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Trust in Fair Value Accounting: Evidence from the Field 公允价值会计中的信任:来自实地的证据
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.2308/jiar-2021-034
Clarence Goh, C. Lim, Jeffrey Ng, Gary S. C. Pan, Kevin Ow Yong
We survey stakeholders in the financial reporting process to examine trust in fair value accounting. Though respondents demonstrate high confidence in financial statements, they believe that fair value accounting decreases trust in financial reporting and that preparing fair value numbers is costly but beneficial. They also strongly believe in the Conceptual Framework underlying standard setting. Using multivariate regression analyses, we find that perceiving fair value accounting as beneficial is positively associated with trust in it, consistent with the theory of reasoned action that people engage in behavior (e.g., trust) based on expected positive outcomes of that behavior. We find that this positive association increases with stronger beliefs in the Conceptual Framework. Our paper contributes to the fair value literature by providing general insights on trust in fair value accounting and a specific and novel assessment of how the perceived benefits of fair value accounting increase stakeholders’ trust in it.
我们调查财务报告过程中的利益相关者,以检查对公允价值会计的信任。虽然受访者对财务报表表现出高度的信心,但他们认为公允价值会计降低了对财务报告的信任,而且编制公允价值数字成本高昂但有益。他们也坚定地相信标准制定背后的概念框架。使用多元回归分析,我们发现公允价值会计的有益感知与对它的信任正相关,这与理性行为理论一致,即人们基于预期的积极结果参与行为(例如信任)。我们发现,这种积极的联系随着概念框架信念的增强而增强。我们的论文对公允价值文献做出了贡献,提供了公允价值会计信任的一般见解,并对公允价值会计的感知利益如何增加利益相关者对它的信任进行了具体而新颖的评估。
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引用次数: 3
Do U.S. Investors Value Foreign Component Auditors? 美国投资者重视外国审计机构吗?
Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3237060
Bingyi Chen, Jenelle K. Conaway
We examine whether investors consider foreign component auditors when assessing the value of U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs), using two sets of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) international regulatory events: inspection access and inspection reports. We find investors react negatively when the PCAOB is denied access to inspect foreign component auditors in jurisdictions where a U.S. MNC has significant operations and positively when those countries later allow inspection. For foreign component auditors that are inspected, we find investors react positively when they receive clean inspection reports and negatively when they fail to remediate quality control deficiencies. Consistent with PCAOB international oversight providing additional assurance about foreign component auditor quality, our collective results indicate investors consider foreign component auditors when valuing U.S. MNCs.
我们使用两套美国上市公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的国际监管事件:检查准入和检查报告,考察投资者在评估美国跨国公司(MNCs)的价值时是否考虑外国成分审计师。我们发现,当PCAOB在美国跨国公司有重要业务的司法管辖区被拒绝检查外国成分审计师时,投资者的反应是消极的,而当这些国家后来允许检查时,投资者的反应是积极的。对于接受检查的外国成分审计师,我们发现投资者在收到干净的检查报告时反应积极,而在未能纠正质量控制缺陷时反应消极。与PCAOB的国际监督相一致,PCAOB为外国成分审计师的质量提供了额外的保证,我们的总体结果表明,投资者在评估美国跨国公司时考虑外国成分审计师。
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引用次数: 3
Derivative Complexity as a Key Determinant of Perceived Risk 衍生品复杂性是感知风险的关键决定因素
Pub Date : 2021-08-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3570998
Michael T. Durney, R. Libby, F. Silva
While derivative securities are a critical component of the global economy, the complexity of derivatives is decried as a contributor to financial crises and investor losses. However, derivative complexity is not necessarily related to risk. In this paper, we use four experiments to investigate whether and why complexity is interpreted as a key risk determinant when evaluating derivatives. Our first two experiments show a robust effect consistent with investors and managers interpreting complexity as a key risk determinant and deeming more complex, but equally risky, derivatives as more risky. Our next two experiments provide evidence that the effect is driven by attribute substitution. Altogether, our results shed light on how derivatives are evaluated and suggest an important potential source of misinterpretations of disclosures provided under US GAAP (ASC 815-10-50).
