Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology最新文献_第3页

The bubble stripping method for determining dissolved hydrogen (H2) in well water 测定井水中溶解氢(H2)的气泡溶出法

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<283::AID-FACT40>3.0.CO;2-V

D. M. McInnes, D. Kampbell

The bubble stripping method was developed for use at field sites to measure the concentration of dissolved hydrogen (H2) in ground water. This information is useful in assessing the viability of employing monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a strategy to influence the restoration of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. In laboratory studies, a reservoir containing water was employed to simulate a well. The system was constructed so that the concentration of dissolved H2 could be maintained at a constant level. The method was applied by pumping water from the reservoir into a sample cell, and then injecting 20 ml of nitrogen into the cell to produce a headspace (the “bubble”). Stripping was accomplished by pumping water through the cell, which produced agitation between the aqueous phase and the headspace. Pumping was continued for a length of time sufficient for dissolved H2 to partition between the two phases. Analysis of H2 in the headspace by gas chromatography enabled the concentration of dissolved H2 in solution to be calculated with the use of Henry's law. Two sample cell designs were compared in this study, the Microseeps Cell and the Chapelle Cell. Kinetics of equilibration studies were conducted with each cell, employing solution flow rates of 200, 300, and 400 ml/min, at 4 and 21 °C. The Microseeps Cell compared favorably with the Chapelle Cell with regards to kinetics of equilibration, with the added benefit of costing significantly less. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 283–296, 2000

开发了一种用于野外测量地下水中溶解氢(H2)浓度的气泡剥离法。这一信息有助于评估采用监测的自然衰减(MNA)作为影响受氯化溶剂污染场地恢复的战略的可行性。在实验室研究中，用一个含水的储层来模拟一口井。该体系的构建使溶解H2的浓度保持在恒定水平。该方法的应用是通过将水从储存池中泵入样品细胞，然后向细胞中注入20毫升氮气以产生顶空(“气泡”)。汽提是通过泵送水通过细胞来完成的，这在水相和顶空之间产生了搅拌。泵送持续足够长的时间，使溶解的H2在两相之间分配。气相色谱法分析顶空H2，利用亨利定律计算溶液中溶解H2的浓度。本研究比较了Microseeps细胞和Chapelle细胞两种样品设计。在4°C和21°C下，采用200、300和400 ml/min的溶液流速对每个细胞进行平衡动力学研究。与Chapelle细胞相比，Microseeps细胞在平衡动力学方面具有优势，并且成本显著降低。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2009,31 (4):393 - 396

{"title":"The bubble stripping method for determining dissolved hydrogen (H2) in well water","authors":"D. M. McInnes, D. Kampbell","doi":"10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<283::AID-FACT40>3.0.CO;2-V","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<283::AID-FACT40>3.0.CO;2-V","url":null,"abstract":"The bubble stripping method was developed for use at field sites to measure the concentration of dissolved hydrogen (H2) in ground water. This information is useful in assessing the viability of employing monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a strategy to influence the restoration of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents. In laboratory studies, a reservoir containing water was employed to simulate a well. The system was constructed so that the concentration of dissolved H2 could be maintained at a constant level. The method was applied by pumping water from the reservoir into a sample cell, and then injecting 20 ml of nitrogen into the cell to produce a headspace (the “bubble”). Stripping was accomplished by pumping water through the cell, which produced agitation between the aqueous phase and the headspace. Pumping was continued for a length of time sufficient for dissolved H2 to partition between the two phases. Analysis of H2 in the headspace by gas chromatography enabled the concentration of dissolved H2 in solution to be calculated with the use of Henry's law. Two sample cell designs were compared in this study, the Microseeps Cell and the Chapelle Cell. Kinetics of equilibration studies were conducted with each cell, employing solution flow rates of 200, 300, and 400 ml/min, at 4 and 21 °C. The Microseeps Cell compared favorably with the Chapelle Cell with regards to kinetics of equilibration, with the added benefit of costing significantly less. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 283–296, 2000","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86688126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Design considerations in field‐portable GC‐based hyphenated instrumentation 现场便携式GC - based连字符仪器的设计考虑

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<219::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7

