Dongwei Zhu, Xianglong Liu, Yili Zheng, Liheng Xu, Qingqing Huang
For extracting tree structural data from LiDAR point clouds, individual tree segmentation is of great significance. Most individual tree segmentation algorithms miss segmentation and misrecognition, requiring manual post-processing. This study utilized a hierarchical approach known as segmentation based on hierarchical strategy (SHS) to improve individual tree segmentation. The tree point cloud was divided into the trunk layer and the canopy layer to carry out trunk detection and canopy segmentation, respectively. The effectiveness of SHS was evaluated on three mixed broadleaf forest plots. The segmentation efficacy of SHS was evaluated on three mixed broadleaf forest plots and compared with the point cloud segmentation algorithm (PCS) and the comparative shortest-path algorithm (CSP). In the three plots, SHS correctly identified all the trunk portion, had a recall (r) of 1, 0.98, and 1, a precision (p) of 1, and an overall segmentation rate (F) of 1, 0.99, and 1. CSP and PCS are less accurate than SHS. In terms of overall plots, SHS had 10%–15% higher F-scores than PCS and CSP. SHS extracted crown diameters with R2s of 0.91, 0.93, and 0.89 and RMSEs of 0.24 m, 0.23 m, and 0.30 m, outperforming CSP and PCS. Afterwards, we evaluate the three algorithms’ findings, examine the SHS algorithm’s parameters and constraints, and discuss the future directions of this research. This work offers an enhanced SHS that improves upon earlier research, addressing missed segmentation and misrecognition issues. It improves segmentation accuracy, individual tree segmentation, and provides both theoretical and data support for the LiDAR application in forest detection.
{"title":"Improved Tree Segmentation Algorithm Based on Backpack-LiDAR Point Cloud","authors":"Dongwei Zhu, Xianglong Liu, Yili Zheng, Liheng Xu, Qingqing Huang","doi":"10.3390/f15010136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010136","url":null,"abstract":"For extracting tree structural data from LiDAR point clouds, individual tree segmentation is of great significance. Most individual tree segmentation algorithms miss segmentation and misrecognition, requiring manual post-processing. This study utilized a hierarchical approach known as segmentation based on hierarchical strategy (SHS) to improve individual tree segmentation. The tree point cloud was divided into the trunk layer and the canopy layer to carry out trunk detection and canopy segmentation, respectively. The effectiveness of SHS was evaluated on three mixed broadleaf forest plots. The segmentation efficacy of SHS was evaluated on three mixed broadleaf forest plots and compared with the point cloud segmentation algorithm (PCS) and the comparative shortest-path algorithm (CSP). In the three plots, SHS correctly identified all the trunk portion, had a recall (r) of 1, 0.98, and 1, a precision (p) of 1, and an overall segmentation rate (F) of 1, 0.99, and 1. CSP and PCS are less accurate than SHS. In terms of overall plots, SHS had 10%–15% higher F-scores than PCS and CSP. SHS extracted crown diameters with R2s of 0.91, 0.93, and 0.89 and RMSEs of 0.24 m, 0.23 m, and 0.30 m, outperforming CSP and PCS. Afterwards, we evaluate the three algorithms’ findings, examine the SHS algorithm’s parameters and constraints, and discuss the future directions of this research. This work offers an enhanced SHS that improves upon earlier research, addressing missed segmentation and misrecognition issues. It improves segmentation accuracy, individual tree segmentation, and provides both theoretical and data support for the LiDAR application in forest detection.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"107 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Specialized metabolites correspond to millions of natural molecules from different chemical families depending on plant taxa that play a key role in ecological interactions during their life cycle. Due to their chemical properties, plants’ specialized metabolites have been exploited for a long time for various industrial applications. However, the limitations in natural population resources as well as the difficulties of their cultivation in terms of production quality or product safety have not always been satisfactory, notably for perennials such as forest trees. Reliable and eco-adapted practices for the production of specialized metabolites such as in vitro cultures provide a useful and powerful alternative to agronomic cultures. Modern omics have allowed the identification of metabolite pathways but have also raised the question of their complex regulation to improve their production. Among the major regulatory players, epigenetics have been shown in recent years to be involved in plant development and the response to environmental variations. Here, the state of the art concerning the epigenetic control of plant specialized metabolite in vitro production as well as the challenges in forest trees are presented.
