Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.01
O. I. Bashynskiy, M. Peleshko, T. Berezhanskiy
The article is dedicated to the fire resistance limit of building structures of the objects for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Today, oil stores are very important elements of the oil supply system in Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources has shown that fires in oil stores cause extra fire hazard of surrounding objects. Increasing of their scales requires further improvement of fire safety measures during planning and using of oil stores. Fires in such buildings are tricky and large; they cause great harm and often lead to the death of people; their liquidation is very difficult. Theoretical calculations shown that the collapse of structures of the packaged oil stores and, as a result, significant material losses and the threat to people's life and health, were resulted from the incorrect selection of building structures and the discrepancy between the fire resistance of these structures and the applicable norms and requirements for such buildings. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 9 Fire resistance limit of the metal double-T pillar made of steel ВСт3пс4 (profile size number 30) was calculated in the article. Such constructions are used in oil stores. The obtained fire resistance limit of a metal double-T pillar is about 16 minutes (R 16). According to the normative documents for buildings of this type (the degree of fire resistance of the building – III), it should be 120 minutes (R 120). Even if the calculation method has an error due to the choice of another steel grade, objectively none of the double-T profiles from the assortment list would provide proper fire resistance limit.
{"title":"FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDING STRUCTURES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS STORES","authors":"O. I. Bashynskiy, M. Peleshko, T. Berezhanskiy","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.01","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the fire resistance limit of building structures of the objects for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Today, oil stores are very important elements of the oil supply system in Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources has shown that fires in oil stores cause extra fire hazard of surrounding objects. Increasing of their scales requires further improvement of fire safety measures during planning and using of oil stores. Fires in such buildings are tricky and large; they cause great harm and often lead to the death of people; their liquidation is very difficult. Theoretical calculations shown that the collapse of structures of the packaged oil stores and, as a result, significant material losses and the threat to people's life and health, were resulted from the incorrect selection of building structures and the discrepancy between the fire resistance of these structures and the applicable norms and requirements for such buildings. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 9 Fire resistance limit of the metal double-T pillar made of steel ВСт3пс4 (profile size number 30) was calculated in the article. Such constructions are used in oil stores. The obtained fire resistance limit of a metal double-T pillar is about 16 minutes (R 16). According to the normative documents for buildings of this type (the degree of fire resistance of the building – III), it should be 120 minutes (R 120). Even if the calculation method has an error due to the choice of another steel grade, objectively none of the double-T profiles from the assortment list would provide proper fire resistance limit.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82983498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.07
I. Kravets, O. I. Bashynskiy, A. Kushnir, O. Shapovalov
The article deals with the problems of fire hazard of electricity-generating equipment during their exploitation. Intensive electrification of industrial and residual objects leads to the saturation of these objects with different electricity-generating equipment. Functioning of such equipment is accompanied with high heat emission and contains significant fire hazard. The electric current in an electrical conductor produces heat, when electric energy turns into thermal. All electrical equipment must be produced in strict adherence to fire safety rules and requirements. Ignoring these requirements causes heating of conductors through all the length, spunking of isolation, sparkling and, as a result, breaking-out of fire. Therefore, reducing the probability of fire even in the cases of abnormal work, wrong exploitation and foreseen refuses is the main task during planning and exploitation of electrical equipment and also during selection of structural materials. The primary purpose of fire prevention measures in the electrical equipment is avoiding of its self-ignition, and localization of fire after the self-ignition of electricity-generating equipment. Fire safety during exploitation of electricity-generating equipment depends on its technical state. Correct choice of conductor cross section is very important. Protection stage of electrical equipment, type of wiring, and cable laying method must comply with environmental conditions and have the proper climatic implementation and placement category. Proper protective devices from a short circuit and overloads must be used. Their operating values must be also foreseen. All above-mentioned measures prevent fires and explosions during exploitation of electrical equipment. Key
