This study aims to assess the global progress in research on the impact of forest therapy on mental health by using bibliometric analysis. We analyzed the relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database by utilizing software tools such as Bibliometrix (Version 4.1), VOSviewer (Version 1.6.19), and CiteSpace (Version 6.3.R1). There appears to be a growing trend in annual publication volumes from 2006 to 2023. Miyazaki was identified as the most prolific author in this field. Japan and South Korea lead in research contributions, while China has the highest number of publications. The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is the journal with the most publications and citations in this area. Recent keyword clustering reveals an increasing frequency of studies on anxiety and urban green spaces. Research findings suggest that exposure to negative air ions and compounds released by plants can stimulate the five human senses, reduce cortisol levels, and improve mental health. Although studies have demonstrated significant effects of forest therapy in alleviating stress, anxiety, and depression, more large-scale and long-term studies are needed for further evidence. Additionally, it is crucial to explore the impact of different forest types, terrains, altitudes, climates, and air conditions on the effectiveness of forest therapy on mental health.
{"title":"Progress and Prospects of Research on the Impact of Forest Therapy on Mental Health: A Bibliometric Analysis","authors":"Ruoyu Wan, Ruohong Wan, Quan Qiu","doi":"10.3390/f15061013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061013","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to assess the global progress in research on the impact of forest therapy on mental health by using bibliometric analysis. We analyzed the relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database by utilizing software tools such as Bibliometrix (Version 4.1), VOSviewer (Version 1.6.19), and CiteSpace (Version 6.3.R1). There appears to be a growing trend in annual publication volumes from 2006 to 2023. Miyazaki was identified as the most prolific author in this field. Japan and South Korea lead in research contributions, while China has the highest number of publications. The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is the journal with the most publications and citations in this area. Recent keyword clustering reveals an increasing frequency of studies on anxiety and urban green spaces. Research findings suggest that exposure to negative air ions and compounds released by plants can stimulate the five human senses, reduce cortisol levels, and improve mental health. Although studies have demonstrated significant effects of forest therapy in alleviating stress, anxiety, and depression, more large-scale and long-term studies are needed for further evidence. Additionally, it is crucial to explore the impact of different forest types, terrains, altitudes, climates, and air conditions on the effectiveness of forest therapy on mental health.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Harayama, Ikutaro Tsuyama, Takeshi Yamada, M. Kitao, Naoyuki Furuya, K. Yazaki, T. Sugai, A. Uemura, Shozo Sasaki, H. Utsugi
In Hokkaido, northern Japan, bareroot Sakhalin fir seedlings are conventionally planted in spring and fall, following strip site preparation that alternates managed and unmanaged strips. However, this method requires seven years of weeding due to encroachment of evergreen dwarf bamboo. Given diminishing forest labor availability, a shortage of workers for planting and weeding operations has become a problem in reforestation following clearcutting. We examined whether comprehensive mechanical site preparation (MSP) could reduce weeding frequency by preventing regrowth of dwarf bamboo and whether container seedlings could extend the planting season into summer. Over eight years, the survival and growth of summer-planted bareroot and container seedlings were examined on a fully MSP-treated site with only one weeding operation in the fifth year. Full-site MSP resulted in a shift of the vegetation from dwarf bamboo to deciduous plants, leading to high survival and growth rates of Sakhalin fir seedlings despite minimal weeding. Container seedlings exhibited superior establishment and maintained higher survival rates over eight years than bareroot seedlings. However, planting on the forwarder trail decreased seedling growth, and ultimately decreased survival under rare summer drought. Our findings indicate that container seedling summer planting and full-site MSP may represent an alternative approach to reforestation of Sakhalin fir, potentially reducing the need for weeding and extending the planting season.