{"title":"Epigenetics as a Regulator of Tree Specialized Metabolites In Vitro Production","authors":"Stéphane Maury","doi":"10.3390/f15010141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010141","url":null,"abstract":"Specialized metabolites correspond to millions of natural molecules from different chemical families depending on plant taxa that play a key role in ecological interactions during their life cycle. Due to their chemical properties, plants’ specialized metabolites have been exploited for a long time for various industrial applications. However, the limitations in natural population resources as well as the difficulties of their cultivation in terms of production quality or product safety have not always been satisfactory, notably for perennials such as forest trees. Reliable and eco-adapted practices for the production of specialized metabolites such as in vitro cultures provide a useful and powerful alternative to agronomic cultures. Modern omics have allowed the identification of metabolite pathways but have also raised the question of their complex regulation to improve their production. Among the major regulatory players, epigenetics have been shown in recent years to be involved in plant development and the response to environmental variations. Here, the state of the art concerning the epigenetic control of plant specialized metabolite in vitro production as well as the challenges in forest trees are presented.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"93 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruihong Wang, Ronggui Hu, Yu-peng Wu, Muhammad Shaaban, Tao Zhang, Gang Pan, Jie Lu, Yanbin Jiang
The comprehensive impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the natural regeneration of Abies georgei var. smithii (Abies) forests in Tibet are not thoroughly understood. To address this gap, our study focused on the regeneration densities of Abies seedlings, saplings, and small trees across 21 plots (each 20 m × 20 m) along an elevation gradient from 3730 m to 4330 m in the Sygera Mountains of Southeastern Tibet. We meticulously measured a suite of 11 variables that describe stand structures and ecological conditions. Through analyses using Spearman’s correlation analysis, hierarchical partitioning, and multiple linear regression, we identified key ecological drivers for successful Abies regeneration. Our results highlighted a peak in the abundance of seedlings, saplings, and small trees at an elevation of 3930 m. As the elevation rose from 3730 m to 4330 m, we observed an initial increase followed by a decrease in canopy cover (canopy), mother tree density (MotherT), 1000-seed weight (SeedW), litter thickness (LitterT), moss cover (MossC), moss thickness (MossT), soil moisture (SM), and soil bulk density, while mean annual temperature and soil depth to permafrost consistently decreased. The critical ecological drivers for Abies natural regeneration were identified as follows: MossT was pivotal for seedling density; canopy and MossC were influential for sapling density, and MotherT was the main factor affecting the density of small trees. This study suggests that a high density of mother trees and a thick and highly covered layer of moss are conducive to the natural regeneration of Abies in the Sygera Mountains. Understanding the current status of regeneration is vital for informing conservation and management strategies for Abies forests in Tibet.
{"title":"Elevation-Dependent Natural Regeneration of Abies georgei var. smithii Forest in Southeastern Tibet","authors":"Ruihong Wang, Ronggui Hu, Yu-peng Wu, Muhammad Shaaban, Tao Zhang, Gang Pan, Jie Lu, Yanbin Jiang","doi":"10.3390/f15010142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010142","url":null,"abstract":"The comprehensive impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the natural regeneration of Abies georgei var. smithii (Abies) forests in Tibet are not thoroughly understood. To address this gap, our study focused on the regeneration densities of Abies seedlings, saplings, and small trees across 21 plots (each 20 m × 20 m) along an elevation gradient from 3730 m to 4330 m in the Sygera Mountains of Southeastern Tibet. We meticulously measured a suite of 11 variables that describe stand structures and ecological conditions. Through analyses using Spearman’s correlation analysis, hierarchical partitioning, and multiple linear regression, we identified key ecological drivers for successful Abies regeneration. Our results highlighted a peak in the abundance of seedlings, saplings, and small trees at an elevation of 3930 m. As the elevation rose from 3730 m to 4330 m, we observed an initial increase followed by a decrease in canopy cover (canopy), mother tree density (MotherT), 1000-seed weight (SeedW), litter thickness (LitterT), moss cover (MossC), moss thickness (MossT), soil moisture (SM), and soil bulk density, while mean annual temperature and soil depth to permafrost consistently decreased. The critical ecological drivers for Abies natural regeneration were identified as follows: MossT was pivotal for seedling density; canopy and MossC were influential for sapling density, and MotherT was the main factor affecting the density of small trees. This study suggests that a high density of mother trees and a thick and highly covered layer of moss are conducive to the natural regeneration of Abies in the Sygera Mountains. Understanding the current status of regeneration is vital for informing conservation and management strategies for Abies forests in Tibet.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"36 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rómulo E Santelices-Moya, Á. Promis, Miguel Peralta-Aguilera, Antonio M. Cabrera-Ariza
