao, Stephen L. Farias, C. Simon, Smitha Rao
Electrospinning is a versatile tool used to produce highly customizable nonwoven nanofiber mats of various fiber diameters, pore sizes, and alignment. It is possible to create electrospun mats from synthetic polymers, biobased polymers, and combinations thereof. The post-processing of the end products can occur in many ways, such as cross-linking, enzyme linking, and thermal curing, to achieve enhanced chemical and physical properties. Such multi-factor tunability is very promising in applications such as tissue engineering, 3D organs/organoids, and cell differentiation. While the established methods involve the use of soluble small molecules, growth factors, stereolithography, and micro-patterning, electrospinning involves an inexpensive, labor un-intensive, and highly scalable approach to using environmental cues, to promote and guide cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. By influencing cell morphology, mechanosensing, and intracellular communication, nanofibers can affect the fate of cells in a multitude of ways. Ultimately, nanofibers may have the potential to precisely form whole organs for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cellular agriculture, as well as to create in vitro microenvironments. In this review, the focus will be on the mechanical and physical characteristics such as porosity, fiber diameter, crystallinity, mechanical strength, alignment, and topography of the nanofiber scaffolds, and the impact on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties and Morphological Alterations in Fiber-Based Scaffolds Affecting Tissue Engineering Outcomes","authors":"James Dolgin, S. N. Hanumantharao, Stephen L. Farias, C. Simon, Smitha Rao","doi":"10.3390/fib11050039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050039","url":null,"abstract":"Electrospinning is a versatile tool used to produce highly customizable nonwoven nanofiber mats of various fiber diameters, pore sizes, and alignment. It is possible to create electrospun mats from synthetic polymers, biobased polymers, and combinations thereof. The post-processing of the end products can occur in many ways, such as cross-linking, enzyme linking, and thermal curing, to achieve enhanced chemical and physical properties. Such multi-factor tunability is very promising in applications such as tissue engineering, 3D organs/organoids, and cell differentiation. While the established methods involve the use of soluble small molecules, growth factors, stereolithography, and micro-patterning, electrospinning involves an inexpensive, labor un-intensive, and highly scalable approach to using environmental cues, to promote and guide cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. By influencing cell morphology, mechanosensing, and intracellular communication, nanofibers can affect the fate of cells in a multitude of ways. Ultimately, nanofibers may have the potential to precisely form whole organs for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cellular agriculture, as well as to create in vitro microenvironments. In this review, the focus will be on the mechanical and physical characteristics such as porosity, fiber diameter, crystallinity, mechanical strength, alignment, and topography of the nanofiber scaffolds, and the impact on cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43739409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lola Pinsard, Nathalie Revol, Henri Pomikal, E. De Luycker, P. Ouagne
Hemp is finding a strong renewal of interest in the production of fine fibers for garment textiles. This resource of long-line fibers would come as a complement to the highly demanded flax fibers, whose large production in the north-west of Europe cannot be extended. In Normandy, where a complete industrial value chain exists for flax, it is intended to adapt it to hemp, and this was demonstrated from the field to the scutched fibers with a complete value chain. In this region, early harvesting is necessary to leave enough time for dew-retting and permit dry storage of stems before mid-September. An early-flowering variety (USO-31) was harvested using dedicated hemp equipment to obtain a 1 m parallel and aligned windrow that can be further processed by flax equipment. The scutching process as well as the fiber’s morphological and mechanical properties were particularly studied. Adapted scutching process parameters with reduced advancing speed and beating turbine velocity led to long fiber yields of about 18% of the stem mass. Stem yields were reaching about 6 tons/ha leading to a production of 1.1 tons/ha of long fibers. The tensile properties of the long fibers were highly sufficient for textile applications, and their thickness after hackling was in the range suitable for the production of fine yarns. Compared to other crops grown in Normandy, the hemp as produced in this 2020 case study provides good incomes to the farmer, higher than traditional crops such as wheat or barley, and the results of this study should encourage farmers to grow hemp for textile purposes.