Neil S. Arnold, J. Dworzanski, S. A. Sheya, W. Mcclennen, H. Meuzelaar

The use of hyphenated GC-based methods in the development of portable chemical-monitoring instruments can offer considerable advantages to the instrument maker. Foremost among these advantages are specificity, speed, and lower costs. In this article, the authors describe the basis for achieving these advantages using examples of three prototype and breadboard instruments developed in their laboratories and give an extended theoretical discussion of the basis for what has been called “transfer-line GC” or TLGC. This TLGC approach to fixed pressure drop chromatography can be used to illustrate overall theoretical limitations of various approaches to high-speed GC for real-time monitoring applications. The three example instruments are a “roving” automated vapor sampling (AVS) TLGC/MS instrument, a breadboard AVS-TLGC/IMS (ion mobility spectrometry) instrument, and a breadboard AVS-TLGC/GC instrument. Discussion will include the application of TLGC theory to instrument design and will use example analyses that focus on the eventual application of this technology to the near real-time detection of highly toxic chemical vapors. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 219–238, 2000

在便携式化学监测仪器的开发中使用连字符气相色谱方法可以为仪器制造商提供相当大的优势。这些优势中最重要的是专一性、速度和较低的成本。在这篇文章中，作者用他们实验室开发的三种原型和面包板仪器的例子描述了实现这些优势的基础，并对所谓的“传输线GC”或TLGC的基础进行了扩展的理论讨论。这种固定压降色谱的TLGC方法可以用来说明用于实时监测应用的各种高速GC方法的总体理论局限性。这三台示例仪器分别是“漫游”自动蒸汽取样(AVS) TLGC/MS仪器、面包板AVS-TLGC/IMS(离子迁移率谱)仪器和面包板AVS-TLGC/GC仪器。讨论将包括TLGC理论在仪器设计中的应用，并将使用实例分析，重点讨论该技术在近实时检测剧毒化学蒸汽中的最终应用。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2009,31 (4):391 - 398

{"title":"Design considerations in field‐portable GC‐based hyphenated instrumentation","authors":"Neil S. Arnold, J. Dworzanski, S. A. Sheya, W. Mcclennen, H. Meuzelaar","doi":"10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<219::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<219::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"The use of hyphenated GC-based methods in the development of portable chemical-monitoring instruments can offer considerable advantages to the instrument maker. Foremost among these advantages are specificity, speed, and lower costs. In this article, the authors describe the basis for achieving these advantages using examples of three prototype and breadboard instruments developed in their laboratories and give an extended theoretical discussion of the basis for what has been called “transfer-line GC” or TLGC. This TLGC approach to fixed pressure drop chromatography can be used to illustrate overall theoretical limitations of various approaches to high-speed GC for real-time monitoring applications. The three example instruments are a “roving” automated vapor sampling (AVS) TLGC/MS instrument, a breadboard AVS-TLGC/IMS (ion mobility spectrometry) instrument, and a breadboard AVS-TLGC/GC instrument. Discussion will include the application of TLGC theory to instrument design and will use example analyses that focus on the eventual application of this technology to the near real-time detection of highly toxic chemical vapors. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 219–238, 2000","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75929195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Monitoring volatile organic compounds in ambient air inside and outside buildings with the use of a radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube 使用带有微机械漂移管的基于射频的离子迁移率分析仪监测建筑物内外环境空气中的挥发性有机化合物

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<297::AID-FACT50>3.0.CO;2-H

G. Eiceman, E. Nazarov, B. Tadjikov, R. A. Miller

A radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube was operated continuously to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air inside a building and in an open space near the union of I-10 and I-25 at Las Cruces, New Mexico. Air was drawn directly, without enrichment or preseparation, through the analyzer, which was regulated to 35 °C. The ion source was a photo-discharge lamp at 10.6 eV, providing a preliminary level of selectivity in response to chemicals with low ionization potentials. The compensation voltage was scanned continuously from −40 to +20 V at rates of 60 V/s, providing profiles of ions obtained from VOCs in air. Solvents were detected at 1-ppm levels as fugitive emissions from other experiments under way in the laboratory from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. However, patterns in VOC levels from 1 to 5 ppb between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. and on weekends was attributed to air exchange between ambient air and the ventilation system of the building. The mobility analyzer results were consistent with VOCs from traffic on major city thoroughfare adjacent to the building. In-field studies near two interstate highways demonstrated that analyzer response could be correlated to traffic patterns and exhibited diurnal trends. These findings demonstrate the concept and practice of micromachined mobility analyzers as continuous monitors for VOCs as airborne vapors in buildings and on site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 297–308, 2000