This study focuses on the natural regeneration of Nothofagus glauca, a critical component of temperate forests in the Mediterranean region of the Southern Hemisphere in Chile. Various harvesting and canopy opening methods were evaluated to understand their impact on the regeneration of this species. A “mast seeding” behavior was observed in seed production, with alternating years of high and low production. Seed viability was affected by lepidopteran infestation and extreme weather events. The results indicate variable seed quantity and quality, influencing regeneration. First-year seedling mortality was significant, reaching up to 95%, and regeneration decreased annually. Additionally, changes in canopy opening and solar radiation transmission were analyzed, revealing significant post-harvest modifications. This study provides valuable insights for the sustainable management of Mediterranean forests, emphasizing the importance of considering seed production variability and regeneration dynamics in decision-making processes.
{"title":"Effect of Silvicultural Treatments on Nothofagus glauca Forests Regarding Canopy Structure Patterns, Solar Radiation Transmission, and Tree Regeneration","authors":"Rómulo E Santelices-Moya, Á. Promis, Miguel Peralta-Aguilera, Antonio M. Cabrera-Ariza","doi":"10.3390/f15010134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010134","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the natural regeneration of Nothofagus glauca, a critical component of temperate forests in the Mediterranean region of the Southern Hemisphere in Chile. Various harvesting and canopy opening methods were evaluated to understand their impact on the regeneration of this species. A “mast seeding” behavior was observed in seed production, with alternating years of high and low production. Seed viability was affected by lepidopteran infestation and extreme weather events. The results indicate variable seed quantity and quality, influencing regeneration. First-year seedling mortality was significant, reaching up to 95%, and regeneration decreased annually. Additionally, changes in canopy opening and solar radiation transmission were analyzed, revealing significant post-harvest modifications. This study provides valuable insights for the sustainable management of Mediterranean forests, emphasizing the importance of considering seed production variability and regeneration dynamics in decision-making processes.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"31 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban green spaces provide very important environmental and social services. Their dynamic changes are driven by a combination of natural and socioeconomic factors. However, the coupling mechanism of these factors has not been systematically studied. In this study, we examined dynamic characteristics of green space in Guangzhou from different zoning perspectives and explored the regional heterogeneity of the individual and interactive effects of driving factors using the geographic detector. The results showed that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the annual change rate of green space area in the central area was more apparent than that in the suburban areas. The fragmentation of green space in the near suburbs had increased. (2) Changes in green space were influenced by the combination of topography, climate, and socioeconomic development. From 2010 to 2020, the expansion of built-up land and GDP growth gradually had a substantial effect on the change in green space in the central area and the near suburbs. (3) The q-values of the interaction detections of the geodetector showed that the explanatory power of most factor interactions exceeded that of individual factors. Green space in the central area was primarily influenced by the interaction of economic and built-up land expansion. In contrast, green space in the near suburbs was mainly influenced by the interaction of urban expansion and topography and climate. Green space in the far suburbs was mainly affected by climate factors and human activity intensity. The results and methods of this study can provide decision support for the zoning planning of urban green space system in other cities or regions.
