Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology最新文献

英文中文

Small‐size sensors for the in‐field stripping voltammetric analysis of water 用于水的现场溶出伏安分析的小型传感器

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/FACT.10006

K. Brainina, Inna V. Kubysheva, E. G. Miroshnikova, S. I. Parshakov, Yuri G. Maksimov, Andrei E. Volkonsky

Sensors based on thick-film graphite and screen-printed electrodes open up a new era in stripping voltammetry. The increasing application of the stripping analysis in laboratory, field, and on-line variants is expected in the near future. The use of modified thick-film graphite and screen-printed electrodes allows solving main problems of the method: toxicity of mercury and mechanical regeneration of the solid electrode surface. However, one of the problems with the stripping voltammetric method, namely the interference of organic compounds, cannot be solved without sample pretreatment. New four-electrode sensors based on thick-film graphite and screen-printed carbon electrodes for analysis of natural and waste waters are described. The analysis is performed in three steps: sample pretreatment, accumulation of the analyte on the electrode surface, and measurement. The measuring cells have a small volume (e.g., 0.2–0.8 ml) sufficient for uniform mixing of the test solution and introduction (if required) of standard additions. A solid electrolyte can be placed in the cell. The sensors were used for determination of Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations. The detection limit is n × 10−7 g l−1. Some results of the analysis of model solutions, river and waste waters with the use of the standard addition method or calibration curves are given. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 260–271, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10006

基于厚膜石墨和丝网印刷电极的传感器开创了剥离伏安法的新时代。预计在不久的将来，汽提分析将越来越多地应用于实验室、现场和在线变体。使用改性厚膜石墨和丝网印刷电极可以解决该方法的主要问题:汞的毒性和固体电极表面的机械再生。但是，溶出伏安法存在的一个问题，即有机化合物的干扰，如果不进行样品预处理就无法解决。介绍了一种基于厚膜石墨和丝网印刷碳电极的新型四电极传感器，用于分析自然和废水。分析分三个步骤进行:样品预处理，分析物在电极表面的积累和测量。测量池的体积小(例如，0.2-0.8 ml)，足以均匀混合测试溶液和引入(如果需要)标准添加剂。固体电解质可以放置在电池中。该传感器用于铜、铅、镉浓度的测定。检测限为n × 10−7 g l−1。文中给出了用标准加入法或标定曲线对模型溶液、河流和废水进行分析的一些结果。©2002 Wiley期刊公司化学工程学报(英文版);2001;DOI 10.1002 / fact.10006

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引用次数: 20

Rapid determination of bacteria in drinking water using an ATP assay 使用ATP试验快速测定饮用水中的细菌

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/FACT.1020

R. A. Deininger, Jiyoung Lee

The presently used heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for the evaluation of the total number of bacteria in a sample of drinking water takes 7 days of incubation. When the results are known, the water has been consumed and is ineffective for the protection of the health of the consumers. Operators of water treatment systems need to know the bacterial water quality in near real time. Contamination of the system, whether it is intentional, accidental, or due to an inadequate disinfectant residual needs to be discovered much sooner because intervention can then take place in the form of flushing low quality water and/or raising the disinfectant residual. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine if a rapid ATP assay can estimate the HPC in minutes. Two additional methods were used for some samples. The first method was the acridine orange direct count (AODC) that enumerates both viable and nonviable bacteria. The second method was the direct viable count (DVC) that enumerates only viable bacteria. Water samples were obtained from local, national, and international locations. The sample selection criteria were based on proximity to the laboratory, cooperating water utilities, and the travel of the authors. The results of the study show that the rapid ATP assay is highly correlated with the conventional plate count method and the DVC method. The significance of the ATP assay is that it can determine the bacterial quality of the drinking water in less than 5 min. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 185–189, 2001