{"title":"Production of Long Hemp Fibers Using the Flax Value Chain","authors":"Lola Pinsard, Nathalie Revol, Henri Pomikal, E. De Luycker, P. Ouagne","doi":"10.3390/fib11050038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050038","url":null,"abstract":"Hemp is finding a strong renewal of interest in the production of fine fibers for garment textiles. This resource of long-line fibers would come as a complement to the highly demanded flax fibers, whose large production in the north-west of Europe cannot be extended. In Normandy, where a complete industrial value chain exists for flax, it is intended to adapt it to hemp, and this was demonstrated from the field to the scutched fibers with a complete value chain. In this region, early harvesting is necessary to leave enough time for dew-retting and permit dry storage of stems before mid-September. An early-flowering variety (USO-31) was harvested using dedicated hemp equipment to obtain a 1 m parallel and aligned windrow that can be further processed by flax equipment. The scutching process as well as the fiber’s morphological and mechanical properties were particularly studied. Adapted scutching process parameters with reduced advancing speed and beating turbine velocity led to long fiber yields of about 18% of the stem mass. Stem yields were reaching about 6 tons/ha leading to a production of 1.1 tons/ha of long fibers. The tensile properties of the long fibers were highly sufficient for textile applications, and their thickness after hackling was in the range suitable for the production of fine yarns. Compared to other crops grown in Normandy, the hemp as produced in this 2020 case study provides good incomes to the farmer, higher than traditional crops such as wheat or barley, and the results of this study should encourage farmers to grow hemp for textile purposes.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42349671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. M. Al-Abdaly, Mahdi J. Hussein, Hamza Imran, Sadiq N. Henedy, L. Bernardo, Zainab Al-Khafaji
This article presents a mathematical model developed using the M5P tree to predict the shear strength of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) for slender beams using soft computing techniques. This method is becoming increasingly popular for addressing complex technical problems. Other approaches, such as semi-empirical equations, can show known inaccuracies, and some soft computing methods may not produce predictive equations. The model was trained and tested using 332 samples from an experimental database found in the previous literature, and it takes into account independent variables such as the effective depth d, beam width bw, longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρ, concrete compressive strength fc, shear span to effective depth ratio a/d, and steel fiber factor Fsf. The predictive performance of the proposed M5P-based model was also compared with the one of existing models proposed in the previous literature. The evaluation revealed that the M5P-based model provided a more consistent and accurate prediction of the actual strength compared to the existing models, achieving an R2 value of 0.969 and an RMSE value of 37.307 for the testing dataset. It was found to be a reliable and also straightforward model. The proposed model is likely to be highly helpful in assessing the shear capacity of SFRC beams during the pre-planning and pre-design stages and could also be useful to help for future revisions of design standards.
{"title":"Shear Strength Prediction of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using the M5P Model","authors":"N. M. Al-Abdaly, Mahdi J. Hussein, Hamza Imran, Sadiq N. Henedy, L. Bernardo, Zainab Al-Khafaji","doi":"10.3390/fib11050037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11050037","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a mathematical model developed using the M5P tree to predict the shear strength of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) for slender beams using soft computing techniques. This method is becoming increasingly popular for addressing complex technical problems. Other approaches, such as semi-empirical equations, can show known inaccuracies, and some soft computing methods may not produce predictive equations. The model was trained and tested using 332 samples from an experimental database found in the previous literature, and it takes into account independent variables such as the effective depth d, beam width bw, longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρ, concrete compressive strength fc, shear span to effective depth ratio a/d, and steel fiber factor Fsf. The predictive performance of the proposed M5P-based model was also compared with the one of existing models proposed in the previous literature. The evaluation revealed that the M5P-based model provided a more consistent and accurate prediction of the actual strength compared to the existing models, achieving an R2 value of 0.969 and an RMSE value of 37.307 for the testing dataset. It was found to be a reliable and also straightforward model. The proposed model is likely to be highly helpful in assessing the shear capacity of SFRC beams during the pre-planning and pre-design stages and could also be useful to help for future revisions of design standards.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48162715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates experimentally the shear strengthening and repairing of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams damaged by heat utilizing near-surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymers (NSM-CFRP) ropes. The main parameters adopted in this research are rope orientation (45°, 90°) and rope spacing (150 mm, 200 mm). For this purpose, ten RC deep beams were cast and tested until failure was reached. The test results showed that using NSM-CFRP ropes with various configurations significantly enhanced the shear capacity for repaired and strengthened deep beams. All the tested beams enhanced the ultimate load capacity for the strengthened beams ranging between 19% to 46%, while for the repaired beams, the values ranged between 40.8% to 64.6%. The CFRP ropes oriented at 45° recorded the highest enhancement result in shear capacity. Notably, all tested beams had a satisfactory rise in the enhancement ratio. Consequently, the economic aspect should have priority.
