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Life history traits and cancer prevalence in birds 鸟类的生活史特征和癌症发病率

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q2 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae011

Stefania E Kapsetaki, Zachary T Compton, Jordyn Dolan, Valerie Κ Harris, Walker Mellon, Shawn M Rupp, Elizabeth G Duke, Tara M Harrison, Selin Aksoy, Mathieu Giraudeau, Orsolya Vincze, Kevin J McGraw, Athena Aktipis, Marc Tollis, Amy Μ Boddy, Carlo C Maley

Background and objectives Cancer is a disease that affects nearly all multicellular life, including the broad and diverse taxa of Aves. While little is known about the factors that contribute to cancer risk across Aves, life history trade-offs may explain some of this variability in cancer prevalence. We predict birds with high investment in reproduction may have a higher likelihood of developing cancer. In this study, we tested whether life history traits are associated with cancer prevalence in 108 species of birds. Methodology We obtained life history data from published databases and cancer data from5,729 necropsies from 108 species of birds across 24 taxonomic orders from 25 different zoological facilities. We performed phylogenetically-controlled regression analyses between adult body mass, lifespan, incubation length, clutch size, sexually dimorphic traits, and both neoplasia and malignancy prevalence. We also compared the neoplasia and malignancy prevalence of female and male birds. Results Providing support for a life history trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproduction, we found a positive relationship between clutch size and cancer prevalence across Aves. There was no significant association with body mass, lifespan, incubation length, or sexual dimorphism and cancer. Conclusions and implications Life history theory presents an important framework for understanding differences in cancer defenses across various species. These results suggest a trade-off between reproduction and somatic maintenance, where Aves with small clutch sizes get less cancer.

背景和目的癌症是一种影响几乎所有多细胞生命的疾病，包括广泛而多样的有脊椎动物类群。尽管人们对导致鸟类癌症风险的因素知之甚少，但生活史的权衡可能可以解释癌症发病率的一些差异。我们预测，在繁殖方面投入较多的鸟类患癌症的可能性较高。在本研究中，我们测试了 108 种鸟类的生活史特征是否与癌症发病率相关。研究方法我们从已发表的数据库中获得了生活史数据，并从 25 个不同动物园的 24 个分类目 108 种鸟类的 5729 例尸体解剖中获得了癌症数据。我们对成年鸟类的体重、寿命、孵化期、窝产仔数、性二态性状以及肿瘤和恶性肿瘤发病率进行了系统发育控制回归分析。我们还比较了雌性和雄性鸟类的肿瘤和恶性肿瘤发病率。结果我们发现，在所有鸟类中，离合器大小与癌症发病率之间存在正相关。体重、寿命、孵化期或性二态与癌症之间没有明显的关系。结论与启示生命史理论为理解不同物种癌症防御能力的差异提供了一个重要框架。这些结果表明，在繁殖与躯体维持之间存在权衡，在这种情况下，产卵量小的鸟类患癌症的几率较低。

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引用次数: 0

IF 3.3 3区医学 Q2 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-06-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae010

Megan F Cole, Paige Barnes, Isabelle G Monroe, Joshua Rukundo, Melissa Emery Thompson, Alexandra G Rosati

Background and objectives: Lifestyle has widespread effects on human health and aging. Prior results from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), one of humans' closest evolutionary relatives, indicate that these lifestyle effects may also be shared with other species, as semi-free-ranging chimpanzees fed a naturalistic diet show healthier values in several specific health biomarkers, compared with their sedentary, captive counterparts. Here, we examined how lifestyle factors associated with different environments affect rates of physiological aging in closely related chimpanzees.

Methodology: We compared physiological dysregulation, an index of biological aging, in semi-free-ranging chimpanzees in an African sanctuary versus captive chimpanzees in US laboratories. If the rate of aging is accelerated by high-calorie diet and sedentism, we predicted greater age-related dysregulation in the laboratory populations. Conversely, if costs of a wild lifestyle accelerate aging, then semi-free-ranging chimpanzees at the sanctuary, whose environment better approximates the wild, should show greater age-related dysregulation. We further tested whether dysregulation differed based on sex or body system, as in humans.

Results: We found that semi-free-ranging chimpanzees showed lower overall dysregulation, as well as lower age-related change in dysregulation, than laboratory chimpanzees. Males experienced lower dysregulation than females in both contexts, and the two populations exhibited distinct aging patterns based on body system.