目前用于评估饮用水样品中细菌总数的异养平板计数(HPC)需要7天的孵育。当结果被知道时，水已经被消耗，并且对保护消费者的健康无效。水处理系统的操作人员需要近乎实时地了解细菌水质。系统的污染，无论是故意的，意外的，还是由于消毒剂残留不足，都需要尽快发现，因为可以通过冲洗低质量水和/或提高消毒剂残留的形式进行干预。因此，本研究的目的是确定快速ATP测定是否可以在几分钟内估计HPC。对一些样品使用了另外两种方法。第一种方法是吖啶橙直接计数法(AODC)，该方法同时枚举活菌和非活菌。第二种方法是直接活菌计数(DVC)，它只枚举活菌。从当地、全国和国际地点获得水样。样本的选择标准是基于靠近实验室、合作的自来水公司和作者的旅行。研究结果表明，ATP快速测定与常规平板计数法和DVC法高度相关。ATP试验的意义在于它可以在5分钟内确定饮用水中的细菌质量。©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc。化学工程学报(英文版)，2001

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引用次数: 78

Rapid In Situ Collection and Analysis of Semivolatile Organics by Thermal Extraction Cone Penetrometry Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 半挥发性有机物的快速原位采集与分析——热萃取锥透入-气相色谱/质谱法

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:2/3<85::AID-FACT3>3.0.CO;2-#

Alexander Gorshteyn, A. Robbat

A thermal extraction cone penetrometer (TECP) has been developed to detect subsurface contaminants in situ without bringing soil to the surface or into a col- lection chamber. Coupled with thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) sample collection and analysis can be accomplished in 20 min for the full range of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Target Compounds (EPA). TECP extraction effi- ciencies of 50 to 100% can be obtained for most EPA Method 8270 compounds. Results of 99 volatile and semivolatile organics analyzed from the same TECP ex- tracted soil in 16 and 40 min are presented. Measurement precision and accuracy were well within the Method 8270 benchmarks required for solvent-extracted soils ana- lyzed by GC/MS. The total ion and reconstructed ion cur- rent chromatograms are shown for chlorinated solvents and gasoline constituents extracted from a hazardous waste site located at Hanscom Air Force Base (Bedford, MA). Data compared favorably against traditional purge and trap GC/MS. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 85-92, 2000

开发了一种热提取锥入仪(TECP)，可以在不将土壤带到地面或进入收集室的情况下原位检测地下污染物。结合热解吸气相色谱/质谱(TD-GC/MS)，可在20分钟内完成美国环境保护局目标化合物(EPA)全系列样品的收集和分析。对大多数EPA Method 8270化合物，TECP萃取率可达50% ~ 100%。本文报道了同一土壤在16 min和40 min内99种挥发性和半挥发性有机物的分析结果。测定精密度和准确度均在方法8270标准要求的范围内，适用于溶剂萃取土壤的GC/MS分析。总离子和重构离子电流色谱图显示了从汉斯科姆空军基地(Bedford, MA)的危险废物场地提取的氯化溶剂和汽油成分。与传统的吹扫和陷阱GC/MS相比，数据更有利。2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc。化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2000

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引用次数: 4

Quiet service from a field measurement technology; Ion mobility spectrometry is used worldwide for on‐site analyses and current advances suggest a role in field measurements in the future 安静的服务来自于现场测量技术;离子迁移率光谱法在世界范围内用于现场分析，目前的进展表明在未来的现场测量中发挥作用

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<217::AID-FACT1>3.0.CO;2-C

G. Eiceman

引用次数: 3

Rapid detection of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface by membrane introduction into a direct sampling ion‐trap mass spectrometer 直接采样离子阱质谱仪引入膜快速检测地下挥发性有机化合物

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<246::AID-FACT4>3.0.CO;2-W

J. Costanza, W. Davis

The Triservice Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed to reduce the time and cost required for site characterization. Direct-push sensors were developed to detect specific classes of contaminants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, explosive compounds, radionuclides, metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This article describes the demonstration of a direct-push sensor that can quantify VOC contamination in the subsurface in real time. This system consists of a membrane interface probe (MIP) manufactured by Geoprobe Systems coupled to a direct sampling ion-trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). The ITMS-MIP system was shown to rapidly collect and analyze samples from the subsurface, regardless of matrix. Two of the five demonstrations discussed resulted in a strong linear correlation (r2 = 0.9) with validation samples analyzed using EPA Method 8260. The other three demonstrations revealed that the calibration method used in this work introduced a bias compared to EPA methods.* © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 246–254, 2000

