Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-933
Zhenkun Wu, Haihang Li, Yaping He, Dechuang Zhou, Jian Wang
The design philosophy “the safety level of a performance-based designed building should not be lower than that of a prescriptive” with objectives of property protection and life safety was implemented in this paper. Three countervailing solutions were adopted to reduce fire risk in the 11664 m 2 case storage. Besides, a virtual prescriptive storage with identical length-width ratio and similar ventilation conditions as the performance-based was designed for comparison. After designing the fire development event tree and simulating six fire scenarios using FDS, the two objectives were achieved as fire severity and risk of property loss of the performance-based design storage were found to be no higher than those of the prescriptive design and ASETs were greater than RSETs for all fire scenarios.
{"title":"Comparative evaluation method for fire safety design of large storage spaces","authors":"Zhenkun Wu, Haihang Li, Yaping He, Dechuang Zhou, Jian Wang","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-933","url":null,"abstract":"The design philosophy “the safety level of a performance-based designed building should not be lower than that of a prescriptive” with objectives of property protection and life safety was implemented in this paper. Three countervailing solutions were adopted to reduce fire risk in the 11664 m 2 case storage. Besides, a virtual prescriptive storage with identical length-width ratio and similar ventilation conditions as the performance-based was designed for comparison. After designing the fire development event tree and simulating six fire scenarios using FDS, the two objectives were achieved as fire severity and risk of property loss of the performance-based design storage were found to be no higher than those of the prescriptive design and ASETs were greater than RSETs for all fire scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78709853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-846
M. Suzanne, S. Ukleja, M. Delichatsios, Jianping Zhang, B. Karlsson
A simple method is developed for characterizing the fire performance and toxicity of polymers using basically three but up to five parameters if necessary. The first parameter is related to fire spread and growth (corresponding to UL-94 and the FIGRA of SBI), the second parameter is the smoke yield (corresponding to the SMOGRA of SBI), the third parameter is the inefficiency of combustion (related to unburned hydrocarbon compounds and their toxicity as verified by tube furnace measurements), the fourth parameter is the mass of residue remaining and the fifth parameter is a heat release parameter for thermally thin conditions (the maximum mass loss rate in TGA multiplied by the effective heat of combustion deduced from the Cone Calorimeter tests). The developed methodology was used to compare brominated and halogen free fire retardants in formulations of PBT, PA66, PPE/HIPS and PC/ABS. It is confirmed that the studied environmentally friendly alternatives to brominated fire retardants offer comparable fire performance with lower toxicity.
{"title":"Fundamental flame spread and toxicity evaluation of fire retarded polymers","authors":"M. Suzanne, S. Ukleja, M. Delichatsios, Jianping Zhang, B. Karlsson","doi":"10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.11-846","url":null,"abstract":"A simple method is developed for characterizing the fire performance and toxicity of polymers using basically three but up to five parameters if necessary. The first parameter is related to fire spread and growth (corresponding to UL-94 and the FIGRA of SBI), the second parameter is the smoke yield (corresponding to the SMOGRA of SBI), the third parameter is the inefficiency of combustion (related to unburned hydrocarbon compounds and their toxicity as verified by tube furnace measurements), the fourth parameter is the mass of residue remaining and the fifth parameter is a heat release parameter for thermally thin conditions (the maximum mass loss rate in TGA multiplied by the effective heat of combustion deduced from the Cone Calorimeter tests). The developed methodology was used to compare brominated and halogen free fire retardants in formulations of PBT, PA66, PPE/HIPS and PC/ABS. It is confirmed that the studied environmentally friendly alternatives to brominated fire retardants offer comparable fire performance with lower toxicity.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72536174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-165
M. Chaos
The anaerobic pyrolysis of wood material used to palletize commodities is studied in a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) for a range of heating conditions relevant to fires. The data collected, consisting of mass loss rate, cumulative mass loss, and surface temperature, are used to determine model-specific material properties using inverse modeling and optimization methodologies previously developed in our laboratory. However, in this study, considerable effort is placed on determining the radiation environment that characterizes the FPA tests as well as how the radiation interacts with the samples. This is done on the basis of the recognition that boundary conditions have a pronounced effect on the output of a given pyrolysis model and, thus, the optimization results. The spectral radiance from the FPA heaters as well as the absorptivity/emissivity of the material surface are measured herein. The spectral features of the surface indicate that markedly different effective emissivities and absorptivities can be exhibited by the material depending on the spectral distribution of incident radiation. These effects are included in the pyrolysis model used to extract model-specific material properties so that the optimization process can, in a sense, be decoupled from boundary conditions. Therefore, it is expected that the approach described in this study can ensure that the derived model-specific properties can be applied to practical scenarios that are characterized by radiation environments that differ from those in bench-scale test apparatuses such as the FPA.