{"title":"FACTORS OF FIRE HAZARD OF ELECTRICITY-GENERATING EQUIPMENT","authors":"I. Kravets, O. I. Bashynskiy, A. Kushnir, O. Shapovalov","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problems of fire hazard of electricity-generating equipment during their exploitation. Intensive electrification of industrial and residual objects leads to the saturation of these objects with different electricity-generating equipment. Functioning of such equipment is accompanied with high heat emission and contains significant fire hazard. The electric current in an electrical conductor produces heat, when electric energy turns into thermal. All electrical equipment must be produced in strict adherence to fire safety rules and requirements. Ignoring these requirements causes heating of conductors through all the length, spunking of isolation, sparkling and, as a result, breaking-out of fire. Therefore, reducing the probability of fire even in the cases of abnormal work, wrong exploitation and foreseen refuses is the main task during planning and exploitation of electrical equipment and also during selection of structural materials. The primary purpose of fire prevention measures in the electrical equipment is avoiding of its self-ignition, and localization of fire after the self-ignition of electricity-generating equipment. Fire safety during exploitation of electricity-generating equipment depends on its technical state. Correct choice of conductor cross section is very important. Protection stage of electrical equipment, type of wiring, and cable laying method must comply with environmental conditions and have the proper climatic implementation and placement category. Proper protective devices from a short circuit and overloads must be used. Their operating values must be also foreseen. All above-mentioned measures prevent fires and explosions during exploitation of electrical equipment. Key","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80492815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.13
Y. Rudyk, V. M. Shunkin
Introduction. In order to protect objects from dangerous manifestations of fire of cable products, electrical lines are designed and projected in accordance with the fire-protection requirements and the normative documents. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of fire safety as the requirements for cable-wiring lines. Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the cable material properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of fire safety of cables and wires in the composition of the electrical grids of buildings, structures, foundations and metal structures, taking into account laying conditions. Different methods for volume and mass calculating, fire tests of electrical and fiber optic cables were applicated. Tests of vertically arranged wires or cables laid in beams on the vertical propagation of the flame (Category A F / R, Category A, Category B) were conducted. Results. The experimental study of the installation parameters test and indicators of fire safety for cable-wiring products in their vertical laying that reduce the overall fire safety level of facility electric power operation were conducted. Critical analysis of the current state of development was done. The basis of the fire safety requirements for standardization of cable lines were formulated. The measures for testing methods implementation with description of these methods were proposed. Conclusion. Determination of the combustible material quantity by volume and by mass is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. A method for calculating the volume of combustible material for determining the fire risk of cable-conductive products is proposed. The method can be used during designing of wiring lines and during their exploitation. Experimental researches of fire hazard indicators of cable-wiring products were conducted; their group of flame distribution was installed. The method of determining the quantity of combustible material by volume, by mass and with testing of mass loss of combustible material was applied.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN CABLE PRODUCTS IN THE PROCESS OF FIRE SAFETY TESTING","authors":"Y. Rudyk, V. M. Shunkin","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.13","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In order to protect objects from dangerous manifestations of fire of cable products, electrical lines are designed and projected in accordance with the fire-protection requirements and the normative documents. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of fire safety as the requirements for cable-wiring lines. Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the cable material properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of fire safety of cables and wires in the composition of the electrical grids of buildings, structures, foundations and metal structures, taking into account laying conditions. Different methods for volume and mass calculating, fire tests of electrical and fiber optic cables were applicated. Tests of vertically arranged wires or cables laid in beams on the vertical propagation of the flame (Category A F / R, Category A, Category B) were conducted. Results. The experimental study of the installation parameters test and indicators of fire safety for cable-wiring products in their vertical laying that reduce the overall fire safety level of facility electric power operation were conducted. Critical analysis of the current state of development was done. The basis of the fire safety requirements for standardization of cable lines were formulated. The measures for testing methods implementation with description of these methods were proposed. Conclusion. Determination of the combustible material quantity by volume and by mass is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. A method for calculating the volume of combustible material for determining the fire risk of cable-conductive products is proposed. The method can be used during designing of wiring lines and during their exploitation. Experimental researches of fire hazard indicators of cable-wiring products were conducted; their group of flame distribution was installed. The method of determining the quantity of combustible material by volume, by mass and with testing of mass loss of combustible material was applied.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83826727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.09
O. Lazarenko, O. Synelnikov, I. M. Bykov, A. Kuskovets
The development of modern technologies simultaneously with the improvement of the conditions of human existence creates additional risks that had been solved to ensure the safety and comfortable conditions of people's stay. One of these areas of human development is the gradual transition to alternative energy sources and modes of transport, including electric vehicles. Modern versions of electric vehicles, by their tactical and technical characteristics, practically do not concede cars with engines of internal combustion, but the research shows that from the point of view of fire safety and tactics of firefighting, the batteries of electric cars require some other approaches and algorithms for carrying out of emergency rescue works. Considering the modern experience and experimental results of research on the tactics of firefighting of electric vehicles, it turned out that the normative intensity of water supply (aqueous solutions) should be increased and make not less than 1,2 l/(c·m2). An increase in the normative intensity of water supply requires the fire-extinguishing chief to ensure in advance the uninterrupted supply of the extinguishing agent to the fire brigade, necessarily installing a tanker truck on a fire hydrant or reservoir. The specificity of the extinguishing of electric cars also shows the ineffectiveness of the use of a fire-extinguishing agent of air-mechanical foam and the necessity of compulsory dismantling of the battery pack of an electric vehicle after the elimination of the fire. The main results of the work are summarized in the general list of the algorithm of actions of the fireextinguishing chief after his arrival at the place of the emergency related to the ignition of electric vehicles. Compliance by the fire-extinguishing chief of the given algorithm of action will minimize the risks for the personnel of the rescue unit and accelerate the elimination of the fire. Accordingly, to the analysis and scientific results, the future directions of scientific research should be aimed: at improving the algorithm of action and tactics of elimination the fire of electric cars, the development of technical devices for extinguishing the battery of electric cars, the development of automatic fire extinguishing of electric cars, the development of more effective fire extinguishing means for extinguishing the rechargeable battery of electric cars.
{"title":"FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND OTHER URGENT WORK IN ELECTRIC CARS","authors":"O. Lazarenko, O. Synelnikov, I. M. Bykov, A. Kuskovets","doi":"10.32447/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.09","url":null,"abstract":"The development of modern technologies simultaneously with the improvement of the conditions of human existence creates additional risks that had been solved to ensure the safety and comfortable conditions of people's stay. One of these areas of human development is the gradual transition to alternative energy sources and modes of transport, including electric vehicles. Modern versions of electric vehicles, by their tactical and technical characteristics, practically do not concede cars with engines of internal combustion, but the research shows that from the point of view of fire safety and tactics of firefighting, the batteries of electric cars require some other approaches and algorithms for carrying out of emergency rescue works. Considering the modern experience and experimental results of research on the tactics of firefighting of electric vehicles, it turned out that the normative intensity of water supply (aqueous solutions) should be increased and make not less than 1,2 l/(c·m2). An increase in the normative intensity of water supply requires the fire-extinguishing chief to ensure in advance the uninterrupted supply of the extinguishing agent to the fire brigade, necessarily installing a tanker truck on a fire hydrant or reservoir. The specificity of the extinguishing of electric cars also shows the ineffectiveness of the use of a fire-extinguishing agent of air-mechanical foam and the necessity of compulsory dismantling of the battery pack of an electric vehicle after the elimination