{"title":"Evolutionary Characteristics and Driving Forces of Green Space in Guangzhou from a Zoning Perspective","authors":"Huimin Wang, Canrui Lin, Sihua Ou, Qianying Feng, Kui Guo, Jiazhou Xie, Xiaojian Wei","doi":"10.3390/f15010135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010135","url":null,"abstract":"Urban green spaces provide very important environmental and social services. Their dynamic changes are driven by a combination of natural and socioeconomic factors. However, the coupling mechanism of these factors has not been systematically studied. In this study, we examined dynamic characteristics of green space in Guangzhou from different zoning perspectives and explored the regional heterogeneity of the individual and interactive effects of driving factors using the geographic detector. The results showed that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the annual change rate of green space area in the central area was more apparent than that in the suburban areas. The fragmentation of green space in the near suburbs had increased. (2) Changes in green space were influenced by the combination of topography, climate, and socioeconomic development. From 2010 to 2020, the expansion of built-up land and GDP growth gradually had a substantial effect on the change in green space in the central area and the near suburbs. (3) The q-values of the interaction detections of the geodetector showed that the explanatory power of most factor interactions exceeded that of individual factors. Green space in the central area was primarily influenced by the interaction of economic and built-up land expansion. In contrast, green space in the near suburbs was mainly influenced by the interaction of urban expansion and topography and climate. Green space in the far suburbs was mainly affected by climate factors and human activity intensity. The results and methods of this study can provide decision support for the zoning planning of urban green space system in other cities or regions.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"100 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Sosins, J. Grinins, Prans Brazdausks, Janis Zicans
Silver birch (Betula pendula) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood boards (1000 × 100 × 25 mm) were thermally modified in a 340 L pilot-scale device in nitrogen with a special focus on increasing dimensional stability and reducing hydrophilicity. The research expands our understanding of the TM process in a closed system under pressure of nitrogen and its impact on the water absorption capabilities of wood. Several thermal modification (TM) parameters were tested, including temperature (160–180 °C), maximum temperature duration (30–180 min), and TM chamber initial pressure (3–6 bar). TM wood dimensional changes, mass loss (ML), equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) were determined to characterize the TM process intensity and evaluate the hydrophilicity. Birch wood exhibited a higher ML (5.9–12%) than pine wood (2.6–9%) after TM. TM caused a shrinkage in the tangential, radial, and total volume of both wood species. The TM birch wood ASE values varied from 22 to 69%, while the pine wood ASE was 27 to 58%. The cell wall total water capacity (CWTWC) of TM wood was greatly reduced. The EMC and volumetric swelling (VS) of TM birch and pine wood were 29 to 67% lower, respectively, at all relative humidities (65, 75, and 95%).
{"title":"Water-Related Properties of Wood after Thermal Modification in Closed Process under Pressure in Nitrogen","authors":"G. Sosins, J. Grinins, Prans Brazdausks, Janis Zicans","doi":"10.3390/f15010140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010140","url":null,"abstract":"Silver birch (Betula pendula) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood boards (1000 × 100 × 25 mm) were thermally modified in a 340 L pilot-scale device in nitrogen with a special focus on increasing dimensional stability and reducing hydrophilicity. The research expands our understanding of the TM process in a closed system under pressure of nitrogen and its impact on the water absorption capabilities of wood. Several thermal modification (TM) parameters were tested, including temperature (160–180 °C), maximum temperature duration (30–180 min), and TM chamber initial pressure (3–6 bar). TM wood dimensional changes, mass loss (ML), equilibrium moisture content (EMC), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) were determined to characterize the TM process intensity and evaluate the hydrophilicity. Birch wood exhibited a higher ML (5.9–12%) than pine wood (2.6–9%) after TM. TM caused a shrinkage in the tangential, radial, and total volume of both wood species. The TM birch wood ASE values varied from 22 to 69%, while the pine wood ASE was 27 to 58%. The cell wall total water capacity (CWTWC) of TM wood was greatly reduced. The EMC and volumetric swelling (VS) of TM birch and pine wood were 29 to 67% lower, respectively, at all relative humidities (65, 75, and 95%).","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. C. Leonello, Mauricio Acuna, Mark Brown, Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini, A. Ballarin, S. P. S. Guerra, Humberto de Jesus Eufrade-Junior
Using wood for power generation necessitates a more efficient production chain in the various steps: harvesting, forwarding, storage, chipping, transport, and conversion systems. In this context, the moisture content (MC) of wood can impact the harvesting operation, the volume to be chipped, the transportation of raw materials, the storage time, and other factors, thereby influencing the economic aspects of the chain. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of wood moisture content on the yield and costs of different forest operation chains for power generation in São Paulo State, Brazil. Our findings reveal that harvesting and forest transport are the primary cost components (over 80%) in the supply chains under study. We observed a difference of up to 17.6% in the unit cost of the energy generated among the studied supply chains. In economic and sustainable terms, our results suggest that logs should be stored in the field for three to four months and the transport distance to the power plant should not exceed 100 km.
