Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160
D. Samoshin, R. Istratov
This work presents the results of a survey aimed at identification of key issues concerning the provision of fire safety of people with visual impairments). The questionnaires were passed to All Russian Association of the Blind and distributed by them to places of labour application (plant for the production of electrical appliances) of this group of disabled people. A methodology for field observations of flows movement consisting of blind and visually impaired people has been developed based on the results of this survey. This methodology takes into account not only the type of route (horizontal, inclined or door), but also the level of people awareness about the features on this route. Statistical processing of data and the regularities identified on its basis enabled us to describe the parameters of flows movement. It was found that the familiarity with egress route is a key factor for the safety of visually impaired people: if familiar route is blocked and number of abled-body staff is insufficient, evacuation would be failed.
{"title":"The Characteristics of Blind and Visually Impaired People Evacuation in Case of Fire","authors":"D. Samoshin, R. Istratov","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the results of a survey aimed at identification of key issues concerning the provision of fire safety of people with visual impairments). The questionnaires were passed to All Russian Association of the Blind and distributed by them to places of labour application (plant for the production of electrical appliances) of this group of disabled people. A methodology for field observations of flows movement consisting of blind and visually impaired people has been developed based on the results of this survey. This methodology takes into account not only the type of route (horizontal, inclined or door), but also the level of people awareness about the features on this route. Statistical processing of data and the regularities identified on its basis enabled us to describe the parameters of flows movement. It was found that the familiarity with egress route is a key factor for the safety of visually impaired people: if familiar route is blocked and number of abled-body staff is insufficient, evacuation would be failed.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"1160-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85404718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376
J. Floyd, K. Overholt, O. Ezekoye, Hughes Associates
Soot concentrations are generally over predicted during the typical application of fire models. The addition of soot deposition and gravitational settling mechanisms to Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) results in improved predictions; however, those predictions are highly dependent upon assumptions of soot particle size. Large particle sizes appear to be needed to get FDS predictions on soot concentration to match measured data. Simple predictions of (and experimental data on) aerosol agglomeration show that compartment fires can result in significant amount of large particles sizes; however, the simple predictions do not fully account for the particle sizes needed to match the measured data. Recommendations on additional research and data collection are made to develop improved soot modeling capabilities.
{"title":"Soot Deposition and Gravitational Settling Modeling and the Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration","authors":"J. Floyd, K. Overholt, O. Ezekoye, Hughes Associates","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376","url":null,"abstract":"Soot concentrations are generally over predicted during the typical application of fire models. The addition of soot deposition and gravitational settling mechanisms to Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) results in improved predictions; however, those predictions are highly dependent upon assumptions of soot particle size. Large particle sizes appear to be needed to get FDS predictions on soot concentration to match measured data. Simple predictions of (and experimental data on) aerosol agglomeration show that compartment fires can result in significant amount of large particles sizes; however, the simple predictions do not fully account for the particle sizes needed to match the measured data. Recommendations on additional research and data collection are made to develop improved soot modeling capabilities.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"376-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78473574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704
K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino
Ignitions following the Tohoku earthquake (2011) can be divided either into earthquake-generated ignitions or tsunami-generated ignitions. This study analyzed the behavior of the earthquake-generated ignitions. Ignition records of 698 municipalities of eastern Japan was collected by a questionnaire survey and found that 191 ignitions were either directly or indirectly caused by seismic motion. These records of earthquakegenerated ignition were analyzed using the statistical model proposed by Kawasumi (Kawasumi model). Kawasumi model is a simple one-parameter model which formulates the relationship between the ignition probability p and the scale of seismic intensity θ. Seismic indices θ used in this analysis were (a) collapse ratio of houses, (b) JMA (Japan Meteorological Association) seismic intensity, (c) PGA (peak ground acceleration), (d) PGV (peak ground velocity), (e) PGD (peak ground displacement), (f) acceleration response and (g) SI (Spectral Intensity). Obtained adjusted determination coefficients were higher than 0.7 for most of the seismic indices θ except for (a) collapse ratio of houses and (e) PGD. After normalization with regard to time and season of its occurrence, the results were further compared with that of various earthquakes (1927-1968), and the Kobe earthquake (1995). Ignition probability p of the Tohoku earthquake (2011) was substantially lower than that of the various earthquakes (1927-1968). On the other hand, the difference of ignition probability p between the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Kobe earthquake (1995) was relatively small.