of the fire. The main results of the work are summarized in the general list of the algorithm of actions of the fireextinguishing chief after his arrival at the place of the emergency related to the ignition of electric vehicles. Compliance by the fire-extinguishing chief of the given algorithm of action will minimize the risks for the personnel of the rescue unit and accelerate the elimination of the fire. Accordingly, to the analysis and scientific results, the future directions of scientific research should be aimed: at improving the algorithm of action and tactics of elimination the fire of electric cars, the development of technical devices for extinguishing the battery of electric cars, the development of automatic fire extinguishing of electric cars, the development of more effective fire extinguishing means for extinguishing the rechargeable battery of electric cars.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81911370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.08
A. Kuzyk, D. V. Lagno
Introduction. Forest fires are dangerous for people and environment. Their extinction requires appropriate human and material resources. Fires in the Chornobyl radionuclide-contaminated exclusion zone are especially dangerous. The purpose of paper is to analyze the causes of forest fires in the Chornobyl exclusion zone, the characteristics of their elimination taking into account the danger of radioactivity and using protection equipment. Results. The causes for the occurrence of fires in the forests of the Chernobyl exclusion zone are natural and manmade. The clutter of forest areas creates preconditions for the emergence and spread of fire. Radioactive contamination of forests is caused by poor care. Illicit logging and illegal visitors to the exclusion zone contribute to the fires occurrence. In case of a fire, radioactive elements in dust and combustion products extend over long distances. Radionuclides fall on the skin of the firefighter and penetrate the body during of breathing. Dust contributes to dissemination of radionuclides and is caused by the movement of people, firefighting engines, and work of manual and mechanical means. To choose methods of forest fires extinguishing in conditions of radioactive contamination, it is necessary to take into account the avoidance or minimization of firefighters’ direct contact with radioactive materials. Each of the traditional methods of extinguishing fires has its advantages and disadvantages, taking into account cost, efficiency and safety. The paper analyses the following methods of extinguishing: striking on flame, using water, throwing ground into flame, extinguishing by explosion, creating mineralized strips, opposite burning, use of fire aviation, and artificial precipitation. Firefighters have to use appropriate protective clothing and personal protective respiratory equipment during extinguishing a fire in a radioactive environment. Conclusions. To eliminate a forest fire in a radiation-contaminated zone, it is necessary to choose the appropriate method of extinguishing, taking into account the radiation hazard, and to apply the appropriate personal protective equipment. The fire aviation allows eliminating a fire by avoiding direct contact of firefighters with a radiationcontaminated environment.
{"title":"SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FIREFIGHTING IN RADIONUCLIDE-CONTAMINATED FORESTS OF THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE","authors":"A. Kuzyk, D. V. Lagno","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.08","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Forest fires are dangerous for people and environment. Their extinction requires appropriate human and material resources. Fires in the Chornobyl radionuclide-contaminated exclusion zone are especially dangerous. The purpose of paper is to analyze the causes of forest fires in the Chornobyl exclusion zone, the characteristics of their elimination taking into account the danger of radioactivity and using protection equipment. Results. The causes for the occurrence of fires in the forests of the Chernobyl exclusion zone are natural and manmade. The clutter of forest areas creates preconditions for the emergence and spread of fire. Radioactive contamination of forests is caused by poor care. Illicit logging and illegal visitors to the exclusion zone contribute to the fires occurrence. In case of a fire, radioactive elements in dust and combustion products extend over long distances. Radionuclides fall on the skin of the firefighter and penetrate the body during of breathing. Dust contributes to dissemination of radionuclides and is caused by the movement of people, firefighting engines, and work of manual and mechanical means. To choose methods of forest fires extinguishing in conditions of radioactive contamination, it is necessary to take into account the avoidance or minimization of firefighters’ direct contact with radioactive materials. Each of the traditional methods of extinguishing fires has its advantages and disadvantages, taking into account cost, efficiency and safety. The paper analyses the following methods of extinguishing: striking on flame, using water, throwing ground into flame, extinguishing by explosion, creating mineralized strips, opposite burning, use of fire aviation, and artificial precipitation. Firefighters have to use appropriate protective clothing and personal protective respiratory equipment during extinguishing a fire in a radioactive environment. Conclusions. To eliminate a forest fire in a radiation-contaminated zone, it is necessary to choose the appropriate method of extinguishing, taking into account the radiation hazard, and to apply the appropriate personal protective equipment. The fire aviation allows eliminating a fire by avoiding direct contact of firefighters with a radiationcontaminated environment.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"20 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75372798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.11