{"title":"The Impact of Wood Moisture Content on the Productivity and Costs of Forest Energy Supply Chains in Southeast Brazil","authors":"E. C. Leonello, Mauricio Acuna, Mark Brown, Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini, A. Ballarin, S. P. S. Guerra, Humberto de Jesus Eufrade-Junior","doi":"10.3390/f15010139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010139","url":null,"abstract":"Using wood for power generation necessitates a more efficient production chain in the various steps: harvesting, forwarding, storage, chipping, transport, and conversion systems. In this context, the moisture content (MC) of wood can impact the harvesting operation, the volume to be chipped, the transportation of raw materials, the storage time, and other factors, thereby influencing the economic aspects of the chain. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of wood moisture content on the yield and costs of different forest operation chains for power generation in São Paulo State, Brazil. Our findings reveal that harvesting and forest transport are the primary cost components (over 80%) in the supply chains under study. We observed a difference of up to 17.6% in the unit cost of the energy generated among the studied supply chains. In economic and sustainable terms, our results suggest that logs should be stored in the field for three to four months and the transport distance to the power plant should not exceed 100 km.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"22 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Yue, Chengrui Yu, Andlia Abdoussalami, Xiaoling Li, Kun Lv, Guiyun Huang, Meixiang Hu, Zhengjian Yang
Disentangling the underlying processes of plant adaptations to multiple abiotic stressors is crucial regarding promissory species for the restoration of riparian ecosystems prone to suffering extreme flood and drought events in the context of global climate change and human activities. Distylium chinense is a dominant evergreen shrub, distributed in the riparian areas of the Yangtze River in China. Here, one field study and five controlled experiments (Control, CK; single drought, D; single flooding, FF; from drought to recovery to full flooding, D-R-FF; from full flooding to recovery to drought, FF-R-D) were conducted. More hypertrophied lenticels, adventitious roots, and the increased stem-base hypertrophy of D. chinense were observed under the D-R-FF condition compared with FF and FF-R-D. Interestingly, the increase of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) coincidentally occurred with the increase of heme degradation by heme oxygenase (r = 0.608, p = 0.003). Pn of D. chinense in D-R-FF was about twice as much as that in FF-R-D. The enhanced photosynthetic performance was functionally coupled with the adequate water supply to promote the tolerance of D. chinense to alternate drought–flooding condition compared with no any flooding condition. The accumulation of soluble sugar was highest under D, followed by FF-R-D, FF and D-R-FF, which showed that soluble sugar accumulation over the drought period could trigger the recovery growth of flooded plants in later flooding. These data provided the first insights into the tolerance mechanisms by a suite of morphological alterations and physiological adaptations, especially in the enhanced photosynthetic performance of D. chinense under alternating drought and flooding stresses. So, D. chinense could be considered as a prominent shrub species in the restoration practices of wetlands, riparian areas, and other flood-prone forests.