在新墨西哥州拉斯克鲁塞斯，一种基于射频的离子迁移率分析仪与微机械漂移管一起连续工作，以监测建筑物内和I-10和I-25联合附近开放空间内的环境空气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。空气通过分析仪直接抽取，不进行富集或预分离，调节至35°C。离子源为10.6 eV的光放电灯，对低电离势的化学物质具有初步的选择性。补偿电压以60 V/s的速率从−40到+20 V连续扫描，提供从空气中VOCs获得的离子剖面。从上午8点至下午6点在实验室进行的其他实验中，检测到溶剂的逸散性排放物为1 ppm。然而，在下午6点到早上7点之间以及周末，VOC水平在1到5 ppb之间的模式归因于环境空气和建筑物通风系统之间的空气交换。机动性分析仪的结果与建筑物附近主要城市道路交通的voc一致。在两条州际公路附近的实地研究表明，分析仪的响应可以与交通模式相关，并呈现出日趋势。这些发现证明了微机械流动性分析仪作为建筑物和现场空气中挥发性有机化合物的连续监测的概念和实践。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(英文版)，2000

{"title":"Monitoring volatile organic compounds in ambient air inside and outside buildings with the use of a radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube","authors":"G. Eiceman, E. Nazarov, B. Tadjikov, R. A. Miller","doi":"10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<297::AID-FACT50>3.0.CO;2-H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<297::AID-FACT50>3.0.CO;2-H","url":null,"abstract":"A radio-frequency-based ion-mobility analyzer with a micromachined drift tube was operated continuously to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air inside a building and in an open space near the union of I-10 and I-25 at Las Cruces, New Mexico. Air was drawn directly, without enrichment or preseparation, through the analyzer, which was regulated to 35 °C. The ion source was a photo-discharge lamp at 10.6 eV, providing a preliminary level of selectivity in response to chemicals with low ionization potentials. The compensation voltage was scanned continuously from −40 to +20 V at rates of 60 V/s, providing profiles of ions obtained from VOCs in air. Solvents were detected at 1-ppm levels as fugitive emissions from other experiments under way in the laboratory from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. However, patterns in VOC levels from 1 to 5 ppb between 6:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. and on weekends was attributed to air exchange between ambient air and the ventilation system of the building. The mobility analyzer results were consistent with VOCs from traffic on major city thoroughfare adjacent to the building. In-field studies near two interstate highways demonstrated that analyzer response could be correlated to traffic patterns and exhibited diurnal trends. These findings demonstrate the concept and practice of micromachined mobility analyzers as continuous monitors for VOCs as airborne vapors in buildings and on site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 297–308, 2000","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77716531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Field determination of trace molybdenum in river‐water samples by a visual catalytic method 目视催化法现场测定河水样品中痕量钼

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:1<29::AID-FACT4>3.0.CO;2-#

S. Kawakubo, K. Ogihara, Masanobu Watanabe, M. Iwatsuki

A sensitive visual colorimetric method has been developed for the semiquantitative field determination of trace molybdenum. The molybdenum-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid at pH 3.2 in the presence of o-phenylenediamine was used as the indicator reaction, which produces yellow quinoxaline derivatives. After a fixed reaction time, the reaction is stopped by readjusting pH to 1 with hydrochloric acid. For the visual determination, the color intensity of the final solution (10 ml) for a water sample is compared to that of a color standard solution containing 0.04 μg (4 μg l−1) of MoVI prepared by the same procedure. Two handmade cells of the same size with 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-mm light paths are used in the color comparison for a wide determination range (0.005–0.2 μg). The intensity of the color standard is held constant by the adjustment of the reaction time, for example, 10 min at 25 °C, with the use of a simple relationship between the reaction time and the field temperature. Molybdenum down to 1 μg l−1 in a 4-ml river-water sample was determined without any special instrument. Analytical performances were evaluated and compared with those obtained by the spectrophotometric measurements. The application to field survey has revealed the distribution of molybdenum concentration along the river streams and a polluted point. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3:29–35, 1999