Triservice站点表征和分析穿透系统(SCAPS)的开发是为了减少站点表征所需的时间和成本。直推式传感器被开发用于检测特定类别的污染物，如石油碳氢化合物、爆炸性化合物、放射性核素、金属和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。本文介绍了一种可以实时量化地下VOC污染的直推式传感器的演示。该系统由Geoprobe Systems制造的膜界面探针(MIP)与直接采样离子阱质谱仪(ITMS)耦合组成。ITMS-MIP系统被证明可以快速收集和分析地下样品，无论基质如何。所讨论的五个演示中有两个与使用EPA方法8260分析的验证样品具有很强的线性相关性(r2 = 0.9)。其他三个演示表明，与EPA方法相比，本工作中使用的校准方法引入了偏差。*©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2004,31 (4):344 - 344

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引用次数: 25

Fundamental considerations for the application of miniature Ion mobility spectrometry to field analytical applications 微型离子迁移率光谱法应用于现场分析的基本考虑

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<255::AID-FACT5>3.0.CO;2-R

G. Spangler

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a popular field analyzer. The reason for its popularity is its small size, its sensitivity, and the amount of information contained in the ion mobility spectrum. Several research groups are working on smaller IMS cells using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. New principles of operation will be needed to achieve this goal. The theory supporting the development of the radio frequency (RF) IMS is described. RF-IMS separates ions by applying an asymmetric RF field across two parallel plates and passing the ions through the separator. The performance of the device no longer depends on a simple linear relationship between the drift velocity and an electric field, but rather on a nonlinear relationship between these parameters. Consequently, a more detailed momentum-transfer theory is needed. The required theory is developed and applied to the interpretation of experimental data here. The importance of using momentum transfer theory in combination with the continuity equation is demonstrated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 255–267, 2000

离子迁移谱法(IMS)是一种流行的现场分析仪。它受欢迎的原因是它的体积小，灵敏度高，离子迁移谱中包含的信息量大。几个研究小组正在使用微机电系统(MEMS)技术研究更小的IMS单元。要实现这一目标，需要新的操作原则。介绍了支持射频(RF) IMS发展的理论。RF- ims通过在两个平行板上施加不对称射频场并使离子通过分离器来分离离子。器件的性能不再依赖于漂移速度和电场之间的简单线性关系，而是依赖于这些参数之间的非线性关系。因此，需要一个更详细的动量传递理论。所需的理论在这里得到发展并应用于实验数据的解释。论证了动量传递理论与连续性方程相结合的重要性。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(英文版)，2000

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引用次数: 18

New horizons: explosive detection in soil extracts with a fiber-optic biosensor. 新视野:用光纤生物传感器检测土壤提取物中的爆炸物。

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<239::AID-FACT3>3.0.CO;2-Z

L. Shriver-Lake, C. H. Patterson, Saskia K. van Bergen

Contamination of soils with the explosives TNT and RDX is a worldwide problem that has resulted from inadequate disposal methods. Many of these contamination sites are currently being characterized or are undergoing remediation. The ability to obtain real-time, on-site results would save remediation time, reduce cost, and provide for efficient use of labor during cleanup. The NRL fiber-optic biosensor, which has been demonstrated for the on-site detection of explosives in ground water, has expanded its horizons to include detection in soil extracts. Soil samples from several sites in the United States were analyzed for TNT and RDX. The explosives were removed from the soil with a 3-min acetone extraction. The extract was mixed with buffer containing a fluorescent explosive analog and exposed to the antibody-coated optical probes. In the presence of either TNT or RDX, a decrease in the fluorescence signal, proportional to the explosive concentration, was observed. In less than 20 min, analysis on four optical probes was completed. Extract results from the fiber-optic biosensor were compared to those from U.S. EPA SW 846 Method 8330 (reverse-phase high-performance chromatography). Detection limits of 0.5 mg/kg (0.1 mg/l) of TNT and RDX in soil acetone extracts were obtained. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 239–245, 2000