Conclusions and implications: Our results support the conclusion that naturalistic living conditions result in healthier aging in chimpanzees. These data provide support for the proposal that lifestyle effects on human health and aging are conserved from deeper into our evolutionary history.

背景和目标：生活方式对人类的健康和衰老有着广泛的影响。黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）是人类在进化过程中的近亲之一，其先前的研究结果表明，这些生活方式的影响也可能与其他物种共享，因为与久坐不动的圈养黑猩猩相比，以自然饮食为食的半自由活动黑猩猩在几种特定的健康生物标志物中显示出更健康的值。在这里，我们研究了与不同环境相关的生活方式因素如何影响近亲黑猩猩的生理衰老率：我们比较了非洲保护区中半自由活动黑猩猩与美国实验室中圈养黑猩猩的生理失调（生物衰老指数）。如果高热量饮食和久坐会加速黑猩猩的衰老，那么我们预测实验室黑猩猩的衰老相关失调程度会更高。相反，如果野外生活方式的成本加速了衰老，那么在保护区半自由放养的黑猩猩（其环境更接近野外）应该表现出更大的年龄相关失调。我们还进一步测试了年龄失调是否会像人类一样因性别或身体系统而异：结果：我们发现，与实验室黑猩猩相比，半自由活动黑猩猩的总体调节失调程度较低，与年龄相关的调节失调变化也较低。在这两种情况下，雄性黑猩猩都比雌性黑猩猩出现较低的调节失调，而且根据身体系统的不同，两个种群表现出不同的衰老模式：我们的研究结果支持这样的结论，即自然的生活条件会使黑猩猩更健康地衰老。这些数据支持了生活方式对人类健康和衰老的影响在人类进化史中一直存在的观点。

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引用次数: 0

The Uncontrollable Mortality Risk Hypothesis: Theoretical Foundations and Implications for Public Health 无法控制的死亡风险假说：理论基础和对公共卫生的影响

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae009

Richard D Brown, Gillian V Pepper

The ‘Uncontrollable Mortality Risk Hypothesis’ employs a behavioural ecological model of human health behaviours to explain the presence of social gradients in health. It states that those who are more likely to die due to factors beyond their control should be less motivated to invest in preventative health behaviours. We outline the theoretical assumptions of the hypothesis and stress the importance of incorporating evolutionary perspectives into public health. We explain how measuring perceived uncontrollable mortality risk can contribute towards understanding socioeconomic disparities in preventative health behaviours. We emphasise the importance of addressing structural inequalities in risk exposure, and argue that public health interventions should consider the relationship between overall levels of mortality risk and health behaviours across domains. We suggest that measuring perceptions of uncontrollable mortality risk can capture the unanticipated health benefits of structural risk interventions, as well as help to assess the appropriateness of different intervention approaches.

无法控制的死亡风险假说 "采用人类健康行为的行为生态模型来解释健康方面存在的社会梯度。该假说认为，由于自身无法控制的因素而更有可能死亡的人，其投资于预防性健康行为的积极性应该较低。我们概述了该假说的理论假设，并强调了将进化观点纳入公共卫生的重要性。我们解释了衡量可感知的不可控死亡风险如何有助于理解预防性健康行为中的社会经济差异。我们强调了解决风险暴露中的结构性不平等问题的重要性，并认为公共卫生干预措施应考虑死亡风险总体水平与各领域健康行为之间的关系。我们认为，衡量对不可控死亡风险的看法可以捕捉到结构性风险干预措施带来的意想不到的健康益处，并有助于评估不同干预方法的适当性。

引用次数: 0

Senolytics and cell senescence: historical and evolutionary perspectives. 衰老素与细胞衰老：历史与进化的视角。

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-05-03 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae007

Caleb E Finch

Senolytics are a new class of anti-aging drugs developed to selectively kill 'senescent' cells that are considered harmful in normal aging. More than 20 drug trials are ongoing with diverse 'senolytic cocktails'. This commentary on recent reviews of senolytics gives a historical context of mammalian cell senescence that enabled these new drugs. While cell senescence is considered harmful to aging tissues, many studies show its essential role in some regenerative and developmental processes for which senolytic drugs may interfere. Longer-term studies of side effects are needed before senolytics are considered for general clinical practice. The wide occurrence of cell senescence in eukaryotes, yeast to fish to humans, and suggests an ancient eukaryotic process that evolved multiple phenotypes.