{"title":"Eight-Year Survival and Growth of Sakhalin Fir (Abies sachalinensis) Seedlings with One Weeding Operation: Impact of Mechanical Site Preparation, Vegetation Release, Summer Planting, Stock Type, and Forwarder Trail","authors":"H. Harayama, Ikutaro Tsuyama, Takeshi Yamada, M. Kitao, Naoyuki Furuya, K. Yazaki, T. Sugai, A. Uemura, Shozo Sasaki, H. Utsugi","doi":"10.3390/f15061012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061012","url":null,"abstract":"In Hokkaido, northern Japan, bareroot Sakhalin fir seedlings are conventionally planted in spring and fall, following strip site preparation that alternates managed and unmanaged strips. However, this method requires seven years of weeding due to encroachment of evergreen dwarf bamboo. Given diminishing forest labor availability, a shortage of workers for planting and weeding operations has become a problem in reforestation following clearcutting. We examined whether comprehensive mechanical site preparation (MSP) could reduce weeding frequency by preventing regrowth of dwarf bamboo and whether container seedlings could extend the planting season into summer. Over eight years, the survival and growth of summer-planted bareroot and container seedlings were examined on a fully MSP-treated site with only one weeding operation in the fifth year. Full-site MSP resulted in a shift of the vegetation from dwarf bamboo to deciduous plants, leading to high survival and growth rates of Sakhalin fir seedlings despite minimal weeding. Container seedlings exhibited superior establishment and maintained higher survival rates over eight years than bareroot seedlings. However, planting on the forwarder trail decreased seedling growth, and ultimately decreased survival under rare summer drought. Our findings indicate that container seedling summer planting and full-site MSP may represent an alternative approach to reforestation of Sakhalin fir, potentially reducing the need for weeding and extending the planting season.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fallow deer is one of the most widespread alien mammals in Europe. We documented the response of the roe deer population shortly after the fallow deer was introduced to a hunting ground in central Poland. Mean roe density dropped from 17.6 ind./100 ha to 10.5 ind./100 ha after the alien species was introduced. In the reference area, where fallow deer was absent, the roe deer density did not change in the analogue study period. At both study sites, mean roe deer productivity before fallow deer introduction was similar (1.6 juv./female). However, in the first study area, the productivity dropped to 1.4, while in the reference study area, it slightly increased to 1.75. The presence of fallow deer influenced roe deer space use negatively, i.e., the number of pellet groups of roe deer decreased with an increase in the number of fallow deer feces. Overall, the introduction of the fallow deer was successful and the population grew quickly. Yet, the economic impact of its introduction was far from satisfactory. At the same time, its negative influence on the roe deer was apparent. This shows that the fallow deer is an alien species threatening local biodiversity.
{"title":"Alien vs. Native—Influence of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Introduction on the Native Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Population","authors":"J. Gryz, D. Krauze‐Gryz, K. Jasińska","doi":"10.3390/f15061014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061014","url":null,"abstract":"Fallow deer is one of the most widespread alien mammals in Europe. We documented the response of the roe deer population shortly after the fallow deer was introduced to a hunting ground in central Poland. Mean roe density dropped from 17.6 ind./100 ha to 10.5 ind./100 ha after the alien species was introduced. In the reference area, where fallow deer was absent, the roe deer density did not change in the analogue study period. At both study sites, mean roe deer productivity before fallow deer introduction was similar (1.6 juv./female). However, in the first study area, the productivity dropped to 1.4, while in the reference study area, it slightly increased to 1.75. The presence of fallow deer influenced roe deer space use negatively, i.e., the number of pellet groups of roe deer decreased with an increase in the number of fallow deer feces. Overall, the introduction of the fallow deer was successful and the population grew quickly. Yet, the economic impact of its introduction was far from satisfactory. At the same time, its negative influence on the roe deer was apparent. This shows that the fallow deer is an alien species threatening local biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141358544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianxing Li, Fang Lu, Dongxing Li, Bin Wang, Yili Guo, S. Wen, Fuzhao Huang, Wanglan Tao, Nianwu Tang, Xiankun Li, Wusheng Xiang
Lianas are a crucial component of karst seasonal rainforests, yet research on them has predominantly focused on non-karst regions. Consequently, their abundance and species richness remain relatively understudied within karst ecosystems. We aimed to document the abundance and species richness of lianas and investigate their relationships with abiotic and biotic factors, based on data from a fully mapped 15 ha plot in a karst seasonal rainforest of Nonggang (SW China). Structural equation models (SEMs) were employed to estimate the path coefficients and variation of dependent variables, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the abundance and species richness of liana. Within the 15 ha plot, a total of 23,819 lianas were identified, encompassing 113 species from 34 families. These lianas constituted 24.16% of the total woody plant density and 33.44% of the species present, but only 4.32% of the total woody plant basal area. Lianas are primarily influenced by abiotic factors, especially elevation and phosphorus (P), with less impact from biotic factors. Our findings reveal that lianas, despite constituting a relatively small percentage of the total woody plant basal area, significantly contribute to the density and diversity of the forest. Notably, abiotic factors such as elevation and phosphorus availability predominantly shape the distribution and richness of lianas, highlighting the importance of these environmental variables. The findings offer valuable insights for future liana studies and the preservation of karst forests’ biodiversity.