{"title":"Analysis of Ignitions Following 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Using Kawasumi Model","authors":"K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","url":null,"abstract":"Ignitions following the Tohoku earthquake (2011) can be divided either into earthquake-generated ignitions or tsunami-generated ignitions. This study analyzed the behavior of the earthquake-generated ignitions. Ignition records of 698 municipalities of eastern Japan was collected by a questionnaire survey and found that 191 ignitions were either directly or indirectly caused by seismic motion. These records of earthquakegenerated ignition were analyzed using the statistical model proposed by Kawasumi (Kawasumi model). Kawasumi model is a simple one-parameter model which formulates the relationship between the ignition probability p and the scale of seismic intensity θ. Seismic indices θ used in this analysis were (a) collapse ratio of houses, (b) JMA (Japan Meteorological Association) seismic intensity, (c) PGA (peak ground acceleration), (d) PGV (peak ground velocity), (e) PGD (peak ground displacement), (f) acceleration response and (g) SI (Spectral Intensity). Obtained adjusted determination coefficients were higher than 0.7 for most of the seismic indices θ except for (a) collapse ratio of houses and (e) PGD. After normalization with regard to time and season of its occurrence, the results were further compared with that of various earthquakes (1927-1968), and the Kobe earthquake (1995). Ignition probability p of the Tohoku earthquake (2011) was substantially lower than that of the various earthquakes (1927-1968). On the other hand, the difference of ignition probability p between the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Kobe earthquake (1995) was relatively small.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"704-717"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84937100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919
Y. Ikehata, I. Yamaguchi, Daisaku Nii, Takeyoshi Tanaka
Introducing fire risk concept in performance-based fire safety design of building is beneficial in many aspects of evacuation safety. In this study, the risk-based evacuation safety design method developed based on fire risk concept was applied to simplify the procedure of performance-based evacuation safety verification of rooms of which the fire risk is relatively low. The critical travel distance to room exit and required exit width derived from this method are found to be dependent on room area but the critical travel distance becomes to be relatively insensitive to room area as the area increase. The particular advantage of this method is that engineers can easily develop the evacuation safety standards for safe room evacuation and designers can check the evacuation safety performance of a large number of rooms in a building efficiently using the developed standards. The comparison of the derived standards for travel distance and exit width with the travel distances and exit widths in actual building rooms revealed that the method in this paper is reasonable and practicable in actual verification practices of evacuation safety of rooms.
{"title":"Required Travel Distance and Exit Width for Rooms Determined by Risk-Based Evacuation Safety Design Method","authors":"Y. Ikehata, I. Yamaguchi, Daisaku Nii, Takeyoshi Tanaka","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-919","url":null,"abstract":"Introducing fire risk concept in performance-based fire safety design of building is beneficial in many aspects of evacuation safety. In this study, the risk-based evacuation safety design method developed based on fire risk concept was applied to simplify the procedure of performance-based evacuation safety verification of rooms of which the fire risk is relatively low. The critical travel distance to room exit and required exit width derived from this method are found to be dependent on room area but the critical travel distance becomes to be relatively insensitive to room area as the area increase. The particular advantage of this method is that engineers can easily develop the evacuation safety standards for safe room evacuation and designers can check the evacuation safety performance of a large number of rooms in a building efficiently using the developed standards. The comparison of the derived standards for travel distance and exit width with the travel distances and exit widths in actual building rooms revealed that the method in this paper is reasonable and practicable in actual verification practices of evacuation safety of rooms.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"919-932"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72805221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144
A. P. Harpur, Karen Boyce, N. McConnell
Examination of real-fire data has indicated that, globally, the elderly, particularly elderly males are those most at risk of becoming a dwelling fire fatality. This paper presents an analysis of the circumstances surrounding elderly dwelling fire fatalities gleaned from coronial reports. The analysis indicated that many elderly fatalities were involved in ignition and had existing health conditions that played a role in the fire. The most common fire scenario (which started in home furnishing located in the living room by carelessly discarded smokers’ materials) accounted for a quarter of elderly fatalities. The risk factors associated with elderly fatalities were similar to other adult fatalities. However, there were some statistically significant differences. The elderly were less likely to have alcohol play a role in their death, more likely to be involved in fires where their clothing was the seat of the fire, have physical illness play a role, and have burn injuries as their primary cause of death. The fire risk to elderly householders was frequently identified by members of the community; however, many felt it was inappropriate to intervene to negate the risk although there were some examples of fatalities that occurred even where fire safety measures had subsequently been adopted. The most concerning result from this study is the minimal attention given to how elderly householders, especially those with poor mobility, would escape in the event of a fire.