衰老药是一类新型抗衰老药物，用于选择性地杀死在正常衰老过程中被认为有害的 "衰老 "细胞。目前正在进行的药物试验有 20 多种，包括各种 "衰老剂鸡尾酒"。这篇评论对最近有关衰老素的评论进行了评述，介绍了哺乳动物细胞衰老的历史背景，正是这种背景促成了这些新药的问世。虽然细胞衰老被认为对衰老组织有害，但许多研究表明，衰老在某些再生和发育过程中起着至关重要的作用，而解老药物可能会干扰这些过程。在考虑将衰老药物用于一般临床实践之前，需要对其副作用进行更长期的研究。细胞衰老广泛存在于真核生物（从酵母到鱼类再到人类）中，表明这是一个古老的真核生物过程，并进化出多种表型。

引用次数: 0

Nausea, vomiting and conflict in pregnancy: the adaptive significance of Growth-Differentiation Factor 15 妊娠期恶心、呕吐和冲突：生长抑素 15 的适应意义

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae008

Bernard J Crespi

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is heritable, common, and aversive, and its extreme, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), can be highly deleterious to the mother and fetus. Recent influential studies have demonstrated that HG is caused predominantly by high levels of Growth-Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), a hormone produced by the placenta in substantial amounts. This work has led to calls for therapeutic modulation of this hormone, to reduce GDF15 levels and ameliorate HG risk. I describe three main lines of evidence relevant to the hypothesis that GDF15 production is typically adaptive for the fetus, in the context of enhanced placental invasion, reduced rates of miscarriage and preterm birth, and higher birth weight. These considerations highlight the medical implications of maternal-fetal conflict, in the context of tradeoffs between aversive symptoms during gestation, rare disorders of pregnancy with major adverse effects, and moderate fitness-enhancing benefits to fetuses.

妊娠恶心和呕吐（NVP）具有遗传性、常见性和厌恶性，其极端表现为妊娠剧吐（HG），可对母亲和胎儿造成严重危害。最近一些有影响力的研究表明，妊娠剧吐主要是由高水平的生长分化因子 15（GDF15）引起的，这是一种由胎盘大量分泌的激素。这项研究呼吁对这种激素进行治疗调节，以降低 GDF15 的水平并改善 HG 风险。我将从胎盘侵袭增强、流产率和早产率降低以及出生体重增加等方面，阐述与 GDF15 的产生对胎儿具有典型适应性这一假说相关的三大证据。这些考虑突出了母胎冲突在医学上的影响，即在妊娠期的厌恶症状、具有重大不利影响的罕见妊娠疾病和适度增强胎儿体质的益处之间进行权衡。

引用次数: 0

A multi-million-year natural experiment: comparative genomics on a massive scale and its implications for human health 数百万年的自然实验：大规模比较基因组学及其对人类健康的影响

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae006

Iker Rivas-González, Jenny Tung

Improving the diversity and quality of genome assemblies for non-human mammals has been a long-standing goal of comparative genomics. The last year saw substantial progress towards this goal, including the release of genome alignments for 240 mammals and nearly half the primate order. These resources have increased our ability to identify evolutionarily constrained regions of the genome, and together strongly support the importance of these regions to biomedically relevant trait variation in humans. They also provide new strategies for identifying the genetic basis of changes unique to individual lineages, illustrating the value of evolutionary comparative approaches for understanding human health

提高非人类哺乳动物基因组组装的多样性和质量一直是比较基因组学的长期目标。去年，我们在实现这一目标方面取得了实质性进展，包括发布了 240 种哺乳动物和近一半灵长目动物的基因组序列。这些资源提高了我们识别基因组进化受限区域的能力，共同有力地证明了这些区域对人类生物医学相关性状变异的重要性。它们还提供了新的策略，用于确定各个品系独特变化的遗传基础，说明了进化比较方法对了解人类健康的价值。

引用次数: 0

Introduction to the Special Issue, Evolutionary and Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Sickness Communication 特刊《疾病沟通的进化与生物心理社会视角》导言

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae005

Eric C Shattuck, Chloe C Boyle

Here we introduce the EMPH special issue on Evolutionary and Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Sickness Communication. This Commentary provides an overview of each article and places them in the wider context of sickness as a social phenomenon with verbal and nonverbal signals. This Commentary, and the special issue in general, calls for greater attention to these signals that can affect pathogen transmission and may be at the evolutionary root of our caregiving systems and behaviors.