建立了一种灵敏的视觉比色法半定量测定痕量钼。以pH为3.2、邻苯二胺存在下钼催化抗坏血酸氧化为指示剂，制得黄色喹诺啉衍生物。在固定的反应时间后，用盐酸将pH调整为1停止反应。为了目测，将水样最终溶液(10ml)的颜色强度与用相同方法制备的含有0.04 μg (4 μg l−1)MoVI的颜色标准溶液的颜色强度进行比较。颜色比较采用两个相同尺寸的手工细胞，光路分别为10、20、30和40毫米，测定范围宽(0.005-0.2 μg)。通过调整反应时间来保持色标的强度恒定，例如，在25°C下10分钟，使用反应时间和现场温度之间的简单关系。在没有任何特殊仪器的情况下，测定了4毫升河水样品中低至1 μg l−1的钼。评价了分析性能，并与分光光度法测定结果进行了比较。通过野外调查，揭示了河流及污染点钼的分布规律。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc现场分析化学技术，1999 (3):29 - 35

{"title":"Field determination of trace molybdenum in river‐water samples by a visual catalytic method","authors":"S. Kawakubo, K. Ogihara, Masanobu Watanabe, M. Iwatsuki","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:1<29::AID-FACT4>3.0.CO;2-#","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:1<29::AID-FACT4>3.0.CO;2-#","url":null,"abstract":"A sensitive visual colorimetric method has been developed for the semiquantitative field determination of trace molybdenum. The molybdenum-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid at pH 3.2 in the presence of o-phenylenediamine was used as the indicator reaction, which produces yellow quinoxaline derivatives. After a fixed reaction time, the reaction is stopped by readjusting pH to 1 with hydrochloric acid. For the visual determination, the color intensity of the final solution (10 ml) for a water sample is compared to that of a color standard solution containing 0.04 μg (4 μg l−1) of MoVI prepared by the same procedure. Two handmade cells of the same size with 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-mm light paths are used in the color comparison for a wide determination range (0.005–0.2 μg). The intensity of the color standard is held constant by the adjustment of the reaction time, for example, 10 min at 25 °C, with the use of a simple relationship between the reaction time and the field temperature. Molybdenum down to 1 μg l−1 in a 4-ml river-water sample was determined without any special instrument. Analytical performances were evaluated and compared with those obtained by the spectrophotometric measurements. The application to field survey has revealed the distribution of molybdenum concentration along the river streams and a polluted point. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3:29–35, 1999","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89602511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Biological agent detection with the use of an airborne biosensor 利用机载生物传感器进行生物制剂检测

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<307::AID-FACT9>3.0.CO;2-M

G. Anderson, Keeley D. King, D. Cuttino, J. P. Whelan, F. Ligler, J. F. Mackrell, C. Bovais, David K. Indyke, R. Foch

The ability to identify aerosolized bacteria remotely with the use of a small unpiloted, all-electric aircraft was demonstrated. Swallow, an aircraft custom-built for the purpose of air-particle collection, was catapult-launched, flown by line of sight for 20-min missions, and recovered by landing on a short runway. Once airborne, the sensor payload, which included a particle collector, fluidics control unit, and biosensor, was activated. The sensor utilized was the Analyte 2000 fiber optic biosensor, which performs four simultaneous fluorescent sandwich immunoassays on the surface of tapered optical probes. Five-minute test cycles were conducted continuously and monitored at the ground station until the plane returned. Then Swallow and its sensor payload could be ready for additional flights within 30 min of landing. During the trial, Swallow successfully collected and identified an aerosolized bacterial sample. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 307–314, 1999

演示了使用小型无人驾驶全电动飞机远程识别雾化细菌的能力。“燕子”是一架专门为收集空气颗粒而设计的飞机，它是用弹射器发射的，在视线范围内飞行了20分钟，然后在一条短跑道上着陆。一旦升空，传感器的有效载荷，包括粒子收集器、流体控制单元和生物传感器，就会被激活。所使用的传感器是Analyte 2000光纤生物传感器，它可以在锥形光学探针表面同时进行四次荧光夹心免疫测定。在飞机返回之前，在地面站连续进行5分钟的测试并进行监测。然后，燕子和它的传感器载荷可以在着陆后30分钟内准备好进行额外的飞行。在试验中，Swallow成功地收集并鉴定了一种雾化的细菌样本。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field analyst Chem technology 3: 307 - 314,1999