P. Pastuhov, V. Kochubei, O. Lavrenyuk, B. Mykhalichko
Introduction. The development of modern technologies and the elaboration of new materials facilitates the wide use of epoxy resins for instance in industries. Particular attention deserves the various fire retardant coatings making. These coatings are increasingly used to increase fire resistance of details and designs made of metals, plastics, wood in various industrial and civil constructions, and in transport. The very perspective mode producing the effective fire retardant coatings is the direct introduction into the polymeric matrix of epoxy resins of reactive fire retardant agents. Purpose. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the elaborated fire retardant on the ability of epoxy-amine composites modified with copper(II) carbonate to resist the spread of the flame, as well as the effects of water and chemicals. Metods. The flame propagation rate on the surface of horizontally located experimental samples was determined according to all-State Standard 28157-89. Water and chemical resistance were evaluated by a gravimetric method on the polymer mass film change after exposure to distilled water and corrosive media for a certain period of time. Results. The results of experimental studies have shown that samples of the epoxy-amine composites containing 20, 40 and 80 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass part of the binding agent do not propagate the flame horizontally at all. At that, duration of free combustion of these polymer samples did not exceed 2 min. It has been found too that the penetrability of water and chemicals through films based on epoxy-amine composites modified with CuCO3 is reduced due to the formation of chemical bonds between copper(II) carbonate and polyethylenepolyamine. The lowest level of the equilibrium absorption in water and 10% aqueous solutions of H2SO4 and NaOH was watched for samples of those composites that contained 20 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass parts of binder. Conclusion. When studying the effect of copper(II) carbonate on the flame propagation rate, it was found that the epoxy-amine composites containing >20 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass parts of the binding agent, do not propagate the flame and so these are self-extinguishing. The copper(II) carbonate addition to epoxy polymers reduces their sorption capacity in water and solutions of alkalis and acids. These data are the basis to future develop the chemically resistant fire retarding coatings based on epoxy-amine composites modified with copper(II) carbonate. Keywords
{"title":"CHEMICALLY RESISTANT FLAME RETARDING COATINGS BASED ON EPOXY-AMINE COMPOSITES MODIFIED WITH COPPER(II) CARBONATE","authors":"P. Pastuhov, V. Kochubei, O. Lavrenyuk, B. Mykhalichko","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.11","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The development of modern technologies and the elaboration of new materials facilitates the wide use of epoxy resins for instance in industries. Particular attention deserves the various fire retardant coatings making. These coatings are increasingly used to increase fire resistance of details and designs made of metals, plastics, wood in various industrial and civil constructions, and in transport. The very perspective mode producing the effective fire retardant coatings is the direct introduction into the polymeric matrix of epoxy resins of reactive fire retardant agents. Purpose. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the elaborated fire retardant on the ability of epoxy-amine composites modified with copper(II) carbonate to resist the spread of the flame, as well as the effects of water and chemicals. Metods. The flame propagation rate on the surface of horizontally located experimental samples was determined according to all-State Standard 28157-89. Water and chemical resistance were evaluated by a gravimetric method on the polymer mass film change after exposure to distilled water and corrosive media for a certain period of time. Results. The results of experimental studies have shown that samples of the epoxy-amine composites containing 20, 40 and 80 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass part of the binding agent do not propagate the flame horizontally at all. At that, duration of free combustion of these polymer samples did not exceed 2 min. It has been found too that the penetrability of water and chemicals through films based on epoxy-amine composites modified with CuCO3 is reduced due to the formation of chemical bonds between copper(II) carbonate and polyethylenepolyamine. The lowest level of the equilibrium absorption in water and 10% aqueous solutions of H2SO4 and NaOH was watched for samples of those composites that contained 20 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass parts of binder. Conclusion. When studying the effect of copper(II) carbonate on the flame propagation rate, it was found that the epoxy-amine composites containing >20 mass parts of CuCO3 per 100 mass parts of the binding agent, do not propagate the flame and so these are self-extinguishing. The copper(II) carbonate addition to epoxy polymers reduces their sorption capacity in water and solutions of alkalis and acids. These data are the basis to future develop the chemically resistant fire retarding coatings based on epoxy-amine composites modified with copper(II) carbonate. Keywords","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76429469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.04