我们在此介绍 EMPH 特刊《疾病沟通的进化与生物心理社会视角》。本评论综述了每篇文章，并将它们置于疾病这一具有语言和非语言信号的社会现象这一更广阔的背景中。本评论和特刊总体上呼吁人们更多地关注这些信号，它们可能会影响病原体的传播，也可能是我们护理系统和行为的进化根源。

引用次数: 0

Could care giving have altered the evolution of human immune strategies? 护理会改变人类免疫策略的进化吗？

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae004

Bethany L P Gilbert, Sharon E Kessler

Absract Life history theory indicates that individuals/species with a slow pace of life invest more in acquired than innate immunity. Factors that decrease pace of life and predict greater investment in acquired immunity include increased nutritional resources, increased pathogen exposure and decreased risk of extrinsic mortality. Common care behaviours given to sick individuals produce exactly these effects: provisioning increases nutritional resources; hygiene assistance increases disease exposure of carers; and protection can reduce the risk of extrinsic mortality to sick individuals. This, study, therefore, investigated under what conditions care giving behaviours might impact immune strategy and pace of life. The study employed an agent-based model approach which simulated populations with varying levels of care giving, disease mortality, disease transmissibility, and extrinsic mortality, enabling measurements of how the immune strategy and age structure of the populations changed over evolutionary time. We used multiple regressions to examine the effects of these variables on immune strategy and the age structure of the population. The findings supported our predictions in that care selected for an acquired immunity. However, pace of life did not slow as expected. Instead, the population shifted to a faster, but also more cost intensive reproductive strategy in which care improved child survival by subsidizing the development of acquired immune responses.

Absract 生活史理论表明，生活节奏缓慢的个体/物种对获得性免疫的投资大于先天性免疫。降低生活节奏并预测对获得性免疫进行更多投资的因素包括增加营养资源、增加病原体接触和降低外在死亡风险。对病人的常见护理行为恰恰会产生这些效果：提供食物会增加营养资源；卫生协助会增加护理者的疾病暴露；保护会降低病人的外在死亡风险。因此，本研究调查了在什么条件下，给予照顾的行为可能会影响免疫策略和生活节奏。该研究采用了一种基于代理的模型方法，模拟了具有不同程度的护理给予、疾病死亡率、疾病传播性和外在死亡率的人群，从而能够测量免疫策略和人群的年龄结构是如何随着进化时间而变化的。我们使用多元回归法研究了这些变量对免疫策略和种群年龄结构的影响。研究结果支持我们的预测，即护理选择了获得性免疫。然而，生活节奏并没有像预期的那样放慢。相反，人口转向了一种速度更快但成本更高的生殖策略，在这种策略中，护理通过补贴后天免疫反应的发展来提高儿童的存活率。

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引用次数: 0

Evolutionary and Empirical Perspectives on ‘Demand’ Breastfeeding: the Baby in the Driver’s Seat or the Back Seat? 从进化和经验角度看 "按需 "母乳喂养：婴儿坐在驾驶座还是后座？

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae003

David P Tracer

Background/Objectives The concept of “demand” breastfeeding is central in public health. A key feature of the concept is that the infant is the locus of control in the breastfeeding process; when the breast is demanded by the infant, it is given the opportunity to feed. This study questions this notion of the infant as the locus of control in demand breastfeeding for empirical and theoretical reasons. From an evolutionary perspective, infants are expected to seek maximal investment and, against this backdrop of maximal investment-seeking, parents decide how much investment to put into offspring. Methodology Focal follows were conducted among 113 mother-infant dyads in Papua New Guinea. During these follows, response times and types of responses including breastfeeding to offspring fussing and crying were recorded. Results Infants were breastfed an average of 3.6 times/hour for just over 2 minutes/feed. Fussing and crying were responded to quickly, with most response times under 1 minute. When the mother responded, she breastfed the child approximately 52% of the time. The other 48% of the time, mothers responded to infants with other forms of pacification. Mothers were significantly less likely to respond to infants by breastfeeding if the child had been breastfed within the past 59-76 minutes. Conclusion/Implications As predicted by evolutionary parental investment theory, infants make frequent demands on their parents for investment, but mothers are ultimately the locus of control in the investment process. The mother decides whether and how frequently to breastfeed her offspring against this backdrop of near-continuous investment demands.