{"title":"Abundance and Species Richness of Lianas in a Karst Seasonal Rainforest: The Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors","authors":"Jianxing Li, Fang Lu, Dongxing Li, Bin Wang, Yili Guo, S. Wen, Fuzhao Huang, Wanglan Tao, Nianwu Tang, Xiankun Li, Wusheng Xiang","doi":"10.3390/f15061011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061011","url":null,"abstract":"Lianas are a crucial component of karst seasonal rainforests, yet research on them has predominantly focused on non-karst regions. Consequently, their abundance and species richness remain relatively understudied within karst ecosystems. We aimed to document the abundance and species richness of lianas and investigate their relationships with abiotic and biotic factors, based on data from a fully mapped 15 ha plot in a karst seasonal rainforest of Nonggang (SW China). Structural equation models (SEMs) were employed to estimate the path coefficients and variation of dependent variables, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the abundance and species richness of liana. Within the 15 ha plot, a total of 23,819 lianas were identified, encompassing 113 species from 34 families. These lianas constituted 24.16% of the total woody plant density and 33.44% of the species present, but only 4.32% of the total woody plant basal area. Lianas are primarily influenced by abiotic factors, especially elevation and phosphorus (P), with less impact from biotic factors. Our findings reveal that lianas, despite constituting a relatively small percentage of the total woody plant basal area, significantly contribute to the density and diversity of the forest. Notably, abiotic factors such as elevation and phosphorus availability predominantly shape the distribution and richness of lianas, highlighting the importance of these environmental variables. The findings offer valuable insights for future liana studies and the preservation of karst forests’ biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141360841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, interregional ancient trees are important natural and cultural resources, and it is vital that they are effectively protected and utilized according to their spatial distribution and regional conditions in order to provide a balance between local economic development and the ecological environment. This article analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of 26,842 ancient trees and explores the underlying natural and human factors by using geoinformatics–based techniques (i.e., the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation, and the geographically weighted regression model) in Henan Province, Central China. The research findings conclude that: (1) The interregional ancient trees show positive spatial autocorrelation, and the aggregation effect in Western Henan is the most significant. (2) The growing environment and elevation exert a more obvious influence on the spatial pattern of interregional ancient trees. (3) The main influencing factors per region are different, for example, historical culture in Western Henan, water source and elevation in Southern Henan, and the growing environment in Eastern Henan, while ancient trees in Northern Henan have a weak relationship with each factor. This research facilitates political strategy making for sustainable development and the protection of interregional ancient trees.