引用次数: 43

Applications of flow cytometry for the detection and characterization of biological aerosols 流式细胞术在生物气溶胶检测和表征中的应用

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<291::AID-FACT8>3.0.CO;2-5

S. Sincock, H. Kulaga, M. Cain, Patricia R. Anderson, P. Stopa

Flow cytometry (FCM), unlike conventional forms of spectroscopy, allows one to interrogate individual members of a sample population for size, shape, biological, and/or chemical properties. Over the past several years, we have investigated the use of flow cytometry to detect and identify microorganisms in aerosols. The effort to date has shown that changes in scatter patterns or DNA composition suggest that changes in the ambient air are evident. The use of macromolecular dyes and antibodies tagged by fluorescence can be used to identify specific components in the aerosol. Moreover, it is possible to combine several of these modes into one step. The assays presented here take 5 min or less to perform. Strategies for the use of flow cytometry to characterize biological aerosols will be discussed. Both laboratory and field studies that demonstrate the potential use of FCM as a means to detect and characterize microbiological materials in aerosols are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 291–306, 1999

与传统形式的光谱学不同，流式细胞术(FCM)允许人们询问样本群体的个体成员的大小，形状，生物和/或化学性质。在过去的几年中，我们研究了使用流式细胞术检测和鉴定气溶胶中的微生物。迄今为止的努力已经表明，散布模式或DNA组成的变化表明，环境空气的变化是明显的。使用大分子染料和荧光标记的抗体可用于鉴定气溶胶中的特定成分。此外，可以将这些模式中的几个组合到一个步骤中。这里介绍的检测需要5分钟或更短的时间来完成。将讨论使用流式细胞术表征生物气溶胶的策略。讨论了证明FCM作为气溶胶中微生物材料检测和表征手段的潜在用途的实验室和现场研究。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field analyst Chem technology 3: 291 - 306,1999

{"title":"Applications of flow cytometry for the detection and characterization of biological aerosols","authors":"S. Sincock, H. Kulaga, M. Cain, Patricia R. Anderson, P. Stopa","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<291::AID-FACT8>3.0.CO;2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<291::AID-FACT8>3.0.CO;2-5","url":null,"abstract":"Flow cytometry (FCM), unlike conventional forms of spectroscopy, allows one to interrogate individual members of a sample population for size, shape, biological, and/or chemical properties. Over the past several years, we have investigated the use of flow cytometry to detect and identify microorganisms in aerosols. The effort to date has shown that changes in scatter patterns or DNA composition suggest that changes in the ambient air are evident. The use of macromolecular dyes and antibodies tagged by fluorescence can be used to identify specific components in the aerosol. Moreover, it is possible to combine several of these modes into one step. The assays presented here take 5 min or less to perform. Strategies for the use of flow cytometry to characterize biological aerosols will be discussed. Both laboratory and field studies that demonstrate the potential use of FCM as a means to detect and characterize microbiological materials in aerosols are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 291–306, 1999","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72638007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Real-time measurement of fluorescence spectra from single airborne biological particles 实时测量单个空气传播生物颗粒的荧光光谱

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<221::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7

S. C. Hill, R. Pinnick, S. Niles, Yong-le Pan, S. Holler, R. Chang, J. Bottiger, Bean T. Chen, C. Orr, G. Feather

Improved real-time methods for characterizing airborne biological particles are needed. Here we review our efforts in developing techniques for measuring the laser-induced fluorescence (total and spectrally dispersed) of individual airborne particles, and describe our present system, which can measure fluorescence spectra of single micrometer-sized bioaerosol particles with good signal-to-noise ratios. We demonstrate the capability of this system by showing measured spectra of a variety of airborne particles generated in the laboratory from road dust, ammonium sulfate, Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria prepared under various conditions, allergens, cigarette smoke, and chicken-house dust. These spectra illustrate the capability of the system to distinguish between some biological and nonbiological aerosols, and among several types of laboratory-generated biological aerosols. We suggest improvements needed to make our system field portable. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 221–239, 1999