{"title":"An Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding Elderly Dwelling Fire Fatalities and the Barriers to Implementing Fire Safety Strategies among this Group","authors":"A. P. Harpur, Karen Boyce, N. McConnell","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1144","url":null,"abstract":"Examination of real-fire data has indicated that, globally, the elderly, particularly elderly males are those most at risk of becoming a dwelling fire fatality. This paper presents an analysis of the circumstances surrounding elderly dwelling fire fatalities gleaned from coronial reports. The analysis indicated that many elderly fatalities were involved in ignition and had existing health conditions that played a role in the fire. The most common fire scenario (which started in home furnishing located in the living room by carelessly discarded smokers’ materials) accounted for a quarter of elderly fatalities. The risk factors associated with elderly fatalities were similar to other adult fatalities. However, there were some statistically significant differences. The elderly were less likely to have alcohol play a role in their death, more likely to be involved in fires where their clothing was the seat of the fire, have physical illness play a role, and have burn injuries as their primary cause of death. The fire risk to elderly householders was frequently identified by members of the community; however, many felt it was inappropriate to intervene to negate the risk although there were some examples of fatalities that occurred even where fire safety measures had subsequently been adopted. The most concerning result from this study is the minimal attention given to how elderly householders, especially those with poor mobility, would escape in the event of a fire.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"1144-1159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76208252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relation between flame radiation, smoke yield, and smoke point of a practical solid fuel, namely corrugated cardboard, is studied experimentally. Experiments are performed using an ASTM E 2058/ISO 12136 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). Corrugated cardboard flames are established in the FPA under external heat fluxes representative of those found in a large-scale fire scenario. The heat release rates for these flames are on the order of 7 to 10 kW based on calorimetry analyses. Radiation is measured using a heat flux gage located in the near field of the flame. In order to better interpret calorimetry data, effort is placed on the characterization of the chemical composition and thermodynamics of the corrugated cardboard used both in its virgin and charred states. A novel smoke point measurement system based on the FPA is also described and demonstrated. It is shown that the specific heat of combustion of volatiles released from the pyrolysis process increases with pyrolysis progress. Furthermore, flame radiant fraction, smoke point, and smoke yield are also shown to vary during pyrolysis and combustion. The variations of both the smoke point and radiant fraction with pyrolysis progress at different heating rates indicate that the volatile chemical composition continuously varies during pyrolysis. These observations are explained by faster release rates of fuel oxygen and hydrogen than that of carbon during pyrolysis.