{"title":"What Drives the Spatial Variation of Interregional Ancient Trees? A Geoinformatics–Based Approach in Henan, Central China","authors":"Heping Hou, Wanqian Ren, Zexin Wang, Jing He, Binghui Liu, Ying Jing","doi":"10.3390/f15061010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061010","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, interregional ancient trees are important natural and cultural resources, and it is vital that they are effectively protected and utilized according to their spatial distribution and regional conditions in order to provide a balance between local economic development and the ecological environment. This article analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of 26,842 ancient trees and explores the underlying natural and human factors by using geoinformatics–based techniques (i.e., the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation, and the geographically weighted regression model) in Henan Province, Central China. The research findings conclude that: (1) The interregional ancient trees show positive spatial autocorrelation, and the aggregation effect in Western Henan is the most significant. (2) The growing environment and elevation exert a more obvious influence on the spatial pattern of interregional ancient trees. (3) The main influencing factors per region are different, for example, historical culture in Western Henan, water source and elevation in Southern Henan, and the growing environment in Eastern Henan, while ancient trees in Northern Henan have a weak relationship with each factor. This research facilitates political strategy making for sustainable development and the protection of interregional ancient trees.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141368225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work presents the results of the homogenization of the color of sapwood and false heartwood Fagus sylvatica L. into a uniform color shade due to the influence of the temperature of saturated moist air and saturated water steam in individual steaming modes. The results of analyses of the influence of temperature within 24 h point out the different changes in the color of the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood when the uniform color of the beech wood is achieved by the steaming process. By steaming beech wood with a false heartwood saturated with moist air at a temperature of tI = 95 °C during τ = 24 h, the color of the sapwood does not merge with the color of the wood of the false heartwood. The sapwood darkens and, on the other hand, the wood of the false heartwood slightly lightens, while the significant color contrast is removed, but the color homogenization in the individual zones does not occur. The unification of the colors in individual zones occurs during the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tII ≈ 105 °C in 18 h, where the resulting brown color is identified in the color space CIE L*a*b* by the values of the lightness L* = 61.3 ± 2.2 and of the red color a* = 12.4 ± 1.3 and yellow color b* = 19.5 ± 1.4. The most pronounced homogenization of the color occurs through the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tIII ≈ 120 °C, where the wood acquires a uniform dark brown–gray color in a time of τ ≈ 9 h steaming. The coordinates of the color-homogenized steamed beech wood are L* = 55.9 ± 1.9, a* = 12.3 ± 1.2, and b* = 19.6 ± 1.3. The unification of the colors by the steaming process is achieved by darkening both the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood. In the overall color homogenization, the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood do not participate equally in the steaming process. While the total color difference between the sapwood and a color homogenized state is quantified by the value ∆EtI* = 8, ∆EtIII* = 22.7, the total color difference in the wood with a false heartwood is only ∆EtI* = 1.9, ∆EtIII* = 11.8.
{"title":"Homogenization of the Color of Beech Sapwood and False Heartwood by the Steaming Process","authors":"L. Dzurenda, Michal Dudiak","doi":"10.3390/f15061009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061009","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the results of the homogenization of the color of sapwood and false heartwood Fagus sylvatica L. into a uniform color shade due to the influence of the temperature of saturated moist air and saturated water steam in individual steaming modes. The results of analyses of the influence of temperature within 24 h point out the different changes in the color of the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood when the uniform color of the beech wood is achieved by the steaming process. By steaming beech wood with a false heartwood saturated with moist air at a temperature of tI = 95 °C during τ = 24 h, the color of the sapwood does not merge with the color of the wood of the false heartwood. The sapwood darkens and, on the other hand, the wood of the false heartwood slightly lightens, while the significant color contrast is removed, but the color homogenization in the individual zones does not occur. The unification of the colors in individual zones occurs during the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tII ≈ 105 °C in 18 h, where the resulting brown color is identified in the color space CIE L*a*b* by the values of the lightness L* = 61.3 ± 2.2 and of the red color a* = 12.4 ± 1.3 and yellow color b* = 19.5 ± 1.4. The most pronounced homogenization of the color occurs through the steaming process at a temperature of saturated water steam tIII ≈ 120 °C, where the wood acquires a uniform dark brown–gray color in a time of τ ≈ 9 h steaming. The coordinates of the color-homogenized steamed beech wood are L* = 55.9 ± 1.9, a* = 12.3 ± 1.2, and b* = 19.6 ± 1.3. The unification of the colors by the steaming process is achieved by darkening both the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood. In the overall color homogenization, the sapwood and the wood of the false heartwood do not participate equally in the steaming process. While the total color difference between the sapwood and a color homogenized state is quantified by the value ∆EtI* = 8, ∆EtIII* = 22.7, the total color difference in the wood with a false heartwood is only ∆EtI* = 1.9, ∆EtIII* = 11.8.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141368202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana C. Bolaños-Rojas, J. M. Londoño-Caicedo, Andrés J. Cortés, Viviana Motato-Vásquez