虽然衍生品证券是全球经济的重要组成部分,但衍生品的复杂性被指责为造成金融危机和投资者损失的原因之一。然而,衍生品的复杂性并不一定与风险有关。在本文中,我们使用四个实验来研究复杂性是否以及为什么被解释为评估衍生品时的关键风险决定因素。我们的前两个实验表明,投资者和管理者将复杂性解释为关键的风险决定因素,并认为更复杂但风险同样大的衍生品风险更大,这一结果与此一致。我们接下来的两个实验提供了证据,证明这种效应是由属性替换驱动的。总之,我们的研究结果揭示了衍生品是如何评估的,并提出了对美国公认会计准则(ASC 815-10-50)下披露的误解的重要潜在来源。
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引用次数: 1
Do Divisional Managers Affect Financial Reporting? Evidence from Revenue Management 部门经理会影响财务报告吗?来自收入管理的证据
Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3815854
Mark (Shuai) Ma
Using a sample of manually collected data on divisional managers for S&P 500 firms, this study examines the effect of co-opted divisional managers on revenue manipulation. Co-opted divisional managers are those appointed after the incumbent chief executive officer assumes office. I find that a firm with a higher percentage of co-opted divisional managers has more upward revenue management when the firm just meets or beats analyst forecast. Such a finding is more pronounced when the top management has more equity ownership or when co-opted divisional managers face greater career concerns. In contrast, co-opted divisional managers are not significantly associated with revenue management when the firm’s earnings miss or are well above analyst forecast. These results are consistent with my prediction that co-opted divisional managers manipulate revenues to help top management achieve performance targets. Overall, my study suggests that divisional managers have a significant impact on financial reporting through revenue manipulation.
本研究以标准普尔500强公司的部门经理为样本,考察了增选部门经理对收入操纵的影响。增选部门经理是在现任首席执行官上任后任命的部门经理。我发现,当公司刚好达到或超过分析师的预测时,增选部门经理比例较高的公司会有更多向上的收入管理。当最高管理层拥有更多股权,或增选部门经理面临更大的职业担忧时,这一发现更为明显。相比之下,当公司的盈利低于或远高于分析师的预测时,增选的部门经理与收入管理没有显著关联。这些结果与我的预测一致,即增选的部门经理操纵收入,以帮助最高管理层实现绩效目标。总体而言,我的研究表明,部门经理通过收入操纵对财务报告产生重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Fraud and Abuse in the Paycheck Protection Program? Evidence from Investment Advisory Firms 工资保障计划中的欺诈和滥用?来自投资咨询公司的证据
Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3647606
William Beggs, Thuong Harvison
This study investigates the nature and magnitude of abuse in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP or the Program) using PPP loans made to 2,999 investment advisory firms registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The data suggest that PPP abuse was relatively widespread as approximately 25% of firms receiving PPP loans indicated they would retain more jobs in their loan application than the number of employees they disclosed on their most recent regulatory filing (Form ADV). We show an existing model of investment advisor fraud predicts the most egregious PPP loans at a rate similar to actual cases of fraud. Investment advisors abusing the Program were significantly more likely to disclose a history of past fraud and other legal and/or regulatory misconduct. Using a conservative approach, we estimate that more than 6% of the $590 million in PPP funds received by SEC registered investment advisors consisted of overallocations to firms abusing the Program. We test a variety of hypotheses to shed further light on the nature of PPP abuse.
本研究利用向2999家在美国证券交易委员会(SEC)注册的投资咨询公司提供的PPP贷款,调查了工资保护计划(PPP或该计划)滥用的性质和程度。数据表明,PPP滥用相对普遍,约25%接受PPP贷款的公司表示,他们在贷款申请中保留的工作岗位比他们在最近的监管文件(表格ADV)中披露的员工数量要多。我们展示了一个现有的投资顾问欺诈模型,以与实际欺诈案件相似的速度预测最令人震惊的PPP贷款。滥用该计划的投资顾问更有可能披露过去的欺诈历史和其他法律和/或监管不当行为。使用保守的方法,我们估计,在美国证券交易委员会注册投资顾问收到的5.9亿美元PPP资金中,超过6%的资金被过度分配给了滥用该计划的公司。我们测试了各种假设,以进一步阐明购买力平价滥用的本质。
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引用次数: 7
Peer-Level Analyst Transitions 同级分析师转换
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3902615
Ole‐Kristian Hope, X. Su
Abstract This study examines the effect of peer-level analyst transitions (i.e., switching between brokerage houses) on associated regular incumbent analysts' forecasting performance. We employ a difference-in-differences research design with analyst fixed effects and compare incumbent analysts of different groups within the same broker and same time periods. We find that incumbents who cover at least one common industry as the transiting analyst (i.e., affected incumbents) issue more accurate and timely forecasts after a transiting analyst arrives than incumbents who cover different industries (i.e., unaffected incumbents). Further, affected incumbents issue less accurate forecasts after a transiting analyst leaves than do unaffected incumbents. We also examine potential mechanisms of knowledge spillover and find some evidence that the effect is more salient when the transiting analyst switches from a larger brokerage house, has greater industry scope, or covers geographically linked firms.