T. Voitovych, V. Kovalyshyn, V. Chernetskyi
Introduction Despite the significant progress in technology, including the field of fire safety, fires of oil and petroleum products tanks remains one of the most difficult ones to extinguish. This type of deflagration develops rapidly, has protracted nature and requires the involvement of a large number of means and forces. Also, such fires cause enormous material and environmental damage and pose a significant danger to people's life and health. One of the safest ways to extinguish fires in oil and petroleum products tanks is a subsurface fire extinguishing method. This method uses foam concentrate with fluorinated stabilizers, an aqueous solution of which can cover the surface of petroleum products with a thin film. At the moment, this issue is not researched well enough in our country. The official Ukrainian regulation documents describe technical parameters of oil tanks extinguishing system, but the method described in these documents is the same for both subsurface fire extinguishing and surface foam supply. Therefore, a specific methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system is necessary. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system. Calculation of the different technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. is provided. Results This research outlines the main problems of fire extinguishing in tanks with oil and petroleum products, and specifics of their elimination by supplying fluorosynthetic foaming agents into the layer of combustible material. The research also describes calculation methods of the main parameters of the subsurface fire extinguishing method for extinguishing fires in oil and petroleum tanks using low expansion foam. Examples of calculation using tank RVS-10000 for both proposed methodology and methodology described in the official Ukrainian regulation documents are provided. Various technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system were calculated depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. Conclusion The results of this research prove that spendings on foam agents and damages from the oil fire can be reduced when using subsurface fire extinguishing method.
{"title":"DESIGN AND CALCULATION SPECIFICS OF THE SUBSURFACE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM","authors":"T. Voitovych, V. Kovalyshyn, V. Chernetskyi","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.04","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Despite the significant progress in technology, including the field of fire safety, fires of oil and petroleum products tanks remains one of the most difficult ones to extinguish. This type of deflagration develops rapidly, has protracted nature and requires the involvement of a large number of means and forces. Also, such fires cause enormous material and environmental damage and pose a significant danger to people's life and health. One of the safest ways to extinguish fires in oil and petroleum products tanks is a subsurface fire extinguishing method. This method uses foam concentrate with fluorinated stabilizers, an aqueous solution of which can cover the surface of petroleum products with a thin film. At the moment, this issue is not researched well enough in our country. The official Ukrainian regulation documents describe technical parameters of oil tanks extinguishing system, but the method described in these documents is the same for both subsurface fire extinguishing and surface foam supply. Therefore, a specific methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system is necessary. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the methodology for calculating the main parameters of the subsurface tank extinguishing system. Calculation of the different technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. is provided. Results This research outlines the main problems of fire extinguishing in tanks with oil and petroleum products, and specifics of their elimination by supplying fluorosynthetic foaming agents into the layer of combustible material. The research also describes calculation methods of the main parameters of the subsurface fire extinguishing method for extinguishing fires in oil and petroleum tanks using low expansion foam. Examples of calculation using tank RVS-10000 for both proposed methodology and methodology described in the official Ukrainian regulation documents are provided. Various technical parameters of the subsurface method-based extinguishing system were calculated depending on the tanks type, fuel types, concentrations of foaming agent, etc. Conclusion The results of this research prove that spendings on foam agents and damages from the oil fire can be reduced when using subsurface fire extinguishing method.","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76594062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.02