TNT和RDX炸药对土壤的污染是一个世界性的问题，这是由于处置方法不当造成的。许多这些污染地点目前正在进行鉴定或正在进行补救。获得实时的现场结果的能力将节省修复时间，降低成本，并在清理过程中提供有效的劳动力使用。NRL的光纤生物传感器已经被证明可以现场检测地下水中的爆炸物，现在它的探测范围已经扩展到土壤提取物中。对美国几个地点的土壤样本进行了TNT和RDX分析。炸药通过丙酮萃取3分钟从土壤中取出。提取液与含有荧光炸药类似物的缓冲液混合，并暴露于抗体包被的光学探针中。在TNT或RDX存在的情况下，观察到荧光信号的减少与炸药浓度成正比。在不到20分钟的时间内，完成了对四个光学探针的分析。将光纤生物传感器的提取结果与美国EPA SW 846方法8330(反相高效色谱法)的提取结果进行比较。得到了土壤丙酮提取物中TNT和RDX的检出限为0.5 mg/kg (0.1 mg/l)。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Field analyst Chem technology 4: 239 - 245,2000

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引用次数: 21

Speculating about PM‐associated urban mortality… 推测与PM相关的城市死亡率…

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<269::AID-FACT10>3.0.CO;2-I

HenkL.C. Meuzelaar

引用次数: 0

Quantitative analysis of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene with the use of a UV–ion mobility spectrometer 使用紫外离子迁移谱仪对苯、甲苯和间二甲苯进行定量分析

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:4<157::AID-FACT2>3.0.CO;2-#

S. Sielemann, J. Baumbach, H. Schmidt, P. Pilzecker

An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) equipped with a 10.6 eV low-pressure gas-discharge lamp usually used in photoionization detectors for gas chromatographic applications was developed for the continuous detection of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene. To improve the resolution of the IMS for single substances a customized IMS with a doubled drift tube length was built. The responses of both IMS (drift tube lengths of 6 and 12 cm) to the compounds selected were determined and compared. The advantages of the combination of multi-capillary columns with IMS are discussed with the aim of achieving further enhancements to the resolution of the instrument. This coupling leads to a significant increase in the scope of application of ion mobility spectrometry for environmental applications. The influence of intermolecular charge-transfer reactions on the peak can be reduced and more complex matrices considered. The presented three-dimensional correlation supports the interpretation of the spectra acquired from the mixtures. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 157–169, 2000

研制了一种配备10.6 eV低压气体放电灯的离子迁移谱仪(IMS)，用于气相色谱中苯、甲苯和间二甲苯的连续检测。为了提高IMS对单一物质的分辨率，设计了一种双漂移管长度的定制IMS。测定并比较了两种IMS(漂移管长度分别为6 cm和12 cm)对所选化合物的响应。讨论了多毛细管柱与IMS相结合的优点，进一步提高了仪器的分辨率。这种耦合导致离子迁移率光谱法在环境应用中的应用范围显著增加。可以减少分子间电荷转移反应对峰的影响，并考虑更复杂的矩阵。所提出的三维相关性支持了从混合物中获得的光谱的解释。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2000

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引用次数: 42

Statistical treatments for rapid tests with discrete measuring range 离散量程快速试验的统计处理

Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology

Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:6<270::AID-FACT20>3.0.CO;2-6

A. Götzl, W. Riepe

Colorimetric determination of analytes with comparators is characterized by stepwise measuring. Standard deviation as well as confidence interval are based on the distribution of measuring values. No continuous distribution of measuring values can be obtained with the use of colorimetric methods. The measuring range is cut in intervals and the measuring values show discrete distribution (measuring steps or bins). The measuring steps are nonuniformly distributed over the measuring range. This is an attempt to calculate statistical measurements for these determination methods. It is shown that adding two measuring steps to the measuring value is a quick way to check whether limit levels are exceeded. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 270–273, 2000

用比较器比色法测定分析物的特点是逐步测定。标准偏差和置信区间是基于测量值的分布。用比色法不能得到测量值的连续分布。测量范围在间隔中切割，测量值显示离散分布(测量步骤或箱)。测量步骤在测量范围内不均匀分布。这是为这些测定方法计算统计测量值的一次尝试。结果表明，在测量值上增加两个测量步骤是一种快速检查是否超过极限水平的方法。©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc化学工程学报(自然科学版)，2000

引用次数: 0

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