Phellinotus (Polyporales) is a common genus of wood-decay fungi in tropical and subtropical areas, endemic to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) biome. However, Phellinotus diversity remains unexplored, despite being a major threat to living trees. Therefore, this study is aimed at confirming and characterizing through morphological and molecular data the first isolates of Phellinotus teixeirae in Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae) trees (locally referred to as ‘Chiminango’) from the endangered Colombian SDTF biome. Fifteen fungal specimens were recovered from living P. dulce trees, in the urban area and at the Universidad del Valle campus, and classified as P. teixeirae based on taxonomical descriptors. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from a four-loci dataset (ribosomal and gene-coding regions), including 82 taxa covering 3991 nucleotide positions. The analysis recovered seven highly supported (>90% bootstrapping) monophyletic taxa of the ‘Phellinotus Clade’, and confirmed the new distribution range of P. teixeirae (100% bootstrap support), which extends approx. 1000 km north in the Neotropics. Hierarchical stratified Analysis of MOlecular VAriance (AMOVA) provided a clear genetic distinction between species (70% of variation, p-value = 0.001) and low differentiation among country of origin within species (11%, p-value = 0.044). Discriminant Analysis for Principal Components (DAPC) indicated complex clustering including closely related species, probably a signal of recent radiation and weak species boundaries. Median-joining haplotype network analysis identified unique haplotypes, which may correlate with new host colonization and population expansion (Tajima’s D ≤ −0.5). In conclusion, this study provides the first assessment of the genetic diversity of P. teixeirae in a novel geography (SDTP) and host tree (P. dulce). However, increasing the number of isolates remains critical to understand further the genus’ distribution patterns and drivers of genetic diversity.
黄柏属（多孔菌科）是热带和亚热带地区常见的一种木材腐朽真菌，是季节性干旱热带森林（SDTF）生物群落的特有种。然而，尽管黄柏是活树木的主要威胁，但其多样性仍未得到探索。因此，本研究旨在通过形态学和分子数据确认和描述来自濒危的哥伦比亚 SDTF 生物群落的 Pithecellobium dulce（豆科）树木（当地称为 "Chiminango"）中的第一批茶黄柏真菌分离物。从城市地区和山谷大学校园中活的 P. dulce 树上采集了 15 个真菌标本，并根据分类描述将其归类为 P. teixeirae。系统发育关系由四个基因组数据集（核糖体和基因编码区）推断，其中包括 82 个分类群，涵盖 3991 个核苷酸位点。该分析发现了 "Phellinotus 支系 "中七个高度支持（>90% bootstrapping）的单系类群，并确认了 P. teixeirae 的新分布范围（100% bootstrapping 支持），即在新热带地区向北延伸约 1000 公里。分层分子变异分析（AMOVA）提供了物种之间的明显遗传差异（70%的变异，p 值 = 0.001）和物种内部原产国之间的低差异（11%，p 值 = 0.044）。主成分判别分析（DAPC）显示了包括近缘物种在内的复杂聚类，这可能是近期辐射和物种边界薄弱的信号。中位连接单倍型网络分析发现了独特的单倍型，这可能与新宿主定殖和种群扩张有关（Tajima's D ≤ -0.5）。总之，本研究首次评估了 P. teixeirae 在新的地理环境（SDTP）和寄主树（P. dulce）中的遗传多样性。然而，要进一步了解该属的分布模式和遗传多样性的驱动因素，增加分离株的数量仍然至关重要。
{"title":"Phylogenetic Diversity, Host Specificity, and Distribution of the Wood-Decaying Fungus Phellinotus teixeirae in Western Colombia’s Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest","authors":"Ana C. Bolaños-Rojas, J. M. Londoño-Caicedo, Andrés J. Cortés, Viviana Motato-Vásquez","doi":"10.3390/f15061008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061008","url":null,"abstract":"Phellinotus (Polyporales) is a common genus of wood-decay fungi in tropical and subtropical areas, endemic to the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF) biome. However, Phellinotus diversity remains unexplored, despite being a major threat to living trees. Therefore, this study is aimed at confirming and characterizing through morphological and molecular data the first isolates of Phellinotus teixeirae in Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae) trees (locally referred to as ‘Chiminango’) from the endangered Colombian SDTF biome. Fifteen fungal specimens were recovered from living P. dulce trees, in the urban area and at the Universidad del Valle campus, and classified as P. teixeirae based on taxonomical descriptors. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from a four-loci dataset (ribosomal and gene-coding regions), including 82 taxa covering 3991 nucleotide positions. The analysis recovered seven highly supported (>90% bootstrapping) monophyletic taxa of the ‘Phellinotus Clade’, and confirmed the new distribution range of P. teixeirae (100% bootstrap support), which extends approx. 