O. I. Bashynskiy, M. Peleshko, Yu. T. Sydnitsyn
Over the last year, the number of new buildings in Lviv has increased by 30%. Most of them are the high-rise buildings. In this regard, the problem of fire safety of such buildings appears sharper. In our time, one of the main requirements in building standards is to ensure the life safety. Fire safety is an integral part of the life safety. The main causes of the fires, difficulties of their liquidation, the problems of self-management, the reliability of the systems of fire water supply, fire barriers and the evacuation of people from high-rise buildings were analyzed in the article. The causes of the rapid spread of fires in multi-store buildings were revealed. The analysis of the example of fires clearly shows problems of fire safety, admitted at the stage of construction of the high-rise buildings. The actual situation in such buildings is characterized by the following disadvantages: the fire alarm system often is in an unfit condition because of dismantling of the fire alarm sensors by the residents; the common floor-corridors are blocked by additional partitions, causing difficulties in the work of the smoke exhaust systems; there are no self-closing doors and their sealing in the shelters, which allows smoke to spread freely in the house and creates the preconditions for rapid vertical fire spreading. The protection of people on evacuation routes is provided by a complex of planning, constructive, engineering, technical and organizational measures, such as smoke protection, proper fire resistance and fire propagation limits of the structures, providing and proper decoration of evacuation routes, smokeproof stairways, annunciator systems, etc. Therefore, introducing of fire safety systems in high-rise buildings is a priority task at the stage of their designing, construction, and operation.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.06
O. O. Kovalev, A. Kalinovsky, O. Polivanov
Currently, the creation of fundamentally new technical means of fire extinguishing and the development of new methods for delivering fire extinguishing substances to a remote distance when extinguishing complex fires is the actual scientific and technical problem. The fire fighting equipment currently used in the territorial divisions of the SES of Ukraine does not allow delivering of fire extinguishing substances at a distance of 100 m and more. Existing fire fighting equipment is designed to deliver water, aqueous solutions and foams at a distance of up to 100 meters, as well as dry chemicals at a distance of up to 70 meters. Today various researchers are developing technical means and methods for remote delivery of such fire extinguishing agents as aerosol-forming compounds, dry chemical powders, fire extinguishing freons, solid carbon dioxide and organometallic compounds. At the same time, the use of the considered fire extinguishing agents did not become widespread in the fire and rescue units due to insufficient development of technical means and methods of delivery. To solve the problem of delivering fire extinguishing substances to a remote distance while extinguishing complex fires, it was proposed to use a barrelled fire extinguishing system, which ensures high-precision delivery by throwing the containers filled with extinguishing agent directly into the combustion zone along the ballistic trajectory. The analysis of various fire extinguishing substances and compositions for use in containers showed that to achieve the highest efficiency of fire extinguishing, it is advisable to use dry chemical powders. As a result of the study of the use of dry chemical powders as container fillers, the mechanics of the fire extinguishing action of dry chemical compositions after releasing from the container by excessive pressure, created by detonation products of explosives, was investigated. A method for determining the total mass of dry chemical powder and the required number of containers filled with dry chemical powder for extinguishing class A and B fires has been developed. Keywords
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Pub Date : 2019-07-19DOI: 10.32447/20786662.34.2019.10
V. Lushch, O. Lazarenko, V. Loik, S. V. Voloshko
According to regulatory requirements and rules of safety work, every firefighter who works in the SСBA while working in a gasified and smoke environment should monitor the readings of the pressure gauge and be able to calculate the air consumption (oxygen) and the duration of work in the SCBA. The main indicators that are taken into account during calculations of working time in gaseous and smoke environments are control pressure of air (oxygen) into the SCBA, in which it is necessary to go out to fresh air; working time in gassed and smoke environments; expected return time to fresh air. The supply of air will directly depend on, firstly, the volume of the cylinder (cylinders) and the working pressure, secondly from the working conditions and physiological features of the firefighter. Since, in determining the average work time of firefighters in SCBA in a gasified and smoked environment, according to the formula specified in the regulatory requirement, the capacity of the SCBA cylinder has not