对实际固体燃料瓦楞纸板的火焰辐射、产烟量和烟点之间的关系进行了实验研究。实验使用ASTM E 2058/ISO 12136火焰传播装置(FPA)进行。瓦楞纸板火焰在FPA中建立在代表大规模火灾场景的外部热通量下。根据量热分析，这些火焰的热释放率约为7至10千瓦。辐射是用位于火焰近场的热通量计测量的。为了更好地解释量热数据，努力放在化学成分的表征和瓦楞纸板在其原始和烧焦的状态下使用的热力学。介绍并演示了一种基于FPA的新型烟点测量系统。结果表明，热解过程中挥发分的燃烧比热随热解的进行而增大。此外，在热解和燃烧过程中，火焰辐射分数、烟点和产烟量也会发生变化。在不同升温速率下，烟点和辐射分数随热解过程的变化表明，热解过程中挥发性化学成分是连续变化的。这些观察结果的解释是，在热解过程中，燃料氧和氢的释放速度比碳的释放速度快。
{"title":"Radiation Characteristics of Corrugated Cardboard Flames","authors":"D. Zeng, M. Chaos, M. M. Khan, S. Dorofeev","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-97","url":null,"abstract":"The relation between flame radiation, smoke yield, and smoke point of a practical solid fuel, namely corrugated cardboard, is studied experimentally. Experiments are performed using an ASTM E 2058/ISO 12136 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). Corrugated cardboard flames are established in the FPA under external heat fluxes representative of those found in a large-scale fire scenario. The heat release rates for these flames are on the order of 7 to 10 kW based on calorimetry analyses. Radiation is measured using a heat flux gage located in the near field of the flame. In order to better interpret calorimetry data, effort is placed on the characterization of the chemical composition and thermodynamics of the corrugated cardboard used both in its virgin and charred states. A novel smoke point measurement system based on the FPA is also described and demonstrated. It is shown that the specific heat of combustion of volatiles released from the pyrolysis process increases with pyrolysis progress. Furthermore, flame radiant fraction, smoke point, and smoke yield are also shown to vary during pyrolysis and combustion. The variations of both the smoke point and radiant fraction with pyrolysis progress at different heating rates indicate that the volatile chemical composition continuously varies during pyrolysis. These observations are explained by faster release rates of fuel oxygen and hydrogen than that of carbon during pyrolysis.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"97-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75184343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-746
Haejun Park, B. Meacham, Jin-Kyung Kim
A five-story reinforced concrete building was subjected to 13 different motion tests to investigate the influence of earthquakes on building’s nonstructural components and systems (BNCS). After a series of motion tests, a total of six fire tests were conducted at four different locations in the third floor. Temperatures and video data were collected during fire tests to assess the performance of various BNCS including various fire safety measures. As the second paper of this project, following the first paper presenting details of motion tests in the same proceedings, the current paper presents an overview of the fire test program, fire test data, and observations with respect to the performance of fire safety measures such as fire door, sprinkler systems, various fire stop sealants and devices, and interior compartmentalization components.
{"title":"Fire Performance of Full-Scale Building Subjected to Earthquake Motions: Fire Test Program and Outcomes","authors":"Haejun Park, B. Meacham, Jin-Kyung Kim","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-746","url":null,"abstract":"A five-story reinforced concrete building was subjected to 13 different motion tests to investigate the influence of earthquakes on building’s nonstructural components and systems (BNCS). After a series of motion tests, a total of six fire tests were conducted at four different locations in the third floor. Temperatures and video data were collected during fire tests to assess the performance of various BNCS including various fire safety measures. As the second paper of this project, following the first paper presenting details of motion tests in the same proceedings, the current paper presents an overview of the fire test program, fire test data, and observations with respect to the performance of fire safety measures such as fire door, sprinkler systems, various fire stop sealants and devices, and interior compartmentalization components.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"746-757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78253931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458
P. Chatterjee, K. Meredith, B. Ditch, H. Z. Yu, Yi Wang, F. Tamanini
Large eddy simulations (LES) of ceiling flow driven by strong-plumes of rack-storage fires have been simulated for a range of convective heat release rates (HRR) and ceiling heights. An actual delivered density (ADD) apparatus plume generator burner setup has been modeled using buoyant diffusion flames and with the inclusion of an upstream airflow vent producing the higher plume velocities observed in rack-storage fires. Computed results for plume centerline excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental data. In addition to the modeled burner setup, an alternate volumetric HRR source has also been applied in the simulations. Flows under ceilings located at different heights above the ADD apparatus have been simulated. Various convective HRR plumes have been used and the resulting ceiling flow radial distributions of computed excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental measurements. Predicted temperature and radial velocity profiles have also been shown to agree favorably with experimental data at two depths below the ceiling heights. Comparison of ceiling layer depths have also shown good comparison with an empirical correlation.