{"title":"Shear Strengthening and Repairing of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Damaged by Heat Using NSM–CFRP Ropes","authors":"Ahmad Al-khreisat, M. Abdel-Jaber, A. Ashteyat","doi":"10.3390/fib11040035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040035","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates experimentally the shear strengthening and repairing of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams damaged by heat utilizing near-surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymers (NSM-CFRP) ropes. The main parameters adopted in this research are rope orientation (45°, 90°) and rope spacing (150 mm, 200 mm). For this purpose, ten RC deep beams were cast and tested until failure was reached. The test results showed that using NSM-CFRP ropes with various configurations significantly enhanced the shear capacity for repaired and strengthened deep beams. All the tested beams enhanced the ultimate load capacity for the strengthened beams ranging between 19% to 46%, while for the repaired beams, the values ranged between 40.8% to 64.6%. The CFRP ropes oriented at 45° recorded the highest enhancement result in shear capacity. Notably, all tested beams had a satisfactory rise in the enhancement ratio. Consequently, the economic aspect should have priority.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48359730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective real-time structural health monitoring in concrete structures is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and the timely maintenance of concrete structures. Especially, the presence of discrete fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete restrains crack propagation into small and thin cracks, which increases the difficulty in detecting damage. In this study, an array of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers was applied to study the effects of external load-induced flexural stress and damage in fiber-reinforced concrete beams using the electromechanical impedance (EMI) or electromechanical admittance (EMA) methods. Beams were subjected to a four-point bending test under repeatable loading, while PZTs evaluated corresponding flexural stress and induced damage simultaneously. Due to the influence of the medium’s stress fields in the different types of wave propagation in structural elements, PZT transducers measurements are accordingly affected under variable stress fields, in addition to the effect of the higher level of damage that occurred in the medium. According to the results of the tests, variation in EMA signatures, following flexural stress and gradual damage changes, provided convincing evidence for predicting stress and damage development.
{"title":"An Electromechanical Impedance-Based Application of Realtime Monitoring for the Load-Induced Flexural Stress and Damage in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/fib11040034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040034","url":null,"abstract":"Effective real-time structural health monitoring in concrete structures is paramount to evaluating safety conditions and the timely maintenance of concrete structures. Especially, the presence of discrete fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete restrains crack propagation into small and thin cracks, which increases the difficulty in detecting damage. In this study, an array of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers was applied to study the effects of external load-induced flexural stress and damage in fiber-reinforced concrete beams using the electromechanical impedance (EMI) or electromechanical admittance (EMA) methods. Beams were subjected to a four-point bending test under repeatable loading, while PZTs evaluated corresponding flexural stress and induced damage simultaneously. Due to the influence of the medium’s stress fields in the different types of wave propagation in structural elements, PZT transducers measurements are accordingly affected under variable stress fields, in addition to the effect of the higher level of damage that occurred in the medium. According to the results of the tests, variation in EMA signatures, following flexural stress and gradual damage changes, provided convincing evidence for predicting stress and damage development.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41872336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Beskopylny, E. Shcherban’, S. A. Stel’makh, L. Mailyan, B. Meskhi, Alexander Evtushenko, D. El'shaeva, A. Chernil’nik
An urgent and promising direction in the development of building materials science is the improvement of the quality of non-autoclaved aerated concrete. In view of the obvious disadvantages of non-autoclaved aerated concrete compared to the autoclaved equivalent in terms of technology, it can be significantly improved because of a rationally selected composition and other factors of a recipe-technological nature. The goal of the study was to search for complex compositions and technological solutions aimed at identifying rational combinations of recipe-technological factors as simultaneous modifications of aerated concrete with various additives and dispersed the reinforcement of it with various environmentally friendly and cost-effective types of plant fibers. Fly ash (FA), instead of part of the cement, proved to be more effective than the GGBS additive. The compressive strength (CS), bending strength (BS), and coefficient of construction quality (CCQ) were higher by 4.5%, 3.8%, and 1.7%, respectively, while the density and thermal conductivity (TC) were lower by 0.7% and 3.6%, respectively, compared with aerated concrete modified with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). The additional reinforcement of modified aerated concrete with coconut fiber (CF) and sisal fiber (SF) in an amount of 0.6% of the total mass of cement and modifier increases the CS to 15%, BS to 22% and CCQ to 16%. The SF was more effective than the CF. Aerated concrete modified with FA and reinforced with SF showed the highest efficiency. Compared to the control composition without modifiers or fibers, the increase in the CS was up to 40%, BS up to 47%, and CCQ up to 43%, while the decrease in density was up to 2.6%, and TC up to 15%.