{"title":"Spectral Aspects of Bench-Scale Flammability Testing: Application to Hardwood Pyrolysis","authors":"M. Chaos","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-165","url":null,"abstract":"The anaerobic pyrolysis of wood material used to palletize commodities is studied in a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) for a range of heating conditions relevant to fires. The data collected, consisting of mass loss rate, cumulative mass loss, and surface temperature, are used to determine model-specific material properties using inverse modeling and optimization methodologies previously developed in our laboratory. However, in this study, considerable effort is placed on determining the radiation environment that characterizes the FPA tests as well as how the radiation interacts with the samples. This is done on the basis of the recognition that boundary conditions have a pronounced effect on the output of a given pyrolysis model and, thus, the optimization results. The spectral radiance from the FPA heaters as well as the absorptivity/emissivity of the material surface are measured herein. The spectral features of the surface indicate that markedly different effective emissivities and absorptivities can be exhibited by the material depending on the spectral distribution of incident radiation. These effects are included in the pyrolysis model used to extract model-specific material properties so that the optimization process can, in a sense, be decoupled from boundary conditions. Therefore, it is expected that the approach described in this study can ensure that the derived model-specific properties can be applied to practical scenarios that are characterized by radiation environments that differ from those in bench-scale test apparatuses such as the FPA.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72456023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-432
N. Johansson, P. Hees
The mass flow of air through an opening in a well-mixed compartment fire can be calculated with a simple expression. Similar simple models are lacking for the stratified pre-flashover case. Usually an advanced computer model is required to calculate the mass flow through an opening in a pre-flashover compartment fire. However, two equations for the opening mass flow through an opening are presented and validated in this paper. The presented equations are predominantly valid for temperatures above 200°C and predictions with the equations are shown to be within 10% of results from computer simulations and experimental measurements. The equations can also be combined with existing plume models in order to give an estimate of the hot layer height in a compartment fire with a predefined heat release rate. (Less)
{"title":"A Simplified Relation Between Hot Layer Height and Opening Mass Flow","authors":"N. Johansson, P. Hees","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-432","url":null,"abstract":"The mass flow of air through an opening in a well-mixed compartment fire can be calculated with a simple expression. Similar simple models are lacking for the stratified pre-flashover case. Usually an advanced computer model is required to calculate the mass flow through an opening in a pre-flashover compartment fire. However, two equations for the opening mass flow through an opening are presented and validated in this paper. The presented equations are predominantly valid for temperatures above 200°C and predictions with the equations are shown to be within 10% of results from computer simulations and experimental measurements. The equations can also be combined with existing plume models in order to give an estimate of the hot layer height in a compartment fire with a predefined heat release rate. (Less)","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74394350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-808
G. Fontaine, A. Gallos, S. Bourbigot
This work deals with the effect of an organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT, cloisite C30B) in intumescent PLA, which makes it nonflammable. The use of OMMT dramatically improves the fire properties of intumescent PLA in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and heat release rate (HRR), which is almost zero. The part played by OMMT in the improvement of the FR performance was studied using a Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC), solid-state NMR ( 13 C, 31 P and 27 Al) and specific set-up for temperature and swelling measurements in the char during fire test. It is shown that the clay increases the efficiency of the protective char by strongly limiting heat and mass transfer.
{"title":"Role of montmorillonite for enhancing fire retardancy of intumescent PLA","authors":"G. Fontaine, A. Gallos, S. Bourbigot","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-808","url":null,"abstract":"This work deals with the effect of an organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT, cloisite C30B) in intumescent PLA, which makes it nonflammable. The use of OMMT dramatically improves the fire properties of intumescent PLA in terms of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and heat release rate (HRR), which is almost zero. The part played by OMMT in the improvement of the FR performance was studied using a Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC), solid-state NMR ( 13 C, 31 P and 27 Al) and specific set-up for temperature and swelling measurements in the char during fire test. It is shown that the clay increases the efficiency of the protective char by strongly limiting heat and mass transfer.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74273566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1379
Grahame Douglas, Yaping He, Yang Xiang, E. Morris
Historically extreme value analysis has been used to guide human activities against many forms of natural hazards such as floods, storms, heat waves and wind. However, it has not been used for extreme fire weather assessment. This may be because forest fire danger index is a composite of differing parameters which may not be regarded as being associated with adverse fire weather individually, however, collectively may result in Extreme fire weather conditions. This paper offers new insights in the use of the extreme value analysis for the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) so as to provide a scientific basis for planning, development and building construction in bushfire prone areas. The underlying principle is to use the recurrence of fire weather as measured by FFDI as the planning or design fire weather reference. The recurrence is determined by the applying the Generalised Extreme Value Analysis to local historical weather data of limited time period. The resultant distribution is fitted with an appropriate regression curve which allows the extrapolation beyond the available weather data recording period. The method is applied to a number of weather districts in the state of New South Wales of Australia. The derived FFDIs corresponding to the nominated recurrence is compared with the FFDIs based on traditional empirical methods.