{"title":"Growth, Morphological Alterations, and Enhanced Photosynthetic Performance Promote Tolerance of Distylium chinense to Alternate Drought–Flooding Stresses","authors":"Lei Yue, Chengrui Yu, Andlia Abdoussalami, Xiaoling Li, Kun Lv, Guiyun Huang, Meixiang Hu, Zhengjian Yang","doi":"10.3390/f15010125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010125","url":null,"abstract":"Disentangling the underlying processes of plant adaptations to multiple abiotic stressors is crucial regarding promissory species for the restoration of riparian ecosystems prone to suffering extreme flood and drought events in the context of global climate change and human activities. Distylium chinense is a dominant evergreen shrub, distributed in the riparian areas of the Yangtze River in China. Here, one field study and five controlled experiments (Control, CK; single drought, D; single flooding, FF; from drought to recovery to full flooding, D-R-FF; from full flooding to recovery to drought, FF-R-D) were conducted. More hypertrophied lenticels, adventitious roots, and the increased stem-base hypertrophy of D. chinense were observed under the D-R-FF condition compared with FF and FF-R-D. Interestingly, the increase of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) coincidentally occurred with the increase of heme degradation by heme oxygenase (r = 0.608, p = 0.003). Pn of D. chinense in D-R-FF was about twice as much as that in FF-R-D. The enhanced photosynthetic performance was functionally coupled with the adequate water supply to promote the tolerance of D. chinense to alternate drought–flooding condition compared with no any flooding condition. The accumulation of soluble sugar was highest under D, followed by FF-R-D, FF and D-R-FF, which showed that soluble sugar accumulation over the drought period could trigger the recovery growth of flooded plants in later flooding. These data provided the first insights into the tolerance mechanisms by a suite of morphological alterations and physiological adaptations, especially in the enhanced photosynthetic performance of D. chinense under alternating drought and flooding stresses. So, D. chinense could be considered as a prominent shrub species in the restoration practices of wetlands, riparian areas, and other flood-prone forests.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vegetation reinforcement for slopes has been recognized as an environment-friendly measure and has been widely adopted in engineering practice. However, the stability analysis of vegetation reinforcement for slopes has mainly been discussed for an infinite slope and common grass and scrub plant species. This study proposes a procedure for analyzing the stability of a finite slope reinforced with Ficus virens under transpiration and rainfall conditions. A simplified empirical model for characterizing root cohesion and triaxial testing is utilized to quantify the mechanical effect of roots on rooted soil shear strength. A numerical modeling technique with COMSOL Multiphysics is used to investigate the hydrological effect of roots. The combination of these two effects forms an expression for the unsaturated shear strength of rooted soils. The stability of a vegetated soil slope is then investigated in terms of safety factors and failure mechanisms, with/without considering rainfall. The results show that the stability solutions without consideration of the roots’ mechanical and/or hydrological effects are overly conservative. The hydrological contribution to slope stability could also be partially preserved under short-term rainfall, and as rainfall continues, the hydrological effect is weakened, while the mechanical reinforcement is assumed to be unchanged. In the meantime, the hydrological contribution to slope stability is susceptible to atmospheric conditions, which indicates a favorable effect on water uptake and an adverse consequence for water infiltration.
{"title":"Stability of Ficus virens-Reinforced Slopes Considering Mechanical and/or Hydrological Effects","authors":"Changbing Qin, Rui Wang, Wenkang Chen, Yusha Shi, Haixiu Sun, Jianjun Tang, Luqi Wang","doi":"10.3390/f15010133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010133","url":null,"abstract":"Vegetation reinforcement for slopes has been recognized as an environment-friendly measure and has been widely adopted in engineering practice. However, the stability analysis of vegetation reinforcement for slopes has mainly been discussed for an infinite slope and common grass and scrub plant species. This study proposes a procedure for analyzing the stability of a finite slope reinforced with Ficus virens under transpiration and rainfall conditions. A simplified empirical model for characterizing root cohesion and triaxial testing is utilized to quantify the mechanical effect of roots on rooted soil shear strength. A numerical modeling technique with COMSOL Multiphysics is used to investigate the hydrological effect of roots. The combination of these two effects forms an expression for the unsaturated shear strength of rooted soils. The stability of a vegetated soil slope is then investigated in terms of safety factors and failure mechanisms, with/without considering rainfall. The results show that the stability solutions without consideration of the roots’ mechanical and/or hydrological effects are overly conservative. The hydrological contribution to slope stability could also be partially preserved under short-term rainfall, and as rainfall continues, the hydrological effect is weakened, while the mechanical reinforcement is assumed to be unchanged. In the meantime, the hydrological contribution to slope stability is susceptible to atmospheric conditions, which indicates a favorable effect on water uptake and an adverse consequence for water infiltration.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"18 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139445326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Oneț, Roxana Vidican, Carmen Ghergheles, Larisa Corcoz, V. Stoian, C. Oneț, A. Teusdea