需要改进的实时方法来表征空气中的生物颗粒。在这里，我们回顾了我们在开发测量单个空气颗粒的激光诱导荧光(总荧光和光谱分散)的技术方面所做的努力，并描述了我们目前的系统，该系统可以测量单个微米大小的生物气溶胶颗粒的荧光光谱，具有良好的信噪比。我们通过展示在实验室中由道路粉尘、硫酸铵、枯草芽孢杆菌和其他在各种条件下制备的细菌、过敏原、香烟烟雾和鸡舍粉尘产生的各种空气传播颗粒的测量光谱来证明该系统的能力。这些光谱说明了该系统区分某些生物和非生物气溶胶以及几种实验室生成的生物气溶胶的能力。我们建议改进，使我们的系统现场便携。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field analyst Chem technology 3: 221-239, 1999

{"title":"Real-time measurement of fluorescence spectra from single airborne biological particles","authors":"S. C. Hill, R. Pinnick, S. Niles, Yong-le Pan, S. Holler, R. Chang, J. Bottiger, Bean T. Chen, C. Orr, G. Feather","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<221::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<221::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"Improved real-time methods for characterizing airborne biological particles are needed. Here we review our efforts in developing techniques for measuring the laser-induced fluorescence (total and spectrally dispersed) of individual airborne particles, and describe our present system, which can measure fluorescence spectra of single micrometer-sized bioaerosol particles with good signal-to-noise ratios. We demonstrate the capability of this system by showing measured spectra of a variety of airborne particles generated in the laboratory from road dust, ammonium sulfate, Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria prepared under various conditions, allergens, cigarette smoke, and chicken-house dust. These spectra illustrate the capability of the system to distinguish between some biological and nonbiological aerosols, and among several types of laboratory-generated biological aerosols. We suggest improvements needed to make our system field portable. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 221–239, 1999","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83063862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 214

Field detection of bacillus spore aerosols with stand‐alone pyrolysis–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry 独立热解-气相色谱-离子迁移谱法现场检测芽孢杆菌孢子气溶胶

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<315::AID-FACT10>3.0.CO;2-2

A. Snyder, W. Maswadeh, J. Parsons, A. Tripathi, H. Meuzelaar, J. Dworzanski, Man-Goo Kim

A commercially available, hand-held chemical vapor detector was modified to detect gram-positive Bacillus subtilis var. globigii spores (BG) in outdoor field scenarios. An airborne vapor monitor (AVM) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) vapor detector was interfaced to a biological sample processing and transfer introduction system. The biological sample processing was accomplished by quartz tube pyrolysis (Py), and the resultant vapor was transferred by gas chromatography (GC) to the IMS detector. The Py-GC/IMS system can be described as a hyphenated device where two analytical dimensions, in series, allow the separation and isolation of individual components from the pyrolytic decomposition of biological analytes. Gram-positive spores such as BG contain 5–15% by weight of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and picolinic acid is a pyrolysis product of DPA. Picolinic acid has a high proton affinity, and it is detected in a sensitive fashion by the atmospheric pressure-based IMS device. Picolinic acid occupies a unique region in the GC/IMS data domain with respect to other bacterial pyrolysis products. A 1000 to 1, air-to-air aerosol concentrator was interfaced to the Py-GC/IMS instrument, and the system was placed in an open-air, western United States desert environment. The system was tested with BG spore aerosol releases, and the instrument was remotely operated during a trial. A Met-One aerosol particle counter was placed next to the Py-GC/IMS so as to obtain a real-time record of the ambient and bacterial aerosol challenges. The presence/absence of an aerosol event, determined by an aerosol particle counter and a slit-sampler–agar-plate system, was compared to the presence/absence of a picolinic acid response in a GC/IMS data window at selected times in a trial with respect to a BG challenge. In the 21 BG trials, the Py-GC/IMS instrument experienced two true negatives and no false positives, and developed a software failure in one trial. The remaining 18 trials were true positive determinations for the presence of BG aerosol, and a limit of detection for the Py-GC/IMS instrument was estimated at approximately 3300 BG spore-containing particles. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 315–326, 1999