{"title":"Use of the Extreme Value Analysis in Determining Annual Probability of Exceedance for Bushfire Protection Design","authors":"Grahame Douglas, Yaping He, Yang Xiang, E. Morris","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1379","url":null,"abstract":"Historically extreme value analysis has been used to guide human activities against many forms of natural hazards such as floods, storms, heat waves and wind. However, it has not been used for extreme fire weather assessment. This may be because forest fire danger index is a composite of differing parameters which may not be regarded as being associated with adverse fire weather individually, however, collectively may result in Extreme fire weather conditions. This paper offers new insights in the use of the extreme value analysis for the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) so as to provide a scientific basis for planning, development and building construction in bushfire prone areas. The underlying principle is to use the recurrence of fire weather as measured by FFDI as the planning or design fire weather reference. The recurrence is determined by the applying the Generalised Extreme Value Analysis to local historical weather data of limited time period. The resultant distribution is fitted with an appropriate regression curve which allows the extrapolation beyond the available weather data recording period. The method is applied to a number of weather districts in the state of New South Wales of Australia. The derived FFDIs corresponding to the nominated recurrence is compared with the FFDIs based on traditional empirical methods.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81505650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1469
T. Skjold
The paper describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a series of large-scale dust explosion experiments performed in a 236-m 3 silo. Mechanical suspensions were generated by pneumatically injecting maize starch into a 22 m high silo. The experiments included tests with injection from the bottom and from the top of the silo, but the present study only considers bottom injection. The clouds were ignited at various heights above ground. The same experiments have been simulated previously, but the current work involves an updated version of the CFD code and explores the effect of grid resolution on the simulation results. The results from the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data, and confirm the observation that the reduced explosion pressure in long slender silos is very sensitive to ignition location. The simulation results highlight the effect of dust distribution within the silo, and reproduce the characteristic pressure oscillations, with frequency in the range 4-7 Hz, observed in some of the tests.
{"title":"Simulating Vented Maize Starch Explosions in a 236 m3 Silo","authors":"T. Skjold","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1469","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a series of large-scale dust explosion experiments performed in a 236-m 3 silo. Mechanical suspensions were generated by pneumatically injecting maize starch into a 22 m high silo. The experiments included tests with injection from the bottom and from the top of the silo, but the present study only considers bottom injection. The clouds were ignited at various heights above ground. The same experiments have been simulated previously, but the current work involves an updated version of the CFD code and explores the effect of grid resolution on the simulation results. The results from the simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data, and confirm the observation that the reduced explosion pressure in long slender silos is very sensitive to ignition location. The simulation results highlight the effect of dust distribution within the silo, and reproduce the characteristic pressure oscillations, with frequency in the range 4-7 Hz, observed in some of the tests.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87368200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704
K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino
Ignitions following the Tohoku earthquake (2011) can be divided either into earthquake-generated ignitions or tsunami-generated ignitions. This study analyzed the behavior of the earthquake-generated ignitions. Ignition records of 698 municipalities of eastern Japan was collected by a questionnaire survey and found that 191 ignitions were either directly or indirectly caused by seismic motion. These records of earthquakegenerated ignition were analyzed using the statistical model proposed by Kawasumi (Kawasumi model). Kawasumi model is a simple one-parameter model which formulates the relationship between the ignition probability p and the scale of seismic intensity θ. Seismic indices θ used in this analysis were (a) collapse ratio of houses, (b) JMA (Japan Meteorological Association) seismic intensity, (c) PGA (peak ground acceleration), (d) PGV (peak ground velocity), (e) PGD (peak ground displacement), (f) acceleration response and (g) SI (Spectral Intensity). Obtained adjusted determination coefficients were higher than 0.7 for most of the seismic indices θ except for (a) collapse ratio of houses and (e) PGD. After normalization with regard to time and season of its occurrence, the results were further compared with that of various earthquakes (1927-1968), and the Kobe earthquake (1995). Ignition probability p of the Tohoku earthquake (2011) was substantially lower than that of the various earthquakes (1927-1968). On the other hand, the difference of ignition probability p between the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Kobe earthquake (1995) was relatively small.