背景/目的 "需求 "母乳喂养的概念是公共卫生的核心。这一概念的一个主要特点是，婴儿是母乳喂养过程中的控制点；当婴儿要求母乳喂养时，它就获得了喂养的机会。本研究出于经验和理论上的原因，对婴儿是母乳喂养需求中的控制源这一概念提出质疑。从进化论的角度来看，婴儿应该寻求最大投资，在这种寻求最大投资的背景下，父母决定对后代进行多少投资。研究方法在巴布亚新几内亚的 113 对母婴组合中进行了重点跟踪。在跟踪过程中，记录了对婴儿大惊小怪和哭闹的反应时间和反应类型，包括母乳喂养。结果婴儿平均每小时吃奶 3.6 次，每次 2 分钟多一点。对婴儿的哭闹反应很快，大多数反应时间在 1 分钟以内。当母亲做出反应时，大约有 52% 的时间是在给婴儿喂奶。另外 48% 的情况下，母亲会对婴儿做出其他形式的安抚。如果婴儿在过去 59-76 分钟内接受过母乳喂养，母亲以母乳喂养婴儿的可能性就会大大降低。结论/启示正如父母投资进化理论所预测的那样，婴儿经常要求父母进行投资，但在投资过程中，母亲是最终的控制者。在这种近乎持续的投资需求背景下，母亲决定是否给后代喂奶以及喂奶的频率。

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Reconsidering the developmental origins of adult disease paradigm: the ‘metabolic coordination of childbirth’ hypothesis 重新审视成人疾病的发育起源范式："分娩代谢协调 "假说

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoae002

Jonathan C K Wells, Gernot Desoye, David A Leon

In uncomplicated pregnancies, birthweight is inversely associated with adult non-communicable disease (NCD) risk. One proposed mechanism is maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Another explanation is that shared genes link birthweight with NCDs. Both hypotheses are supported, but evolutionary perspectives address only the environmental pathway. We propose that genetic and environmental associations of birthweight with NCD risk reflect coordinated regulatory systems between mother and fetus, that evolved to reduce risks of obstructed labour. First, the fetus must tailor its growth to maternal metabolic signals, as it cannot predict the size of the birth canal from its own genome. Second, we predict that maternal alleles that promote placental nutrient supply have been selected to constrain fetal growth and gestation length when fetally expressed. Conversely, maternal alleles that increase birth canal size have been selected to promote fetal growth and gestation when fetally expressed. Evidence supports these hypotheses. These regulatory mechanisms may have undergone powerful selection as hominin neonates evolved larger size and encephalisation, since every mother is at risk of gestating a baby excessive for her pelvis. Our perspective can explain the inverse association of birthweight with NCD risk across most of the birthweight range: any constraint of birthweight, through plastic or genetic mechanisms, may reduce the capacity for homeostasis and increase NCD susceptibility. However, maternal obesity and diabetes can overwhelm this coordination system, challenging vaginal delivery while increasing offspring NCD risk. We argue that selection on viable vaginal delivery played an over-arching role in shaping the association of birthweight with NCD risk.

在无并发症的妊娠中，出生体重与成人非传染性疾病 (NCD) 风险成反比。提出的一个机制是孕期母体营养不良。另一种解释是，共有基因将出生体重与非传染性疾病联系在一起。这两种假说都得到了支持，但进化观点只涉及环境途径。我们建议，出生体重与非传染性疾病风险之间的遗传和环境关联反映了母亲和胎儿之间的协调调节系统，该系统的进化是为了降低难产风险。首先，胎儿必须根据母体的新陈代谢信号调整其生长，因为它无法从自身的基因组中预测产道的大小。其次，我们预测，促进胎盘营养供应的母体等位基因经过选择，在胎儿表达时会限制胎儿的生长和妊娠期的长度。相反，增加产道大小的母体等位基因在胎儿表达时被选择为促进胎儿生长和妊娠。有证据支持这些假设。由于每个母亲都有可能孕育出一个对她的骨盆来说过大的婴儿，因此在类人新生儿进化出更大的体型和脑化过程中，这些调节机制可能经历了强有力的选择。我们的观点可以解释出生体重与非传染性疾病风险在大部分出生体重范围内的反比关系：通过可塑性或遗传机制对出生体重的任何限制都可能降低体内平衡的能力，并增加非传染性疾病的易感性。然而，母体肥胖和糖尿病可能会压垮这一协调系统，对阴道分娩造成挑战，同时增加后代患非传染性疾病的风险。我们认为，在形成出生体重与非传染性疾病风险之间的关联时，对可行阴道分娩的选择起到了至关重要的作用。

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