摘要本研究考察了同行水平分析师转换(即在经纪公司之间切换)对相关常规在职分析师预测绩效的影响。我们采用具有分析师固定效应的差异中差异研究设计,并比较同一经纪人和同一时间段内不同群体的在职分析师。我们发现,在过渡分析师到来后,至少覆盖一个共同行业的在位者(即,受影响的在位者)比覆盖不同行业的在位者(即,未受影响的在位者)发布的预测更准确、更及时。此外,与未受影响的公司相比,受影响的公司在分析师离职后发布的预测更不准确。我们还研究了知识溢出的潜在机制,并发现一些证据表明,当过渡分析师从较大的经纪公司转换,具有更大的行业范围或覆盖地理上相关的公司时,效果更为突出。
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引用次数: 1
The Factors of Integrated Reporting Quality: A Meta-Analysis 综合报告质量的影响因素:一个元分析
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3940094
M. Dumitru, V. Dragomir
The research on integrated reporting (IR) grew exponentially during the last decade. The present meta-analysis was motivated by the need to systematize the results of previously published studies employing quantitative methodologies. Therefore, we fill a research gap by discovering significant meta-analytic relations between IR and various economic, organizational, institutional, and country-level variables. Three major areas of research were identified: IR adoption, IR quality, and integrated thinking. The final sample consisted of 91 articles published in top journals between 2013 and 2021. The meta-analytic procedures were applied on bivariate and partial correlations between the three major areas of IR and other constructs such as company attributes, financial performance, corporate governance, social and environmental responsibility, market performance, industry- and country-level characteristics. The results confirmed that corporate governance variables (i.e., director independence, board gender diversity, the existence of a social responsibility committee, and quality of the audit committee) were the most important predictors of IR quality, especially in a voluntary reporting setting. On the other hand, financial reporting quality, financial performance, and firm leverage are not significantly associated with integrated reporting quality. Several implications and recommendations were derived from these meta-analytic results.
在过去的十年中,对综合报告的研究呈指数级增长。本荟萃分析的动机是需要将以前发表的采用定量方法的研究结果系统化。因此,我们通过发现IR与各种经济、组织、制度和国家层面变量之间显著的元分析关系来填补研究空白。研究确定了三个主要领域:IR采用、IR质量和集成思维。最终样本包括2013年至2021年间发表在顶级期刊上的91篇文章。运用元分析方法分析了IR的三个主要领域与其他结构(如公司属性、财务绩效、公司治理、社会和环境责任、市场绩效、行业和国家层面特征)之间的双变量和偏相关性。结果证实,公司治理变量(即董事独立性、董事会性别多样性、社会责任委员会的存在和审计委员会的质量)是IR质量的最重要预测因素,特别是在自愿报告环境中。另一方面,财务报告质量、财务绩效和企业杠杆与综合报告质量没有显著相关。从这些荟萃分析结果中得出了一些启示和建议。
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引用次数: 0
Restating Internal Control Reports following Financial Statement Restatements: Determinants and Consequences 财务报表重述后的内部控制报告重述:决定因素和后果
Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2690035
Mei Feng, Chan Li, K. Raghunandan, Lili Sun
After restating their financial statements, companies may voluntarily restate their previously issued internal control (IC) reports for the financial statement (FS) misstatement periods changing them from “effective” to “ineffective.” When announcing these IC restatements, companies often provide a detailed explanation of the IC problems and a discussion of their plans to remediate these problems. We find that companies with less severe IC problems which can be remediated more quickly are more likely to restate their IC reports. Moreover, these results are driven by companies with a higher need for external financing, suggesting that IC restaters voluntarily restate their IC reports in order to inform investors about their less severe IC material weaknesses and their plans to improve IC quality. Finally, we find that, relative to other FS restatement companies, IC restaters have a lower likelihood of Chief Financial Officer turnover and auditor resignation following the FS restatement.