{"title":"Analysis of Ignitions Following 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Using Kawasumi Model","authors":"K. Himoto, M. Yamada, Tomoaki Nishino","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-704","url":null,"abstract":"Ignitions following the Tohoku earthquake (2011) can be divided either into earthquake-generated ignitions or tsunami-generated ignitions. This study analyzed the behavior of the earthquake-generated ignitions. Ignition records of 698 municipalities of eastern Japan was collected by a questionnaire survey and found that 191 ignitions were either directly or indirectly caused by seismic motion. These records of earthquakegenerated ignition were analyzed using the statistical model proposed by Kawasumi (Kawasumi model). Kawasumi model is a simple one-parameter model which formulates the relationship between the ignition probability p and the scale of seismic intensity θ. Seismic indices θ used in this analysis were (a) collapse ratio of houses, (b) JMA (Japan Meteorological Association) seismic intensity, (c) PGA (peak ground acceleration), (d) PGV (peak ground velocity), (e) PGD (peak ground displacement), (f) acceleration response and (g) SI (Spectral Intensity). Obtained adjusted determination coefficients were higher than 0.7 for most of the seismic indices θ except for (a) collapse ratio of houses and (e) PGD. After normalization with regard to time and season of its occurrence, the results were further compared with that of various earthquakes (1927-1968), and the Kobe earthquake (1995). Ignition probability p of the Tohoku earthquake (2011) was substantially lower than that of the various earthquakes (1927-1968). On the other hand, the difference of ignition probability p between the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and Kobe earthquake (1995) was relatively small.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84937100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376
J. Floyd, K. Overholt, O. Ezekoye, Hughes Associates
Soot concentrations are generally over predicted during the typical application of fire models. The addition of soot deposition and gravitational settling mechanisms to Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) results in improved predictions; however, those predictions are highly dependent upon assumptions of soot particle size. Large particle sizes appear to be needed to get FDS predictions on soot concentration to match measured data. Simple predictions of (and experimental data on) aerosol agglomeration show that compartment fires can result in significant amount of large particles sizes; however, the simple predictions do not fully account for the particle sizes needed to match the measured data. Recommendations on additional research and data collection are made to develop improved soot modeling capabilities.
{"title":"Soot Deposition and Gravitational Settling Modeling and the Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration","authors":"J. Floyd, K. Overholt, O. Ezekoye, Hughes Associates","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-376","url":null,"abstract":"Soot concentrations are generally over predicted during the typical application of fire models. The addition of soot deposition and gravitational settling mechanisms to Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) results in improved predictions; however, those predictions are highly dependent upon assumptions of soot particle size. Large particle sizes appear to be needed to get FDS predictions on soot concentration to match measured data. Simple predictions of (and experimental data on) aerosol agglomeration show that compartment fires can result in significant amount of large particles sizes; however, the simple predictions do not fully account for the particle sizes needed to match the measured data. Recommendations on additional research and data collection are made to develop improved soot modeling capabilities.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78473574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160
D. Samoshin, R. Istratov
This work presents the results of a survey aimed at identification of key issues concerning the provision of fire safety of people with visual impairments). The questionnaires were passed to All Russian Association of the Blind and distributed by them to places of labour application (plant for the production of electrical appliances) of this group of disabled people. A methodology for field observations of flows movement consisting of blind and visually impaired people has been developed based on the results of this survey. This methodology takes into account not only the type of route (horizontal, inclined or door), but also the level of people awareness about the features on this route. Statistical processing of data and the regularities identified on its basis enabled us to describe the parameters of flows movement. It was found that the familiarity with egress route is a key factor for the safety of visually impaired people: if familiar route is blocked and number of abled-body staff is insufficient, evacuation would be failed.
{"title":"The Characteristics of Blind and Visually Impaired People Evacuation in Case of Fire","authors":"D. Samoshin, R. Istratov","doi":"10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.11-1160","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the results of a survey aimed at identification of key issues concerning the provision of fire safety of people with visual impairments). The questionnaires were passed to All Russian Association of the Blind and distributed by them to places of labour application (plant for the production of electrical appliances) of this group of disabled people. A methodology for field observations of flows movement consisting of blind and visually impaired people has been developed based on the results of this survey. This methodology takes into account not only the type of route (horizontal, inclined or door), but also the level of people awareness about the features on this route. Statistical processing of data and the regularities identified on its basis enabled us to describe the parameters of flows movement. It was found that the familiarity with egress route is a key factor for the safety of visually impaired people: if familiar route is blocked and number of abled-body staff is insufficient, evacuation would be failed.","PeriodicalId":12145,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85404718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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