1000 km north in the Neotropics. Hierarchical stratified Analysis of MOlecular VAriance (AMOVA) provided a clear genetic distinction between species (70% of variation, p-value = 0.001) and low differentiation among country of origin within species (11%, p-value = 0.044). Discriminant Analysis for Principal Components (DAPC) indicated complex clustering including closely related species, probably a signal of recent radiation and weak species boundaries. Median-joining haplotype network analysis identified unique haplotypes, which may correlate with new host colonization and population expansion (Tajima’s D ≤ −0.5). In conclusion, this study provides the first assessment of the genetic diversity of P. teixeirae in a novel geography (SDTP) and host tree (P. dulce). However, increasing the number of isolates remains critical to understand further the genus’ distribution patterns and drivers of genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141368505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf functional traits reflect species’ adaptive strategies and habitat requirements. Examining intra-specific variations and their underlying drivers can aid in comprehending species differentiation and adaptation. Here, we investigated the leaf functional traits of Buddleja macrostachya tetraploids and octaploids across 18 sites in the Sino-Himalayan region. The habitat environmental variables were also recorded. In this study, leaf functional traits showed a considerable differentiation in both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the octaploid cytotypes displayed higher specific leaf area, leaf total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, water-use efficiency, and light-use efficiency in contrast to the tetraploid plants. These functional leaf traits exhibited different plasticity levels in both taxa. A positive link was found between habitat altitude and soil total P concentration and the geographic distribution of the B. macrostachya complex, using RDA and Pearson’s correlation. Our findings suggest that both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya exhibited divergent ecological strategies, conservative and acquisitive strategies, respectively. The ecological adaptability of species within the B. macrostachya complex is enhanced by the combination of divergent ecological strategies and high phenotypic plasticity of distinct key ecological traits. Furthermore, abiotic environmental factors influenced the allopatric geographic distribution pattern of the B. macrostachya complex in the Sino-Himalayan region.
{"title":"Differentiation in Leaf Functional Traits and Driving Factors of the Allopatric Distribution of Tetraploid and Octaploid Buddleja macrostachya in the Sino-Himalayan Region","authors":"Weichang Gong, He Li, Hongbo Fu, Chuanming Wang","doi":"10.3390/f15061007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061007","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf functional traits reflect species’ adaptive strategies and habitat requirements. Examining intra-specific variations and their underlying drivers can aid in comprehending species differentiation and adaptation. Here, we investigated the leaf functional traits of Buddleja macrostachya tetraploids and octaploids across 18 sites in the Sino-Himalayan region. The habitat environmental variables were also recorded. In this study, leaf functional traits showed a considerable differentiation in both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the octaploid cytotypes displayed higher specific leaf area, leaf total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, water-use efficiency, and light-use efficiency in contrast to the tetraploid plants. These functional leaf traits exhibited different plasticity levels in both taxa. A positive link was found between habitat altitude and soil total P concentration and the geographic distribution of the B. macrostachya complex, using RDA and Pearson’s correlation. Our findings suggest that both tetraploid and octaploid B. macrostachya exhibited divergent ecological strategies, conservative and acquisitive strategies, respectively. The ecological adaptability of species within the B. macrostachya complex is enhanced by the combination of divergent ecological strategies and high phenotypic plasticity of distinct key ecological traits. Furthermore, abiotic environmental factors influenced the allopatric geographic distribution pattern of the B. macrostachya complex in the Sino-Himalayan region.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Pablo Crespo-Antia, Ester González de Andrés, A. Gazol, J. J. Camarero, J. Linares
Worldwide studies have related recent forest decline and mortality events to warmer temperatures and droughts, as well as pointing out a greater vulnerability to climate changes in larger trees. Previous research performed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) suggest an increasing decline and mortality, mainly related to rising water shortages. Here, we investigate these die-off events in two silver fir populations at the rear edge of the species in the western Pyrenees. We used dendrochronology to investigate tree age, size (diameter) and individual climate sensitivity (climate–growth relationships) as predisposing factors related to growth patterns and drought resilience indexes in canopy-level declining and non-declining trees. The regional climate was also investigated, including temperature trends, quantile regression in precipitation and frequency of extreme events in drought indexes (SPEI). The regional climate was characterized by an increase in mean temperatures and a higher frequency of extreme drought events in recent decades, without a decrease in total precipitation. Larger trees were more sensitive to temperature and prone to decline. Declining trees presented decreasing growth trends years ago, providing a robust predisposing trait. Both populations were not different in mean growth, despite the contrasting local climate and management legacies, although we identified a higher resilience to drought in the eastmost stand. A significant regression was found between growth trends and climate sensitivity, supporting that declining trees are more sensitive to warmer temperatures and drought. Hence, the results support a contrasting climate sensitivity related to tree size (but not to tree age), suggesting impending decline and mortality in large trees with higher temperature sensitivity (negative temperature–growth correlations). Nonetheless, contributing factors, such as the legacy of previous logging, should also be accounted for.