{"title":"Numerical Simulations of Strong-Plume Driven Ceiling Flows","authors":"P. Chatterjee, K. Meredith, B. Ditch, H. Z. Yu, Yi Wang, F. Tamanini","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-458","url":null,"abstract":"Large eddy simulations (LES) of ceiling flow driven by strong-plumes of rack-storage fires have been simulated for a range of convective heat release rates (HRR) and ceiling heights. An actual delivered density (ADD) apparatus plume generator burner setup has been modeled using buoyant diffusion flames and with the inclusion of an upstream airflow vent producing the higher plume velocities observed in rack-storage fires. Computed results for plume centerline excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental data. In addition to the modeled burner setup, an alternate volumetric HRR source has also been applied in the simulations. Flows under ceilings located at different heights above the ADD apparatus have been simulated. Various convective HRR plumes have been used and the resulting ceiling flow radial distributions of computed excess temperature and velocity have been compared against experimental measurements. Predicted temperature and radial velocity profiles have also been shown to agree favorably with experimental data at two depths below the ceiling heights. Comparison of ceiling layer depths have also shown good comparison with an empirical correlation.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"458-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81841738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170
Yi Wang, K. Meredith, Xiangyang Zhou, P. Chatterjee, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, N. Ren, S. Dorofeev
Fire suppression tests with ceiling sprinkler protection in a rack storage fuel configuration are simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool. The fuel is arranged in a double-row, six pallet-load wide and three-tier high (2×6×3) rack storage array. Each pallet load consists of three nested double-wall corrugated cardboard boxes surrounding a metal liner. Two types of ceiling sprinklers are used in this study: a pendent quick response sprinkler designated as K14, and an upright standard response sprinkler designated as K11.2. The tests are simulated using FireFOAM, which couples necessary sub-models for fire growth, sprinkler response, and fire suppression. Numerical results are compared with experiments for both free burn tests under a 20-MW calorimeter and sprinkler suppression tests under a 7.6 m high ceiling. For the free burn case, the model results show good quantitative agreement of heat release rates in all three phases, from ignition to fire growth and steady burning. For the suppression cases, the model reproduces the suppression effectiveness of the two sprinkler protection designs: K14 sprinklers suppress the fire rapidly with only one sprinkler activation, while with K11.2 sprinklers, both in the tests and simulation, the fire spreads to the pallets on the end of the fuel array with multiple sprinkler activations. The modeled sprinkler activation times are within the estimated experimental uncertainty following three repeat tests. Quantitative results characterizing sprinkler suppression performance obtained from the simulations, such as the actual delivered density (ADD) and water evaporation rate, are also reported.
{"title":"Numerical Simulation of Sprinkler Suppression of Rack Storage Fires","authors":"Yi Wang, K. Meredith, Xiangyang Zhou, P. Chatterjee, Y. Xin, M. Chaos, N. Ren, S. Dorofeev","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1170","url":null,"abstract":"Fire suppression tests with ceiling sprinkler protection in a rack storage fuel configuration are simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool. The fuel is arranged in a double-row, six pallet-load wide and three-tier high (2×6×3) rack storage array. Each pallet load consists of three nested double-wall corrugated cardboard boxes surrounding a metal liner. Two types of ceiling sprinklers are used in this study: a pendent quick response sprinkler designated as K14, and an upright standard response sprinkler designated as K11.2. The tests are simulated using FireFOAM, which couples necessary sub-models for fire growth, sprinkler response, and fire suppression. Numerical results are compared with experiments for both free burn tests under a 20-MW calorimeter and sprinkler suppression tests under a 7.6 m high ceiling. For the free burn case, the model results show good quantitative agreement of heat release rates in all three phases, from ignition to fire growth and steady burning. For the suppression cases, the model reproduces the suppression effectiveness of the two sprinkler protection designs: K14 sprinklers suppress the fire rapidly with only one sprinkler activation, while with K11.2 sprinklers, both in the tests and simulation, the fire spreads to the pallets on the end of the fuel array with multiple sprinkler activations. The modeled sprinkler activation times are within the estimated experimental uncertainty following three repeat tests. Quantitative results characterizing sprinkler suppression performance obtained from the simulations, such as the actual delivered density (ADD) and water evaporation rate, are also reported.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1170-1183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77930823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1285
A. Jain, P. Nyati, N. Nuwal, A. Ansari, C. Ghoroi, P. Ghandi
{"title":"Pre-Detection of Kitchen Fires due to Auto-Ignition of Cooking Oil and LPG Leakage in Indian Kitchens","authors":"A. Jain, P. Nyati, N. Nuwal, A. Ansari, C. Ghoroi, P. Ghandi","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"1285-1297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90281245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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