taken into account, the purpose of the work was to determine the correction coefficients, which would consider this. Considering the providing of fire rescue units of the SES of Ukraine with SCBA, we can conclude that the largest number of SCBA in the operative calculation, this is the SCBA of leading European firms, namely Drager and MSA AUER. The analysis of the load of the work of the firefighters in the gasified and smoked environment has shown that 50% is the work of the average degree of gravity corresponding to pulmonary ventilation of 40-liter per minute. Analysis of the technical characteristics of the SCBA of Drager and MSA AUER firms has shown that in this SCBA, the same performance of the pressure demand regulators 40-liter per minute and working pressure P = 300 bar. However, different capacities of cylinders 6, 6.8, 7 litres, respectively, which definitely affect the supply of air that is necessary for the work of the firefighter. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 65 Therefore, having performed the calculations of the average time of operation of the firefighters in SCBA link in the gassed and smoked environment in two formulas. The first one - according to the regulatory requirement defining such calculation, the second – according to Boyle–Mariotte law, which takes into account the cylinder capacity, working pressure and air consumption at medium load, we got the following data: for cylinders of 6 l capacity, this difference is not significant (only 2 minutes), which is only 5% of the error, thus the correction coefficient to the base formula is not required; for cylinders with a capacity of 6.8 litres this difference is significant (7 minutes) which is 20% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 7 minutes is proposed; for cylinders of 7 litres, this difference is significant (8 minutes) which is 23% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 8 minutes is proposed for the base f
{"title":"THE REASONING OF CORRECTIVE COEFFICIENTS FOR DETERMINING THE TIME OF PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS FOR FIREFIGHTERS","authors":"V. Lushch, O. Lazarenko, V. Loik, S. V. Voloshko","doi":"10.32447/20786662.34.2019.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.10","url":null,"abstract":"According to regulatory requirements and rules of safety work, every firefighter who works in the SСBA while working in a gasified and smoke environment should monitor the readings of the pressure gauge and be able to calculate the air consumption (oxygen) and the duration of work in the SCBA. The main indicators that are taken into account during calculations of working time in gaseous and smoke environments are control pressure of air (oxygen) into the SCBA, in which it is necessary to go out to fresh air; working time in gassed and smoke environments; expected return time to fresh air. The supply of air will directly depend on, firstly, the volume of the cylinder (cylinders) and the working pressure, secondly from the working conditions and physiological features of the firefighter. Since, in determining the average work time of firefighters in SCBA in a gasified and smoked environment, according to the formula specified in the regulatory requirement, the capacity of the SCBA cylinder has not taken into account, the purpose of the work was to determine the correction coefficients, which would consider this. Considering the providing of fire rescue units of the SES of Ukraine with SCBA, we can conclude that the largest number of SCBA in the operative calculation, this is the SCBA of leading European firms, namely Drager and MSA AUER. The analysis of the load of the work of the firefighters in the gasified and smoked environment has shown that 50% is the work of the average degree of gravity corresponding to pulmonary ventilation of 40-liter per minute. Analysis of the technical characteristics of the SCBA of Drager and MSA AUER firms has shown that in this SCBA, the same performance of the pressure demand regulators 40-liter per minute and working pressure P = 300 bar. However, different capacities of cylinders 6, 6.8, 7 litres, respectively, which definitely affect the supply of air that is necessary for the work of the firefighter. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 65 Therefore, having performed the calculations of the average time of operation of the firefighters in SCBA link in the gassed and smoked environment in two formulas. The first one - according to the regulatory requirement defining such calculation, the second – according to Boyle–Mariotte law, which takes into account the cylinder capacity, working pressure and air consumption at medium load, we got the following data: for cylinders of 6 l capacity, this difference is not significant (only 2 minutes), which is only 5% of the error, thus the correction coefficient to the base formula is not required; for cylinders with a capacity of 6.8 litres this difference is significant (7 minutes) which is 20% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 7 minutes is proposed; for cylinders of 7 litres, this difference is significant (8 minutes) which is 23% of the error, respectively, the introduction of a correction coefficient + 8 minutes is proposed for the base f","PeriodicalId":12280,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86907752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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