对市售的手持式化学蒸汽检测器进行了改进，以检测室外野外场景中的革兰氏阳性枯草芽孢杆菌变异体芽孢(BG)。将机载蒸汽监测仪(AVM)离子迁移谱仪(IMS)与生物样品处理和转移导入系统相连接。生物样品的处理通过石英管热解(Py)完成，生成的蒸汽通过气相色谱(GC)转移到IMS检测器。Py-GC/IMS系统可以被描述为一个连在一起的装置，其中两个分析维度串联在一起，允许从生物分析物的热解分解中分离和隔离单个组分。革兰氏阳性孢子如BG含有5-15%(重量计)的二吡啶酸(DPA)，而二吡啶酸是DPA的热解产物。吡啶酸具有较高的质子亲和性，可以通过基于大气压的IMS装置以灵敏的方式检测到。相对于其他细菌热解产物，吡啶酸在GC/IMS数据域中占据一个独特的区域。将一个1000比1的空气对空气气溶胶浓缩器与Py-GC/IMS仪器连接，并将该系统放置在美国西部露天沙漠环境中。该系统在BG孢子气溶胶释放中进行了测试，并且在试验期间远程操作该仪器。在Py-GC/IMS旁边放置了Met-One气溶胶粒子计数器，以便获得环境和细菌气溶胶挑战的实时记录。气溶胶事件的存在/不存在(由气溶胶粒子计数器和狭缝采样器-琼脂板系统确定)与在试验中针对BG挑战的特定时间GC/IMS数据窗口中吡啶酸响应的存在/不存在进行了比较。在21次BG试验中，Py-GC/IMS仪器经历了两次真阴性，没有假阳性，并在一次试验中出现了软件故障。其余18个试验对BG气溶胶的存在进行了真阳性检测，Py-GC/IMS仪器的检测限估计约为3300个含BG孢子的颗粒。©John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报，1999,31 (3):315-326

{"title":"Field detection of bacillus spore aerosols with stand‐alone pyrolysis–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry","authors":"A. Snyder, W. Maswadeh, J. Parsons, A. Tripathi, H. Meuzelaar, J. Dworzanski, Man-Goo Kim","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<315::AID-FACT10>3.0.CO;2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<315::AID-FACT10>3.0.CO;2-2","url":null,"abstract":"A commercially available, hand-held chemical vapor detector was modified to detect gram-positive Bacillus subtilis var. globigii spores (BG) in outdoor field scenarios. An airborne vapor monitor (AVM) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) vapor detector was interfaced to a biological sample processing and transfer introduction system. The biological sample processing was accomplished by quartz tube pyrolysis (Py), and the resultant vapor was transferred by gas chromatography (GC) to the IMS detector. The Py-GC/IMS system can be described as a hyphenated device where two analytical dimensions, in series, allow the separation and isolation of individual components from the pyrolytic decomposition of biological analytes. Gram-positive spores such as BG contain 5–15% by weight of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and picolinic acid is a pyrolysis product of DPA. Picolinic acid has a high proton affinity, and it is detected in a sensitive fashion by the atmospheric pressure-based IMS device. Picolinic acid occupies a unique region in the GC/IMS data domain with respect to other bacterial pyrolysis products. A 1000 to 1, air-to-air aerosol concentrator was interfaced to the Py-GC/IMS instrument, and the system was placed in an open-air, western United States desert environment. The system was tested with BG spore aerosol releases, and the instrument was remotely operated during a trial. A Met-One aerosol particle counter was placed next to the Py-GC/IMS so as to obtain a real-time record of the ambient and bacterial aerosol challenges. The presence/absence of an aerosol event, determined by an aerosol particle counter and a slit-sampler–agar-plate system, was compared to the presence/absence of a picolinic acid response in a GC/IMS data window at selected times in a trial with respect to a BG challenge. In the 21 BG trials, the Py-GC/IMS instrument experienced two true negatives and no false positives, and developed a software failure in one trial. The remaining 18 trials were true positive determinations for the presence of BG aerosol, and a limit of detection for the Py-GC/IMS instrument was estimated at approximately 3300 BG spore-containing particles. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 315–326, 1999","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82742768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 40

PASSIVE AND ACTIVE STANDOFF INFRARED DETECTION OF BIO-AEROSOLS 生物气溶胶的被动和主动红外检测

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<274::AID-FACT6>3.0.CO;2-E

C. Gittins, L. G. Piper, W. Rawlins, W. Marinelli, J. Jensen, Agnes N. Akinyemi

Biological compounds are known to have infrared spectra indicative of specific functional groups. There is a strong interest in the use of passive means to detect airborne biological particles, such as spores and cells, which may act as biological weapons. At the sizes of interest, the infrared spectra of bacterial particles result from a combination of geometric (πdparticle > λ) and Mie (πdparticle ∼ λ) scattering processes, whereas the infrared spectrum of atmospheric particles falls into the Rayleigh limit (πdparticle ≪ λ). In this article we report on laboratory measurements of the infrared spectra of aerosolized Bacillus subtilis (BG) spores in air under controlled measurement conditions. Transmission measurements show an IR spectrum of the spores with features comparable to the condensed phase spectrum superimposed on a background of Mie scattering. Preliminary measurements indicate a peak extinction coefficient of approximately 1.6 × 10−8 cm2 per spore at 9.65 μm. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for passive and active infrared detection and identification of bio-aerosols. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 274–282, 1999