The paper presents the study of the soil quality and health expressed by the chemical and biological properties in a research field placed at Varciorog, Bihor County, Romania. The soil samples were collected from 3 soil variants in March 2023. In each soil variant, some soil chemical parameters and the abundance of bacteria were determined. The frequency and intensity of colonization, along with arbuscules and vesicles, were scored to determine the mycorrhizal potential of each soil. The community-level physiological profile was used to determine the functional microbiome and its ability to decompose a specific set of substrates. In the control variant (CTRL), which is a functional forest cultivated with beech in a proportion of 90%, the soil properties were compared with those determined from Site 1 (a declined mixed forest) and from Site 2 (chestnut forest in a stage of complete drying). The data were statistically processed with a one-way ANOVA test, followed by the Duncan post-hoc test, which revealed significant variation in the potential of microbial functional communities across the analyzed sites. Also, the soil parameters that significantly varied in the 3 soil variants were bacterial number, pH, humus, exchangeable aluminum, coarse sand, dust, and fine sand. The Pearson correlation was computed to study the links between bacterial numbers and chemical parameters. The results showed strong correlations between most of the studied soil properties. The Ecoplates approach to soil functional microbiome highlighted various differences between the microbial communities of the three tested sites. Mycorrhizal colonization shows different potentials for symbiosis formation. The peak of mycorrhizal colonization was in declined forest, with 43.36% colonization frequency and 24.56% intensity. Arbuscules reached 11.36% in declined forest, while in control and decayed sites, the indicator was under 4%. Vesicles are more associated with control and decayed forests, with values of presence over 1.30%. As an indicator of microbial general activity, the sum of recorded activities was higher in declined and decayed forests. At these sites, the activity of the functional microbiome was amplified. The decline process activates a higher diversity of functional groups and is associated with a larger area of substrate decomposition capacity, which indicates a more extensive range of microbial functions related to breaking down organic matter.
{"title":"Soil Properties and Forest Decline in the North-Western Part of Romania","authors":"A. Oneț, Roxana Vidican, Carmen Ghergheles, Larisa Corcoz, V. Stoian, C. Oneț, A. Teusdea","doi":"10.3390/f15010124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010124","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the study of the soil quality and health expressed by the chemical and biological properties in a research field placed at Varciorog, Bihor County, Romania. The soil samples were collected from 3 soil variants in March 2023. In each soil variant, some soil chemical parameters and the abundance of bacteria were determined. The frequency and intensity of colonization, along with arbuscules and vesicles, were scored to determine the mycorrhizal potential of each soil. The community-level physiological profile was used to determine the functional microbiome and its ability to decompose a specific set of substrates. In the control variant (CTRL), which is a functional forest cultivated with beech in a proportion of 90%, the soil properties were compared with those determined from Site 1 (a declined mixed forest) and from Site 2 (chestnut forest in a stage of complete drying). The data were statistically processed with a one-way ANOVA test, followed by the Duncan post-hoc test, which revealed significant variation in the potential of microbial functional communities across the analyzed sites. Also, the soil parameters that significantly varied in the 3 soil variants were bacterial number, pH, humus, exchangeable aluminum, coarse sand, dust, and fine sand. The Pearson correlation was computed to study the links between bacterial numbers and chemical parameters. The results showed strong correlations between most of the studied soil properties. The Ecoplates approach to soil functional microbiome highlighted various differences between the microbial communities of the three tested sites. Mycorrhizal colonization shows different potentials for symbiosis formation. The peak of mycorrhizal colonization was in declined forest, with 43.36% colonization frequency and 24.56% intensity. Arbuscules reached 11.36% in declined forest, while in control and decayed sites, the indicator was under 4%. Vesicles are more associated with control and decayed forests, with values of presence over 1.30%. As an indicator of microbial general activity, the sum of recorded activities was higher in declined and decayed forests. At these sites, the activity of the functional microbiome was amplified. The decline process activates a higher diversity of functional groups and is associated with a larger area of substrate decomposition capacity, which indicates a more extensive range of microbial functions related to breaking down organic matter.","PeriodicalId":12339,"journal":{"name":"Forests","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139446032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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