世界范围内的研究表明，最近的森林衰退和死亡事件与气温升高和干旱有关，并指出大树更容易受到气候变化的影响。以前对银冷杉（Abies alba Mill.）进行的研究表明，银冷杉的衰退和死亡越来越严重，这主要与日益严重的水资源短缺有关。在此，我们对比利牛斯山脉西部银冷杉物种后缘的两个银冷杉种群的死亡事件进行了调查。我们利用树木年代学研究了树龄、大小（直径）和个体气候敏感性（气候-生长关系），这些因素与树冠层衰退和未衰退树木的生长模式和抗旱指数有关。此外，还对区域气候进行了调查，包括气温趋势、降水量的量化回归和干旱指数（SPEI）中极端事件的频率。近几十年来，该地区气候的特点是平均气温升高，极端干旱事件发生频率增加，但总降水量并未减少。大树对温度更加敏感，容易衰退。衰退的树木在几年前就呈现出生长速度下降的趋势，这提供了一个强有力的易感特征。尽管当地气候和管理传统截然不同，但两个种群的平均生长量并无差异，不过我们发现最东边的林分对干旱的适应能力更强。生长趋势与气候敏感性之间存在明显的回归关系，表明衰退的树木对温度升高和干旱更为敏感。因此，研究结果支持与树木大小（而非树龄）相关的气候敏感性对比，表明对温度敏感性较高的大树即将衰退和死亡（温度-生长负相关）。不过，也应考虑到以往伐木的遗留影响等因素。
{"title":"Tree-Level Climate Sensitivity Reveals Size Effects and Impending Growth Decline in Silver Fir Affected by Dieback","authors":"Juan Pablo Crespo-Antia, Ester González de Andrés, A. Gazol, J. J. Camarero, J. Linares","doi":"10.3390/f15060999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060999","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide studies have related recent forest decline and mortality events to warmer temperatures and droughts, as well as pointing out a greater vulnerability to climate changes in larger trees. Previous research performed on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) suggest an increasing decline and mortality, mainly related to rising water shortages. Here, we investigate these die-off events in two silver fir populations at the rear edge of the species in the western Pyrenees. We used dendrochronology to investigate tree age, size (diameter) and individual climate sensitivity (climate–growth relationships) as predisposing factors related to growth patterns and drought resilience indexes in canopy-level declining and non-declining trees. The regional climate was also investigated, including temperature trends, quantile regression in precipitation and frequency of extreme events in drought indexes (SPEI). The regional climate was characterized by an increase in mean temperatures and a higher frequency of extreme drought events in recent decades, without a decrease in total precipitation. Larger trees were more sensitive to temperature and prone to decline. Declining trees presented decreasing growth trends years ago, providing a robust predisposing trait. Both populations were not different in mean growth, despite the contrasting local climate and management legacies, although we identified a higher resilience to drought in the eastmost stand. A significant regression was found between growth trends and climate sensitivity, supporting that declining trees are more sensitive to warmer temperatures and drought. Hence, the results support a contrasting climate sensitivity related to tree size (but not to tree age), suggesting impending decline and mortality in large trees with higher temperature sensitivity (negative temperature–growth correlations). Nonetheless, contributing factors, such as the legacy of previous logging, should also be accounted for.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141374420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Amaya, Violeta Vega, Doris Esenarro, Oscar Cuya, Vanessa Raymundo
The present research aimed to measure the degree of connectivity and create a map of the ecological connectivity that highlights the real or potential presence of green, ecological, or ecotourism circuits integrating the green infrastructure of San Juan de Lurigancho and the Mangomarca hills using graph theory applications implemented in the Graphab 2.8 software. Mangomarca and Huiracocha Park were selected for this study. In terms of the methodology, a simple approach based on landscape metrics, which are easy to interpret, was proposed to measure the connectivity of the mosaic of patches in the designated area. The IndiFrag software was used to obtain landscape metrics for the structural connectivity analysis. The Graphab software was employed for the functional connectivity analysis. Both tools proved effective in identifying vegetation gaps or the intensity of the greenery. Landsat 8 images from 8 July 2021 and 4 October 2021 were selected for this research due to the lower amount of cloud cover. Concerning the structural connectivity, the TMCl (patch size), NobCl (number of