{"title":"Improving the Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Modified Aerated Concrete by Reinforcing with Plant Fibers","authors":"A. Beskopylny, E. Shcherban’, S. A. Stel’makh, L. Mailyan, B. Meskhi, Alexander Evtushenko, D. El'shaeva, A. Chernil’nik","doi":"10.3390/fib11040033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040033","url":null,"abstract":"An urgent and promising direction in the development of building materials science is the improvement of the quality of non-autoclaved aerated concrete. In view of the obvious disadvantages of non-autoclaved aerated concrete compared to the autoclaved equivalent in terms of technology, it can be significantly improved because of a rationally selected composition and other factors of a recipe-technological nature. The goal of the study was to search for complex compositions and technological solutions aimed at identifying rational combinations of recipe-technological factors as simultaneous modifications of aerated concrete with various additives and dispersed the reinforcement of it with various environmentally friendly and cost-effective types of plant fibers. Fly ash (FA), instead of part of the cement, proved to be more effective than the GGBS additive. The compressive strength (CS), bending strength (BS), and coefficient of construction quality (CCQ) were higher by 4.5%, 3.8%, and 1.7%, respectively, while the density and thermal conductivity (TC) were lower by 0.7% and 3.6%, respectively, compared with aerated concrete modified with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). The additional reinforcement of modified aerated concrete with coconut fiber (CF) and sisal fiber (SF) in an amount of 0.6% of the total mass of cement and modifier increases the CS to 15%, BS to 22% and CCQ to 16%. The SF was more effective than the CF. Aerated concrete modified with FA and reinforced with SF showed the highest efficiency. Compared to the control composition without modifiers or fibers, the increase in the CS was up to 40%, BS up to 47%, and CCQ up to 43%, while the decrease in density was up to 2.6%, and TC up to 15%.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46909984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duangkamol Dechojarassri, Kensuke Nishida, Ryousuke Ozakiya, T. Furuike, H. Tamura
Herein, chitosan (CS) fibers coated with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CS/TOCN fibers) were successfully prepared using a wet spinning technique; CS was dissolved in acetic acid to obtain a CS doping solution. The tensile strength and ammonia adsorption percentages increased with increasing TOCN concentration. The maximum ammonia adsorption percentage (41.39%, 8.3 mg/g) was obtained when 2% NaOH and 0.01% TOCN were used as the coagulation solution. Additionally, the adsorption of model proteins, including lysozyme (Lz), cytochrome C (Cyt C), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were studied. In water, the CS/TOCN fibers with negative charges adsorbed more Lz with positive charges than CS fibers containing positive charges. Contrastingly, CS fibers adsorbed more Cyt C and BSA containing negative charges in phosphate-buffered saline solutions than CS/TOCN fibers. Furthermore, the adsorption percentage of phytic acid using the CS/TOCN fibers reached 64.18% (288 mg/g) within 60 min. Thus, TOCNs improved the tensile properties of CS fibers and preferred positively charged materials contaminated in water, such as ammonia, Lz, and phytic acid.
{"title":"Adsorption Studies of Ammonia, Protein, and Phytic Acid Using Chitosan Fiber Coated with Oxidized Cellulose Nanofiber","authors":"Duangkamol Dechojarassri, Kensuke Nishida, Ryousuke Ozakiya, T. Furuike, H. Tamura","doi":"10.3390/fib11040032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040032","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, chitosan (CS) fibers coated with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CS/TOCN fibers) were successfully prepared using a wet spinning technique; CS was dissolved in acetic acid to obtain a CS doping solution. The tensile strength and ammonia adsorption percentages increased with increasing TOCN concentration. The maximum ammonia adsorption percentage (41.39%, 8.3 mg/g) was obtained when 2% NaOH and 0.01% TOCN were used as the coagulation solution. Additionally, the adsorption of model proteins, including lysozyme (Lz), cytochrome C (Cyt C), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were studied. In water, the CS/TOCN fibers with negative charges adsorbed more Lz with positive charges than CS fibers containing positive charges. Contrastingly, CS fibers adsorbed more Cyt C and BSA containing negative charges in phosphate-buffered saline solutions than CS/TOCN fibers. Furthermore, the adsorption percentage of phytic acid using the CS/TOCN fibers reached 64.18% (288 mg/g) within 60 min. Thus, TOCNs improved the tensile properties of CS fibers and preferred positively charged materials contaminated in water, such as ammonia, Lz, and phytic acid.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45152372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To improve the tensile, flexural, and ductility properties of geopolymer composites, amorphous metallic fibres (AMF) are used to reinforce these composites, and the behavior of these composites at elevated temperatures has been assessed in this study. Four types of composites, i.e., cement, reinforced cement, geopolymer, and reinforced geopolymer composites have been prepared. The composites have been reinforced using AMF with a fibre volume fraction of 0.75%. The composites have been assessed for change in mass loss, cracking, compressive strength, and flexural strength at four elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, and conclusions have been drawn concerning these composites. The results have shown that an increase in temperature has an adverse effect on these composites, and geopolymer composites exhibit higher performance than their counterpart cement composites at elevated temperatures. The mass loss and surface cracking were significantly lower in geopolymer composites, and the fibre reinforcement had a negligible effect on mass loss. Also, the residual compressive and flexural strength of reinforced geopolymer composites was significantly higher than that of the reinforced cement composites. In addition, scanning electron microscopic images also showed that even at higher temperatures, the geopolymer matrix is present on the AMF fibre, which results in higher residual strength than the cement composites in which a negligible amount of matrix is present on the fibres.