在重述财务报表后,公司可以自愿重述其先前发布的财务报表错报期间的内部控制报告,将其从“有效”改为“无效”。在公布这些集成电路重述时,公司通常会详细解释集成电路问题,并讨论解决这些问题的计划。我们发现,IC问题不那么严重、可以更快修复的公司更有可能重述其IC报告。此外,这些结果是由对外部融资需求更高的公司推动的,这表明IC重述商自愿重述其IC报告,以便告知投资者他们不太严重的IC材料缺陷以及他们提高IC质量的计划。最后,我们发现,相对于其他财务报表重述公司,IC重述公司在财务报表重述后首席财务官离职和审计师辞职的可能性较低。
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引用次数: 0
Are Audit Fees Linear in Accruals? 应计审计费用是否呈线性?
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3263854
Ryan Casey, Feng Gao, Michael T. Kirschenheiter, Siyi Li, Shailendra Pandit
This study examines the role of accruals in the pricing of financial statement audits. We posit that both large positive and large negative accruals represent increases in the auditor’s inherent risk, resulting in a nonlinear relation between accruals and audit fees. Consistent with our expectations, we find that both large negative and large positive total accruals are associated with higher audit fees. Further, the nonlinear relation between total accruals and audit fees is asymmetric, with a steeper slope on positive total accruals than negative total accruals. We next partition total accruals into specific asset accruals using an approach developed by Casey, Gao, Kirschenheiter, Li, and Pandit (2016, 2017) and find that accruals originating from different transactions exhibit predictably nonlinear relations with audit fees. On the whole, our results suggest that auditors respond asymmetrically to accruals based on the magnitude and source of the accrual.
本研究探讨应计项目在财务报表审计定价中的作用。我们假设,大量的正负应计项目都代表着审计师固有风险的增加,从而导致应计项目与审计费用之间的非线性关系。与我们的预期一致,我们发现无论是大的负和正的应计总额都与较高的审计费用有关。此外,应计总额与审计费用之间的非线性关系是不对称的,应计总额为正的斜率比应计总额为负的斜率更陡。接下来,我们使用Casey、Gao、Kirschenheiter、Li和Pandit(2016、2017)开发的方法将应计总额划分为具体的资产应计项目,并发现来自不同交易的应计项目与审计费用表现出可预测的非线性关系。总的来说,我们的结果表明,审计师对应计项目的反应是不对称的,这取决于应计项目的规模和来源。
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引用次数: 1
Current Expected Credit Loss Model (CECL) Based on Firm Loan Loss Elasticity 基于企业贷款损失弹性的当前预期信用损失模型
Pub Date : 2021-07-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3407948
Zane L. Swanson, Richard P. Green, Aminat Aloba
Many banks are confronted with the problem of meeting the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) standard which requires the estimation of a Current Expected Credit Loss (ASC 326) which replaces the older well-established Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses. The new standard requires that management and preparers must make a forward-looking disclosure of expected loss based on characteristics of the loan portfolio. Moreover, the standard requires that the methodology be well supported for a specific institution and situation. The current analysis develops an explanatory variable for estimating credit loss based on an economic elasticity concept which has advantages of comparability and the facility of being enhanced by macro-economic and sector control variables. Comparability, simplicity and flexibility would be particularly useful to smaller institutions that lack the experience, modeling expertise, and the ability to afford complex applications.
许多银行都面临着满足美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)标准的问题,该标准要求估计当前预期信贷损失(ASC 326),以取代旧的公认的贷款和租赁损失准备。新准则要求管理层和财务报表编制人必须根据贷款组合的特点对预期损失进行前瞻性披露。此外,该标准要求该方法在特定的机构和情况下得到很好的支持。本文基于经济弹性的概念,提出了一个估计信贷损失的解释变量,该解释变量具有可比性,并且便于宏观经济和部门控制变量的增强。可比性、简单性和灵活性对于缺乏经验、建模专业知识和负担复杂应用程序能力的小型机构尤其有用。
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引用次数: 0
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Financial Accounting eJournal
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