patches), and PerimCl (perimeter) metrics were effective in distinguishing the mosaic of urban landscape patches from the hill landscape. These indices confirm that the urban landscape patches have a higher number of fragments but are smaller in size compared to the hill landscape. Regarding the functional connectivity, it is evident that the patches are connected at lower-cost distances, averaging 7 cost units (210 m) during the wet season and 23 cost units (410 m) during the less humid season. However, these distances are too extensive and do not form ecological corridors. A survey of the population’s perception of the maximum separation distances between patches of vegetation cover that could still be considered a green corridor was included. The results indicate that a third of the sample (36%) prefer to walk down a hallway with a maximum separation distance of 10 m, while almost two-thirds (68%) would prefer a maximum separation distance of 50 m. Therefore, city planning should consider actions to reduce these distances and enable ecological connectivity in the area. It is recommended to continue researching the functional connectivity and determining the green corridors in the city to establish monitoring guidelines for the ecological connectivity of the city.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Functional Connectivity between the Mangomarca Fog Oasis and the Adjacent Urban Area Using Landscape Graphs","authors":"P. Amaya, Violeta Vega, Doris Esenarro, Oscar Cuya, Vanessa Raymundo","doi":"10.3390/f15061003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15061003","url":null,"abstract":"The present research aimed to measure the degree of connectivity and create a map of the ecological connectivity that highlights the real or potential presence of green, ecological, or ecotourism circuits integrating the green infrastructure of San Juan de Lurigancho and the Mangomarca hills using graph theory applications implemented in the Graphab 2.8 software. Mangomarca and Huiracocha Park were selected for this study. In terms of the methodology, a simple approach based on landscape metrics, which are easy to interpret, was proposed to measure the connectivity of the mosaic of patches in the designated area. The IndiFrag software was used to obtain landscape metrics for the structural connectivity analysis. The Graphab software was employed for the functional connectivity analysis. Both tools proved effective in identifying vegetation gaps or the intensity of the greenery. Landsat 8 images from 8 July 2021 and 4 October 2021 were selected for this research due to the lower amount of cloud cover. Concerning the structural connectivity, the TMCl (patch size), NobCl (number of patches), and PerimCl (perimeter) metrics were effective in distinguishing the mosaic of urban landscape patches from the hill landscape. These indices confirm that the urban landscape patches have a higher number of fragments but are smaller in size compared to the hill landscape. Regarding the functional connectivity, it is evident that the patches are connected at lower-cost distances, averaging 7 cost units (210 m) during the wet season and 23 cost units (410 m) during the less humid season. However, these distances are too extensive and do not form ecological corridors. A survey of the population’s perception of the maximum separation distances between patches of vegetation cover that could still be considered a green corridor was included. The results indicate that a third of the sample (36%) prefer to walk down a hallway with a maximum separation distance of 10 m, while almost two-thirds (68%) would prefer a maximum separation distance of 50 m. Therefore, city planning should consider actions to reduce these distances and enable ecological connectivity in the area. It is recommended to continue researching the functional connectivity and determining the green corridors in the city to establish monitoring guidelines for the ecological connectivity of the city.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141374849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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