已知生物化合物具有指示特定官能团的红外光谱。人们对使用被动手段来探测空气中的生物粒子，如可能作为生物武器的孢子和细胞非常感兴趣。在感兴趣的尺寸上，细菌颗粒的红外光谱是几何(πdparticle > λ)和Mie (πdparticle ~ λ)散射过程的结合，而大气颗粒的红外光谱则属于瑞利极限(πdparticle≪λ)。本文报道了在控制测量条件下对空气中雾化枯草芽孢杆菌(BG)孢子红外光谱的实验室测量。透射测量显示，孢子的红外光谱具有与Mie散射背景上的凝聚相光谱相似的特征。初步测量表明，在9.65 μm时，每个孢子的消光系数约为1.6 × 10−8 cm2。讨论了这些结果对生物气溶胶的被动和主动红外探测和鉴定的意义。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(英文版)，1999

{"title":"PASSIVE AND ACTIVE STANDOFF INFRARED DETECTION OF BIO-AEROSOLS","authors":"C. Gittins, L. G. Piper, W. Rawlins, W. Marinelli, J. Jensen, Agnes N. Akinyemi","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<274::AID-FACT6>3.0.CO;2-E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:4/5<274::AID-FACT6>3.0.CO;2-E","url":null,"abstract":"Biological compounds are known to have infrared spectra indicative of specific functional groups. There is a strong interest in the use of passive means to detect airborne biological particles, such as spores and cells, which may act as biological weapons. At the sizes of interest, the infrared spectra of bacterial particles result from a combination of geometric (πdparticle > λ) and Mie (πdparticle ∼ λ) scattering processes, whereas the infrared spectrum of atmospheric particles falls into the Rayleigh limit (πdparticle ≪ λ). In this article we report on laboratory measurements of the infrared spectra of aerosolized Bacillus subtilis (BG) spores in air under controlled measurement conditions. Transmission measurements show an IR spectrum of the spores with features comparable to the condensed phase spectrum superimposed on a background of Mie scattering. Preliminary measurements indicate a peak extinction coefficient of approximately 1.6 × 10−8 cm2 per spore at 9.65 μm. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for passive and active infrared detection and identification of bio-aerosols. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 274–282, 1999","PeriodicalId":12132,"journal":{"name":"Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77681904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

A Rapid Toxicological Test Method with Luminous Bacteria for Laboratory - and On-Site Assessment of Wastes and Contaminated Soils 用于实验室和现场评价废物和污染土壤的发光细菌快速毒理学试验方法

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1999)3:6<329::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-Z

A. Götzl, H. Malissa, W. Riepe

Comparison between a standard toxicological test with luminous bacteria based on DIN 38 412 L 341, 2 and a rapid test yield similar results. However, the standard deviation of the rapid test was lower than that of the standard test. Costs for material and instruments are low; the test is easy to handle and can be used on site. By appropriate choice of the dilution steps and proper timing by intercalating the individual sets of assays, the overall time required to obtain results can be shortened considerably compared to the standard test. In combination with a recently developed method for aqueous extraction this allows assessment of the risk in contaminated soil on site within 30–45 min. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 329–337, 1999

基于DIN 38 412 L 341, 2的发光细菌的标准毒理学试验与快速试验的比较得出相似的结果。而快速试验的标准差低于标准试验。材料和仪器的成本低;该测试易于操作，可在现场使用。通过适当选择稀释步骤和插入单个测定集的适当时机，与标准试验相比，获得结果所需的总时间可以大大缩短。结合最近开发的水萃取方法，可以在30-45分钟内对现场污染土壤的风险进行评估。©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc。化学工程学报，2009,32 (3):329-337

引用次数: 3