{"title":"Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Behavior of Amorphous Metallic Fibre-Reinforced Cement and Geopolymer Composites","authors":"Faiz Shaikh, Narwinder Singh Kahlon, A. Dogar","doi":"10.3390/fib11040031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11040031","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the tensile, flexural, and ductility properties of geopolymer composites, amorphous metallic fibres (AMF) are used to reinforce these composites, and the behavior of these composites at elevated temperatures has been assessed in this study. Four types of composites, i.e., cement, reinforced cement, geopolymer, and reinforced geopolymer composites have been prepared. The composites have been reinforced using AMF with a fibre volume fraction of 0.75%. The composites have been assessed for change in mass loss, cracking, compressive strength, and flexural strength at four elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C, and conclusions have been drawn concerning these composites. The results have shown that an increase in temperature has an adverse effect on these composites, and geopolymer composites exhibit higher performance than their counterpart cement composites at elevated temperatures. The mass loss and surface cracking were significantly lower in geopolymer composites, and the fibre reinforcement had a negligible effect on mass loss. Also, the residual compressive and flexural strength of reinforced geopolymer composites was significantly higher than that of the reinforced cement composites. In addition, scanning electron microscopic images also showed that even at higher temperatures, the geopolymer matrix is present on the AMF fibre, which results in higher residual strength than the cement composites in which a negligible amount of matrix is present on the fibres.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41877531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justine Calba, D. Soulat, X. Legrand, Sébastien Renauld
During the manufacturing process, the fibrous materials used in composite reinforcements are subjected to many sources of damage that must be managed if the best possible quality is to be reached for the final product. More specifically, carbon fibers are subjected, during reinforcement manufacturing, to friction with mechanical components and with other tows and to excessive tensile loads due to specific configurations required by textile devices, which results in degradation that affects their mechanical properties and those of final products. While many studies have focused on carbon tow damage during the weaving process, roving quality control during the post-braiding steps, such as the rewinding or braiding processes, is less studied in the literature. In this study, an experimental approach was developed to quantify the damage inflicted on 12 K carbon tows during the rewinding and braiding processes using image analysis software. Based on these images, a damage criterion is defined to quantify the influence of the parameters associated with rewinding and braiding processes on degradation of carbon tows. During the rewinding stage, the influence of the process parameters on the degradation by friction of the tows was significant, but the properties (linear density and tenacity) of these carbon tows were little-modified. On the other hand, the great influence of the tension applied on tows on the inflicted damage was experimentally demonstrated, during both the rewinding and braiding steps, which may have resulted in a loss of tenacity of up to 27%.
{"title":"Damage Investigation on the Carbon Tows during Rewinding and Braiding Processes","authors":"Justine Calba, D. Soulat, X. Legrand, Sébastien Renauld","doi":"10.3390/fib11030030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11030030","url":null,"abstract":"During the manufacturing process, the fibrous materials used in composite reinforcements are subjected to many sources of damage that must be managed if the best possible quality is to be reached for the final product. More specifically, carbon fibers are subjected, during reinforcement manufacturing, to friction with mechanical components and with other tows and to excessive tensile loads due to specific configurations required by textile devices, which results in degradation that affects their mechanical properties and those of final products. While many studies have focused on carbon tow damage during the weaving process, roving quality control during the post-braiding steps, such as the rewinding or braiding processes, is less studied in the literature. In this study, an experimental approach was developed to quantify the damage inflicted on 12 K carbon tows during the rewinding and braiding processes using image analysis software. Based on these images, a damage criterion is defined to quantify the influence of the parameters associated with rewinding and braiding processes on degradation of carbon tows. During the rewinding stage, the influence of the process parameters on the degradation by friction of the tows was significant, but the properties (linear density and tenacity) of these carbon tows were little-modified. On the other hand, the great influence of the tension applied on tows on the inflicted damage was experimentally demonstrated, during both the rewinding and braiding steps, which may have resulted in a loss of tenacity of up to 27%.","PeriodicalId":12122,"journal":{"name":"Fibers","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47611878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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